英语论文-Analysis of Abbreviations in the Results of Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations.pdf

analysis ofabbreviations in the results of uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiations contents abstract in english 3 abstract in chinese 5 1 prelude 6 2 introduction 8 2 1abrief introduction ofabbreviation 8 2 2 history ofabbreviation 8 3 forms ofabbreviations 12 4 clipping 23 5application ofabbreviations 27 5 1 positions ofabbreviations 27 5 2abbreviations notappearing where they should do 30 6 translation ofabbreviations 34 7 relationship betweenabbreviations and internet 41 8 conclusion 44 bibliography 48 abstract when people first come across the word abbreviation they are likely to question what is the definition of abbreviation how is it formed or how many letters are needed to form an abbreviation abbreviations were not born together with english although the anglo saxon people expressed themselves by uttering very simple syllables these syllables can not be called abbreviations the birth of the abbreviation is given by the rapid development of science and technology which are characterized as precision utility and creativeness if the already existed terms have been so frequented people s eyes for a long time that people feel it troublesome and tiresome to repeat them then they need shortening to cater to the trend of language development precision and simplicity as the development of english embarks on a new stage the usage of abbreviations takes on a new look people s writings and documents sometimes will adopt the abbreviations appeared in the spoken english with high frequency which seems to have forged a principle the informal will become formal by repetition the results of uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiations is a book that contains the words and phrases of current usage it is not merely the bible for studying wto rules and regulations but also provides a good opportunity for language learners to look into the formal usage of trade and legal terms particularly the abbreviations its greatness lies in its precision and accuracy in utilizing these terms with sound explanation and illustration in details there is no exaggeration to say it has set up a scientific system in which not merely all agreements of significance are recorded but also the perfect usage of various word formations is given this works came into the world the moment people of all countries were beginning to learn the knowledge about wto and the wto was actively advocating and advertising itself among the public therefore it created a large number of abbreviations on trade economy and finance to facilitate people s reading and memorizing that is the reason why the author selects this works as an illustrator and evidence provider instead of others meanwhile as a student of the first wto research school established in china the author feels an urge to acknowledge this book to the chinese people endeavoring to leave them an impression of the word adoption and usage in this book the author first classifies the abbreviations appeared in this works explaining in detail their distinctive features at the same time he analyzes the positions of the abbreviations in the agreements and documents and the approaches to their translation which paves the way for the chinese people to learn them in two languages then he explores the relationship between abbreviation and the internet language the contribution of the abbreviations to the economic globalization and the world peace key words abbreviationagreementinitialmemorizeprecisionrecord 内容提要 内容提要 缩略语并不是和英语一起诞生的 随着经济贸易往来的飞速发展和科技水缩略语并不是和英语一起诞生的 随着经济贸易往来的飞速发展和科技水 平的提高 人们对语言的简洁实用提出了更高的要求 首先 缩略语的形成和平的提高 人们对语言的简洁实用提出了更高的要求 首先 缩略语的形成和 字母的选择更趋合理 更便于人们记录和记忆 其次 一些在非正式场合中形字母的选择更趋合理 更便于人们记录和记忆 其次 一些在非正式场合中形 成的缩略语也逐渐为人们所采用 成的缩略语也逐渐为人们所采用 乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果 是一本有大量的缩略现象的书 它不仅 乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果 是一本有大量的缩略现象的书 它不仅 是一本人们研究是一本人们研究 wto 规则的规则的 圣经圣经 对语言学习者了解贸易和法律术语更是 对语言学习者了解贸易和法律术语更是 提供了很好的机会 它的伟大之处就在于对这些术语 尤其是缩略语给予了准提供了很好的机会 它的伟大之处就在于对这些术语 尤其是缩略语给予了准 确详实的解释 可以毫不夸张的说这本书设立了一个科学规范的体系 既记载确详实的解释 可以毫不夸张的说这本书设立了一个科学规范的体系 既记载 了非常重要的了非常重要的 wto 协议 又教会了人们构词法和缩略语在正式文献中的运用协议 又教会了人们构词法和缩略语在正式文献中的运用 作者首先把该书中的缩略语进行分类 然后分析了这些协议中缩略语出现作者首先把该书中的缩略语进行分类 然后分析了这些协议中缩略语出现 的位置以及它们的翻译方法 最后评价了缩略语对语言和社会的发展做出的贡的位置以及它们的翻译方法 最后评价了缩略语对语言和社会的发展做出的贡 献 献 关键词 缩略语关键词 缩略语协议协议首字母首字母记忆记忆简洁简洁记录记录 1prelude 1 1this article mainly aims at looking into the phenomenon of abbreviation existed in the results of uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiations how can they evolve into today s form and be translated properly into chinese this article gives a thorough analysis on the forms of abbreviations which are classified into several categories in accordance with their features then the writer attempts to seek the law how the abbreviations find their places in these documents and why in other cases they need not appear accordingly the way of translating them varies and sometimes it is even not necessary to translate them into chinese finally the author exhibits the function and role of abbreviations played in human history of language and believes that they will definitely promote the development of human culture and make people s communication prosperous the purpose of this research is to furnish people with deep insight into human language particularly in today s world where the written english has lagged behind the spoken one owing to the latter s creativeness and flexibility in most cases 1 2as to the wto abbreviations the research on this has just stepped into the threshold many researchers and translators at home or abroad put much emphasis merely on trade and economic terms even if they claim their study involves wto terms they just use the same research method as analyzing the trade terms in addition since the translation of these terms is relatively easy either following the designated rule or being unnecessary to translate in chinese version some abbreviations are directly put in the text without turning into chinese abbreviations there seems no thorough research on the translation method some domestic works simply list all wto terms to cater to the wto study fashion there is no systematic and linguistic summary on the abbreviation forms and positions in the documents 1 3the research achieves its designated effect mainly through comparison by comparing the old abbreviations with the new ones the wto abbreviations with the spoken ones and those appeared on the internet the author summarizes the rules and gives the reasons why they should be classified into different groups he does not take it for granted that the abbreviation formation is natural and aims at finding something in common between them he believes the pace of language development is in harmony with that of social evolvement he wishes his research could pave the way for the experts deeper and further study 2introduction 2 1abrief introduction ofabbreviation in accordance with the definition from the encyclopedia the abbreviation is the shortened form of words and expression it is either cluster of initials or one phrase appearing several times in one article if it is formed by initial letters those letters are mostly consonants because a word usually starts with a consonant if it is a phrase it may contain the words that will emerge many times in one text it seems as a new kind of language spoken by a small number of people or experts how can we recognize an abbreviation or ensure that we do not mistake a word or phrase for an abbreviation for example if we encounter a word in capitalized form swift we must determine the part of speech from its context if it is an abbreviation there must be explanatory note after it or in the footnote otherwise it is likely to be either an adjective or a man s name 2 2 history ofabbreviation the use of abbreviations is due in part to exigencies arising from the nature of the materials employed in the making of records whether stone marble bronze or parchment lapidaries engravers and copyists are under the same necessity of making the most of the space at their disposal such abbreviations indeed are seldom met with at the beginning of the christian era material of all kinds was plentiful and there was consequently no need to be sparing in the use of it by the third or fourth century however it had grown to be scarce and costly and it became the artist s aim to inscribe long texts on surfaces of somewhat scanty proportions it is when we come to consider the subject of inscriptions cut in stone that we find the most frequent use of abbreviations at certain late periods for example in spain in the middle ages this custom becomes abused to such an extent as to result in the invention of symbols which are undecipherable in the best period of epigraphy certain rules are strictly observed the abbreviations in common use fall under two chief heads the reduction of the word to its initial letter the reduction of a word to its first letters in a bunch or to several letters taken at intervals in the body of the word this latter arrangement is almost conclusively christian whereas in heathen inscriptions the number of letters left in the abbreviation is more or less limited yet no intermediate letter is omitted the following readings may be noted pon pont pontf for pontifex dp dep dps for depositus mcp for municipii occasionally a phrase which has become stale by constant use and has grown into a formula is rarely found in any other form than that of its abbreviation e g d m for diis manibus ihs for jesus just as we have kept r i p for requiescat in pace lastly a whole epitaph is often met with on tombs where the husband s epitaph to his wife takes the following form de qua n ullum d olorem a cceperat n isi m ortis 2 1 another form of abbreviation consisted in doubling the last consonant of the word to be shortened as many times as there were persons alluded to e g avg for augustus avgg for augusti duo stone cutters however soon began to take liberties with this rule and instead of putting coss for consulibus duobus invented the form ccss still when there was occasion to refer to three or four people this doubling of the last consonant gave way of necessity in abbreviations to the simple sign of the plural a horizontal line over a letter or set of letters was also much used and was destined indeed to become almost universal in the middle ages there is never any difficulty in settling the date of monuments where this sign of abbreviation occurs the undulating line or one curved at each end and rising in the middle only came into use at a comparatively late period certain marks of abbreviation have had so widespread a use as to merit special note the ancient liturgical manuscripts that contain recensions of masses and are known as sacramentaries all have the letters vd at the beginning of the preface set side by side and joined by a transverse bar mabillon interprets this monogram as being that of the formula vere dignum et justum est aequum et salutare according to the various manuscripts the monogram stands for the words vere dignum or else for the whole formula in the majority of instances the letters vd stand for the phrase vere dignum et justum est which is followed by the rest of the context oequum et etc in a large number of manuscripts these letters vd have fired the imagination of illuminators and copyists it is however impossible to enter into a general description 2 1 an introduction to english words formation chapter iii of the subject under a growth of arabesques of foliage of fancies of all kinds the outline of the two letters is sometimes hard to distinguish the symbol encroaches more and more and grows from a mere initial into an ornamental page it was inevitable that medieval writers should build a whole system of mysticism and allegory on the vd of the preface a word may be said concerning the abbreviation ihv it is found on a great number of different objects ancient gems coins epitaphs dedications and diplomas the symbol ihs was destined to endure for many ages but it is only since the time of st bernardine of sienna that it has come into such widespread use it is impossible with the information available to say whether it is of greek or latin origin 3 2 what this suggests is the eternality of abbreviations with the initials of beloved person s name carved on rings or gems one can extend his love belief or beautiful memory for a whole life in the following text we will classify the abbreviations in the results of uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiations according to their own features and provide examples respectively it is the examples that will truly make you understand the diversity and wonderfulness of abbreviation 3 2 dictionary of international biography page 89 3forms ofabbreviations in terms of the formation process the abbreviations in the results of the uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiations are different and assorted thoroughly speaking they can be classified into the following 18 forms 1 1 initials of all words e g dsb dispute settlement body tprm trade policy review mechanism these are the commonest abbreviations which reflect the general rule and feature of the abbreviation formation people pick the initial letter of each word and put them together the abbreviation usually three or four letters is mostly a list of consonants because they start the spelling of a word the letters appear in the same order as the words do which is able to remind people what the letter stands for when people see and read them initialized letters are likely to arouse people s curiosity to make clear where the letters come from 2 abbreviations without initials of prepositions and conjunctives e g ams aggregate measurement of support gats general agreement of trade on service scm subsidies and countervailing measures these abbreviations do not contain the initials of the prepositions of and on or the conjunctive and this does not mean that these words are of no significance but the initials of key words are adequate to form an abbreviation and express the meaning clearly compared with the one in the abbreviations like voa voice of america andpow prisonerofwar thepreposition of in aggregate measurement of support is not inferior the mere reason is that there are only three words in the phrases like voice of america and the addition of o to between v and a facilitates people s spelling and memorizing there is a tendency of utilizing o between the consonants of the abbreviation like pboc people s bank of china and mof ministry of finance on the other hand the initials of the key words are enough to remind people what they stand for and people can easily point out the link words in most cases one abbreviation contains three or four letters therefore if there are more than four words in the full name the initials of unimportant words will be omitted in developing an abbreviation if the key words of the full name are less than three the initial letter of the unimportant words will mostly become part of the abbreviation of course there are exceptions for instance toefl test of english as a foreign language the initial letter of the preposition as is not contained in the abbreviation while that of of contained 3 3 abbreviations without initials of some important words e g hs harmonized commodity description and coding system trips trade related aspects of intellectual property rights hs is perhaps the most shortened form of all wto abbreviations with the initial letters of commodity description and coding omitted people would be puzzled and not associate this abbreviation with its full name on mentioning it however if all the initials are put in the abbreviation it would be extremely difficult to spell and remember so even if the omitted three words are important they are sacrificed to people s reading habits there are also exceptions to this phenomenon such as ccpit china council for the promotion of international trade and swift society for worldwide interbank financial telecommunication in the former abbreviation there are two cs and the four letters ccpt all end with the vowel i which facilitates people s spelling the latter is a word itself in trips r comes from the modifying word related not from the key word rights comparatively speaking trips is easier to spell than tripr moreover the initial letter of aspects is omitted 4 4 abbreviations with the initial letters of two words in compounds e g ssg special safeguard trims trade related investment measures compound is the process of new word creation by joining two words together safeguard isanounhereformedbyanadjectiveplusanoun while trade related is a noun plus an adjective the difference is that there is no hyphen in safeguard so it is hard to imagine that sg comes from one word however since the abbreviation ss stands for lots of things adding g in the abbreviation will enable us to distinguish it from other abbreviations easily moreover trims and trips have the first similar letters which is easily for us to remember the two abbreviations however the compound is formed the abbreviations indicate that the two parts of the compound are of equal importance 5 5 abbreviations without initial letter of the second word in compounds e g ccc customs co operation council this abbreviation does not comprise the initial of the word operation so the second c in ccc comes from the prefix co compared with mfa multifibre agreement which adopt the two initials in the compound the formation ccoc will violate the law of concision since there are three words in the full name on the other hand no matter how many parts form a compound it is one compound so we just draw the initial letter of this word in addition the hyphen has been omitted so it is rarely regarded as a compound this arrangement of three cs facilitates people to read and remember when their eyes meet these three cs they must be curious about what each c stands for and desire to find out the three words with the same initials the arrangement of three same letters likeaaaand www is also