The Reproductive System：生殖系统.ppt

chapter31 thereproductivesystem powerpoint presentationtoaccompany medicalassistingthirdeditionbooth whicker wyman pugh thompson 31 2 learningoutcomes 31 1listtheorgansofthemalereproductivesystemandgivethelocations structures andfunctionsofeach 31 2describehowspermcellsareformed 31 3describethesubstancesfoundinsemen 31 4describestheprocessoferectionandejaculation 31 3 learningoutcomes cont 31 5listtheactionsoftestosterone 31 6describethecauses signsandsymptoms andtreatmentofvariousdisordersofthemalereproductivesystem 31 7listtheorgansofthefemalereproductivesystemandgivethelocations structures andfunctionsofeach 31 8explainhowovadevelop 31 4 learningoutcomes cont 31 9listtheactionsofestrogenandprogesterone 31 10explainhowandwhenovulationoccurs 31 11describewhathappenstoanovumafterovulationoccurs 31 12listthepurposeandeventsofthemenstrualcycle 31 13definemenopauseandexplainwhatcausesit 31 5 learningoutcomes cont 31 14describethecauses signsandsymptoms andtreatmentsofvariousdisordersofthefemalereproductivesystem 31 15explainhowandwherefertilizationoccurs 31 16describetheprocessofimplantation 31 17explainthedifferencebetweenanembryoandafetus 31 6 learningoutcomes cont 31 18describethechangesthatoccurinawomanduringpregnancy 31 19listseveralbirthcontrolmethodsandexplainwhytheyareeffective 31 20listthecausesofandtreatmentsforinfertility 31 21describethecauses signsandsymptoms andtreatmentsofthemostcommonsexuallytransmitteddiseases 31 7 introduction maleandfemalereproductivesystemsfunctiontogethertoproduceoffspringfemalereproductivesystemnurturesdevelopingoffspringproduceimportanthormones 31 8 malereproductivesystem testesprimaryorgansdevelopintheabdominalpelviccavityoffetusdescendintoscrotalsacshortlybeforeorafterbirthproducethemalesexcells sperm producethemalehormonetestosterone scrotum sacthatholdsthetestesseminiferoustubulesontopoftestesfilledwithspermatogeniccellsthatproducespermcellsinterstitialcellsproducetestosterone 31 9 malereproductivesystem namethestructuresthatareuniquetothemalereproductivesystem 31 10 malereproductivesystem cont spermatogonia 46chromosomes mitosis makesprimaryspermatocytes undergomeiosis twosecondaryspermatocytes divides twospermatids 4spermatids developflagellatobecomematurespermcellswith23chromosomes spermatogenesis 31 11 malereproductivesystem cont spermcellsheadnucleuswith23chromosomesacrosome enzyme filledsachelpsspermpenetrateovummidpiecemitochrondriathatgeneratecell senergy tailflagellumthatpropelsspermforward 31 12 back 31 13 malereproductivesystem internalaccessoryorgans epididymissitsontopofeachtestisreceivesspermatidsfromseminiferoustubulesspermatidsbecomespermcellsvasdeferenstubeconnectedtoepididymiscarriesspermcellstourethra seminalvesiclesecretefluidrichinsugarusedtomakeenergyprostaglandins stimulatemuscularcontractionsinfemaletopropelspermforwardseminalfluidreleasedintovasdeferensjustbeforeejaculation60 ofsemenvolume 31 14 prostateglandsurroundsurethraproducesandsecretesamilky alkalinefluidintourethrajustbeforeejaculationfluidprotectsspermintheacidicenvironmentofthevagina40 ofsemen bulbourethral cowper s glandsproduceamucus likefluidsecretedjustbeforeejaculationlubricatesendofpenissemenalkalinemixturenutrientsprostoglandins1 5to5 0mlperejaculatespermcountof40to250million ml internalaccessoryorgans malereproductivesystem internalaccessoryorgans cont 31 15 scrotumholdstestesawayfrombodytemperature1 belowbodytemperaturelinedwithserousmembranethatsecretsfluidtestesmovefreely penisshafterectiletissuessurroundurethraglanspeniscone shapedstructureonendofpenisprepuceskincoveringglanspenisinuncircumcisedmalesfunctionsdeliverspermurination malereproductivesystem internalaccessoryorgans cont 31 16 malereproductivesystem erection orgasm andejaculation erectionparasympatheticnervoussystemstimulateserectiletissuebecomeengorgedwithbloodorgasmspermcellspropelledoutoftestesintourethrasecretionsfromaccessoryorgansalsoreleasedintourethraejaculationsemenisforcedoutofurethrasympatheticnervesthenstimulateerectiletissuetoreleasebloodpenisreturnstoflaccidstate 31 17 malereproductivesystem hormones hypothalamusgonadotropin releasinghormone gnrh stimulatesanteriorpituitarytoreleasefollicle stimulatinghormone fsh initiatesspermatogenesisluteinizinghormone lh stimulatesinterstitialcellsinthetestestoproducetestosteronetestosteronesecondarysexcharacteristicsmaturationofmalereproductiveorgansregulatedbynegativefeedback 31 18 applyyourknowledge matching vasectomya spermatogenesis mixtureofspermandfluidsb testes spermcellformationc penis secretealkalinefluid prostaglandinsd vasdeferens producetestosteronee hypothalamus gnrhf semen erectiletissueg seminalvesicle g e f a c b correct 31 19 diseasesanddisordersofthemalereproductivesystem 31 20 diseasesanddisordersofthemalereproductivesystem 31 21 applyyourknowledge yourpatienthasanelevatedpsa whatisapsaandwhatdoesitindicate answer thepsaisaprostate specificantigenintheblood elevationsofthepsamayindicateprostatecancer bravo 31 22 femalereproductivesystem ovariesandovumformation ovaries 2 primarysexorgansproducesexcellscalledovahormonesestrogenandprogesteronelocatedinthepelviccavitymedullainnerarea containsnerves lymphaticvessels andbloodvesselscortexouterarea containsovarianfolliclescoveredbyepithelialanddenseconnectivetissues 31 23 femalereproductivesystem namethestructuresthatareuniquetothefemalereproductivesystem 31 24 primordialfolliclesdevelopbeforebirthandcontainaprimaryoocyteorimmatureovum bornwithmaximumnumber follicularcells oogenesisistheprocessofovumformationatpuberty primaryoocytesarestimulatedtocontinuemeiosisbecomes1polarbody anonfunctionalcell andasecondaryoocytesecondaryoocytereleasedduringovulationiffertilized theoocytedividestoformamature fertilizedovum femalereproductivesystem ovariesandovumformation cont 31 25 femalereproductivesystem internalaccessoryorgans fallopiantube oviductinfundibulumandfimbriaefringed expandedendoffallopiantubenearovaryfunctionto catch anovummusculartubelinedwithmucousmembraneandciliapropelsovumtowarduterus 31 26 uterushollow muscularorganreceivesembryoandsustainsitsdevelopmentdivisionsfundus domedupperportionbody mainportioncervix narrow lowersectionextendingintovagina cervicalorifice wallofuterusendometriuminnermostliningvasculartubularglands mucusmyometriummiddle thick muscularlayerperimetriumthinlayercoveringthemyometriumsecretesserousfluidtocoatandprotectuterus femalereproductivesystem internalaccessoryorgans cont 31 27 vaginatubular muscularorganextendsfromuterustooutsidebody vaginalintroitus muscularfolds rugae enableexpansionreceiveerectpenispassagefordeliveryofoffspringanduterinesecretionswallinnermostmucosallayermiddlemuscularlayerouterfibrouslayer femalereproductivesystem internalaccessoryorgans cont 31 28 internalfemaleorgans 31 29 femalereproductivesystem externalaccessoryorgans mammaryglandssecretionofmilkstructuresnippleoxytocininduceslactiferousductstodelivermilkthroughopeningsareola pigmentedareaaroundnipplealveolarglands withinmammaryglandsmakemilkwhenstimulatedbyprolactin 31 30 femalereproductivesystem externalgenitalia collectivelyknownasthevulvalabiamajoraroundedfoldsofadiposetissueandskinprotectotherexternalreproductiveorganslabiaminorafoldofskinbetweenlabiamajoraveryvascularmergetoformhoodoverclitorisvestibule spaceenclosedbylabiaminorabartholin sglandssecretemucusduringsexualarousal 31 31 clitorisanteriortourethralmeatuscontainsfemaleerectiletissuerichinsensorynervesperineumbetweenvaginaandanusareaforepisiotomy ifneeded duringbirthprocess femalereproductivesystem externalgenitalia cont 31 32 femalereproductivesystem erection lubrication andorgasm nervousstimulationclitorisbecomeserectbartholin sglandsactivates lubricationvaginaelongatesorgasmsufficientstimulationofclitoriswallsofuterusandfallopiantubescontracttopropelspermuptubes 31 33 femalereproductivesystem hormones hypothalamussecretesgnrh gnrh anteriorpituitaryreleasesfsh lh stimulates ovariestoproduceestrogenandprogesterone estrogenandprogesteroneresponsiblefordevelopmentofsecondarysexcharacteristics 31 34 femalereproductivesystem reproductivecycle menstrualcycleregularchangesinuterinelining resultinginmonthlybleedingmenarche firstmenstrualperiodmenopause terminationofcycleduetonormalagingofovaries 31 35 anteriorpituitaryreleasesfsh uterineliningthickens ovarianfolliclematuresandsecretesestrogen withoutfertilizationcorpusluteumdegeneratesestrogenandprogesteronelevelsfalluterineliningbreaksdown mensesstartscyclebeginsagainwithreleaseoffsh femalereproductivesystem reproductivecycle cont 31 36 applyyourknowledge trueorfalse theovariesonlyproduceestrogen ovulationistheprocessofovumformation thefallopiantubeisalsocalledtheoviduct theendometriumistheouterlayeroftheuterinewall alveolarglandsproducemilk oxytocininducesthealveolarglandstodelivermilkthroughthenipples menarcheistheterminationofthemenstrualcycle menopauseoccursduetonormalagingoftheovaries f t f t f f t yippee 31 37 diseasesanddisordersofthefemalereproductivesystem 31 38 diseasesanddisordersofthefemalereproductivesystem cont 31 39 diseasesanddisordersofthefemalereproductivesystem cont 31 40 applyyourknowledge matching inflammationofthecervixa dysmenorrhea cancercommoninpost menopausalwomenb cervicalcancer developsslowly detectedbypapsmearc fibroids uterinetissuegrowsoutsideuterusd breastcancer secondleadingcauseofcancerdeathinwomene cervicitis severemenstrualcrampsf endometriosis benigntumorsintheuterinewallg uterinecancer g f d c b a e answer goodjob 31 41 pregnancy fertilization pregnancy conditionofhavingadevelopingoffspringintheuterusfertilization processinwhichaspermcelluniteswithanovum resultsinpregnancyonlyonespermcellpenetratesthefollicularcellsandthezonapellucidathatsurroundtheovum scellmembraneafterfertilization ovumreleasesenzymesthatcausethezonapellucidatobecomeimpenetrabletootherspermzygoteformsfromunionofovumandspermcontains46chromosomes 31 42 pregnancy theprenatalperiod timebeforebirthzygote undergoesrapidmitosisfirstweekafterfertilizationcleavage rapidcelldivisionmorula ballofcellsresultingfromcleavagetravelsdownfallopiantubetouterusbecomesblastocystwhichimplantsinendometrialwallblastocystsomecells innercellmass becomeembryoothers alongwithcellsfromuterus formplacenta 31 43 embryonicperiodweek2through8innercellmassorganizesintothreeprimarygermlayersectodermmesodermendoderm formationofplacentaamnionumbilicalcordyolksackmostinternalorgansandexternalstructuresofembryo pregnancy theprenatalperiod cont 31 44 last3months fetalbraincellsrapidlydividegiandrespiratorysystemslasttodevelop fetalperiodweek8throughbirthrapidgrowth5thmonth skeletalmusclesactive6thmonth gainsweight pregnancy theprenatalperiod cont 31 45 pregnancy fetalcirculation placentaandumbilicalbloodvesselscarryouttheexchangeofnutrients oxygen andwasteproductsuniquedifferencesfromnormalcirculationforamenovale holebetweenrightandleftatriaenablesmostoffetalbloodtobypasslungsductusarteriosus connectionbetweenpulmonarytrunkandaortaductusvenosus vesselthatbypassesliver 31 46 pregnancy hormonalchanges embryoniccellssecretehumanchorionicgonadotropin hcg maintainsthecorpusluteumestrogenandprogesteronesecretedbycorpusluteumandplacentafunctionsstimulateuterineliningtothicken developmentofmammaryglands enlargementoffemalereproductiveorgansinhibitreleaseoffshandlhfromanteriorpituitarygland preventingovulation anduterinecontractions 31 47 relaxinfromcorpusluteuminhibitsuterinecontractionsandrelaxesligamentsofpelvislactogenfromplacentastimulatesenlargementsofmammaryglands aldosteronefromadrenalglandincreasessodiumandwaterretentionparathyroidhormone pth helpsmaintainhighcalciumlevelsintheblood pregnancy hormonalchanges cont 31 48 applyyourknowledge whataretheprimarygermlayersandwhattissuedevelopsfromthem answer theprimarygermlayersarethe ectoderm nervoustissueandsomeepithelialtissuemesoderm connectivetissueandsomeepithelialtissueendoderm epithelialtissueonly right 31 49 thebirthprocess beginswhenprogesteronelevelsfallprostaglandinssecretedbyuterusstimulateuterinecontractionsuterinecontractionsstimulateposteriorpituitaryglandtoreleaseoxytocinoxytocinstimulatesstronguterinecontractions 31 50 thebirthprocess cont threestagesdilationcervixthinsandsoftens effacement lasts8 24hoursexpulsionorparturitionactualbirthmaytake30minutesorlessplacentalstage 10to15minutesafterthebirth theplacentaseparatesfromuterinewallandisexpelled 31 51 thebirthprocess cont thepostnatalperiodsix weekperiodfollowingbirthneonatalperiod firstfourweeksneonateisadjustingtolifeoutsideuterus milkproductionandsecretionprolactin productionofmilkoxytocin ejectionofmilkfrommammaryglandductsproductioncontinuesaslongasbreast feedingcontinues 31 52 applyyourknowledge whatarethethreestagesofthebirthprocessandwhatoccursduringeach answer thethreestagesare dilation thecervixthins softens effacement anddilatestoapproximately10cmexpulsion alsocalledparturition theactualbirthstageplacentalstage placentaseparatesfromuterinewallandisexpelled impressive 31 53 contraception 31 54 contraception cont 31 55 contraception cont 31 56 applyyourknowledge answer therhythmmethodisnotaseffectiveasotherbirthcontrol becauseitissometimesdifficulttotellwhenovulationoccurs yourpatienthasjustbeentoldthatsheispregnant butshedoesnotunderstandwhyshecouldgetpregnant shestates ihavebeenusingtherhythmmethodofbirthcontrolverycarefully whatpatientteachingwouldyoudotoassisthertounderstand goodanswer 31 57 infertility inabilitytoconceiveachildprimary nopriorpregnancy unabletoachievepregnancyin12monthssecondary atleastonepriorpregnancy unabletoachievepregnancyafteroneyearcauses15 unknown35 male relatedproblems50 female relatedproblems 31 58 infertility cont male relatedimpotenceretrogradeejaculationloworabsentspermcountmedication