初中语法简洁版.doc

单词词性：名词，冠词，代词，数词，介词，连词，形容词和副词动词分类：实义动词，be动词，助动词，情态动词三大从句：状语从句（时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，比较，让步，条件）；定语从句；宾语从句 八大时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，现在进行时和过去进行时，现在完成时和过去完成，一般将来时和过去将来时句式分类：陈述句，一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，祈使句，倒装句，感叹句，反义疑问句句子成分：主语谓语表语宾语状语定语主谓 I smile主语+谓语+宾语I cant stand him/ 主语+谓语+间宾+直宾（间接/直接宾语/补语）He bought me a car.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补I find him a good guy.主语+系动词+表语 He is very happy/I feel angry/she is driving me mad主语+谓语+宾语+状语I bought a book yesterday1. 名词可数名词变复数：一般情况下加加s，desks以s,x,ch,sh：beach, brush, bus, box（加es）以辅音字母y结尾：city/ family（变y为i，加es）以元音字母结尾：tomatoes（加es）, zoos（加s）, photos（加s）以f/fe结尾：wife/knife, half （变f/fe为ves）特殊记忆：woman复数women； a woman teacher复数women teachers Chinese复数Chinese；Englishman复数Englishmen; GermanGermans专有名词指一个组织，名人，景点等：Beijing，China，Mr. Wang常以复数形式出现的名词：trousers pants(裤子) glasses clothes police people2. 冠词：aanthe以元音开头的用an，以辅音开头的用aAn English girla useful bookan houran onion an honest boyThe 用于指独一无二的事物the Sun/第二次提到的事物；放在最高级前面the tallest；放在序数词前面the firstPlay the guitar（乐器前面加the）play soccer（球类前面不加the）3. 代词代词可以分为人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，不定代词人称代词主格人称代词宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词第一人称我Imemyminemyself第二人称你youyouyouryoursyourself第三人称他hehimhishishimself她sheherherhersherself它itititsitsitself第一人称我们weusouroursourselves第二人称你们youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人称他们theythemtheirtheirsthemselves她们它们人称代词有主格和宾格之分；主格代词用在动词前；宾格代词用在动词后物主代词和物主形容词：物主形容词后面可以加名词；物主代词后不可以加名词反身代词可以用来表示强调 I made it by myself不定代词有很多：BothAllNeithernoneEitheranyeitherEacheverynobodythis/that疑问代词：whichwho whomwhat4. 数词基数词表示个数（one, two, three），序数词表示顺序（the first, the second, the third）1 First2 second3 third4 fourth5 fifth8 eighth9 nine12 twelfth19 nineteenth20 twentieth特殊记忆：500：five hundred（hundred在基数词后面不加s） 两年半：two and a half years 三分之一one third，三分之二two thirds 时间表达8:55：five to nine 一个五岁的女孩：a five-year-old girlmuch/ little +不可数many/ few +可数名词复数A lot/no/not enough两者都可5. 介词at, in, out, at, of, besides, off, with, on, over, above, under, below, from, to, up, down, through, across介词后面加宾语（名词/名词短语/代词）Linda went to school late because of the traffic jamfor two monthsthrough the windowat schoolin the morningon the deskinThe students are reading in the classroom.学生们在教师里读书。OnThe boat is on the river.那条船在河上。OverThere are several bridges over the river. 河上有好几座桥。UnderThe boat sailed under the bridge.船在桥下行驶。ByOur house is by the river.我们的房子在河边。BesideCome and sit beside me.过来坐在我旁边。NearI dont need a car because I live near the city centre .我不需要汽车，因为我住在靠近市中心next toMy best friend sits next to me in class.BehindOlive hid behind a tree.奥列弗藏在一棵树后面形容词+介词Happy with/certain about/strict with/ready for/good at/with/for名词+介词Advice on/interest in/purpose of /success in动词+介词Look at/ask for/get to/prepare for6. 连词常用连词：时间连词 when, while（延续性动作）, as, until，since, before , after 并列连词neithernor, bothand, eitheror, not onlybut also 常用连词and, but, so, because；because不和 so 连用，有 although 不和 but 连用 表条件if（如果，是否）& whether（是否） unless 除非 in case万一 表尽管even if / even though 表结果sothat /Suchthat 如此以至于1.It is a nice house, _ it doesnt have a garden.A. and B. orC. but D. so 2.I am really sorry, _ I cant go swimming with you this Sunday. A. so B. and C. orD. but 3.Li Ming failed in the exam again, _ he tried very hard.A. if B. so C. though D. but 特殊记忆：so.that/such.that的用法名词为可数名词单数时可以用so/such：So +形容词+a/an +单数名词+that：She is so good a teacher that all of us love herSuch +a/an +形容词+单数名词+that：She is such a good teacher that all of us love her名词为可数名词复数或者不可数名词时：Such+形容词+复数可数名词+that从句：They are such interesting books that I want to read them once more.Such+形容词+不可数名词+that从句。如：It was such bad weather that I had to stay at home当名词前面有many，much，few，little等表示数量多少的限定词时，只能用soThere were so many people in the street watching the fire that firefighters could not get close to the building.当没有名词时，只能用soHe ran so fast that I couldnt catch up with him.7. 形容词和副词副词用在动词之前，形容词可放在名词前和be动词之后两种副词意思不同hard/ hardly 几乎不 late/lately 最近deep/deeply 深深地straight/straightly笔直的wide/widely广泛地 high/highly高度地 close/closely 紧密地bad/badly （badly needed 非常需要）good/well（adj 指身体好的）a lonely housealive 活的 /live现场直播的/lively 活跃的，生动的aloud（出声地，大声地，副词）/loud（响亮的，形容词/副词）/loudly(大声地，副词)修饰可数不可数：many, a number of/numbers of, a great/good many; 修饰可数名词much, a great deal of, a huge amount of/huge amounts of, 修饰不可数名词plenty of, a lot of/lots of, a large quantity of/large quantities of. 可数&不可数比较级/最高级：Good betterthe bestBadworththe worstFarfarther/furtherthe farthest距离/furthest程度8. 动词实义动词：eat,make,write,walk,go,stop,start,read等系动词：be/am/is/are/was/were/感官动词（feel,taste,smell,sound,look）/含有“变”的动词：become/get/grow/turn助动词：Does/do/did/have/has/had情态动词：等can, may, must, need, dare, could, might动词不定式（choose, go, decide）：动词+疑问词+ to do/动词+to do/动词+object + to do动名词：Dancing is her favorite hobby (谓语用单数)/ Debbie enjoys smiling. (image, practice, finish, mind)被动语态：不及物动词没有被动语态Happen ,sleep, run特殊记忆：so.that/such.that的用法 lie lied lied 规则撒谎（规则变化） lie lay lain 躺（不规则变化） lay laid laid 放置/下蛋rise rose risen上升，提高（不规则变化）raise raised raised举起；筹集（规则变化）9. 三大从句定语从句：引导词：who, whom, that ,whose（指人的时候）：he is a boy who likes watching basketball gameswhich, that, whose（指物的时候）：the book which you bought is written by Khaled Hosseiniwhen. where, why（副词引导）：I will never forget the day when I joined the party.宾语从句：动词宾语从句（know, think, believe）：I think（that）she is very outgoing介词宾语从句：I thank you for what you have done for me形容词宾语从句（Glad/happy/sad/certain/sorry/surprised）：I am sorry I am late引导词：that引导，that可以省略：I am sorry (that) I am lateWhether/if引导：I didnt know whether he will come or notwhen/where/why/how引导：I cant understand why he is always late.状语从句：（时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，比较，让步，条件）时间：Every time I listen to your advice, I find the solution比较：The house is three times as big as ours.原因：He is absent today, because / for he is ill.目的：They started early so that they caught the early bus.条件：If it doesnt rain tomorrow, well go to school时间状语从句/原因状语从句/条件状语从句用法：主将从现或主过从过。主将从现：主句用了将来时，从句就要用现在时。主过从过：主句用了过去时，从句也要用过去时。10. 八大时态一、 一般现在时（always, usually, often, sometimes, every week, on Sundays）: It seldom snows here二、 一般过去时（ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week）：I didnt know you were so busy. 三、 现在进行时（look, listen, now, at this time, these days）：He is doing well in his e/ go /leave /begin/start（进行时表将来）Believe, understand, know, want, hear, smell, see, taste, like, hate, prefer, love（不用进行时的动词）四、 过去进行时（at this time yesterday, at that time）：When he came in, I was reading a newspaper五、 现在完成时（recently, lately, since, for,in the past few years,）：Ive written an article.六、 过去完成时（before, by the end of last year）：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left. 七、 一般将来时（tomorrow, next day, soon, in a few minutes）They are going to have a competition with us in studies. will do （未来要做的事情）；be going to do（意图做某事，有迹象要发生的事）; be to do （马上要做的事情）八、 过去将来时（the next day, the following month）： He said he would go to Beijing the next week 11. 祈使句&感叹句祈使句：给出