大作文的结构及写作方法ppt课件.ppt

1 大作文的结构及写作方式 2 两种类型 议论文argument说明文report 3 议论文 议论文一般针对的是题目中的一个话题 somepeoplethink 以及部分人对这个话题的想法 somepeoplethink whileothersbelieve 有些人认为 当另外一些人认为 然后要求你是不是同意或者是发表你自己的看法 Ithinkthisiscorrect true Idisagreewiththis 这类题目通常会在题目中引述一个观点 然后要求你针对那个观点 进行写作 议论文比较基于主观事实描述 一般来说 文章的主体是以为什么而展开 作者需要通过解释 论证从而达到一个比较合理的能够具有说服力的一个层次 作者要展开自己的想法 并要通过论证 让读者认为你所写的是正确的 合理的 4 议论文 议论文通常有两种问法 1 Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree 你从多大程度上同意这个观点 题目中一部分人只会提出对于某个问题所产生的一个看法 作者所要进行论证就是你是否同意这么一个看法 5 Protectingwildanimalsisawasteofresources Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion Givereasonsforyouranswerandincludeanyrelevantexamplesfromyourownknowledgeorexperience 6 结构 四段或五段 引言部分 提出主题 描述当前背景 改写复述题目 表明自己的观点 衔接下文 正文第一段 原因1正文第二段 原因2正文第三段 原因3 可省略 结尾 重申主题 建议措施 展望未来 7 引言部分 提出主题 描述当前背景 改写复述题目 表明自己的观点 衔接下文 Asisknowntoall thebigcontradictionbetweenthelimitationoflandandtherapidlyincreasingdemandforitcausesanalarmingheadacheofhumanbeings Toimprovethesituation somepeoplesuggestweinstantlygiveupprotectingwildanimals thereasonforwhich accordingtothem issimplythattheybelievetherewillbenospareplacesforthewildanimalsastheirhabitatsinthe21stcentury andthusitisnothingbutawasteofresourcestocarryouttheprotection AsfarasIamconcerned theso called suggestion isextremelyridiculousandhasnopointatall 8 正文第一段 原因1 Justlikehumanbeings wildanimalsaretheindispensiblepartoftheearth Thecoexistenceofanimalsandhumanbeingscreatesharmonyandbringsaboutthevividnesstoourplanet Anincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealizethatthedisappearanceofanimalswillresultinhugethreattothebalanceofecosystem Ifonespeciesdieout itisinevitablethatotherspeciesonthefoodchainwillbeputinverydangeroussituation whichwilldefinitelycauseaseriesofterribleproblemsfortheearth 9 正文第二段 原因2 Itishardtoimaginewhatourworldwouldbelikewithoutanimals Sociologistsalsopointoutthatthedisappearanceofanimalscancausesocialandeconomicproblems Animalstrade asasupportingsectortotheworldeconomy wouldbeoutofcontrolandalargenumberofanimalswouldbekilledformoreprofit 10 结尾 重申主题 建议 展望 Certainly ourdietcannotlivewithoutmeat Therearelivingstocks whichcanprovideuswithsufficientandnutritiousproduce Therefore weneednottoresorttowildanimals especiallytheendangeredones Toprotectanimalsistoprotectourlivingenvironment Everyindividualshouldjoineffortstokeepthediversityofanimals 11 练习 Somepeoplebelievethatstudentswhowanttogotouniversityaftergraduationfromhighschoolshouldgainsomeworkexperienceorhaveatraveltoenlargetheirvision Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion 五段 12 Homework Thecomputeriswidelyusedineducation andsomepeoplethinkteachersdonotplayimportantrolesintheclassroom Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree 13 practice Today schildrenarelivingundermorepressurefromsocietythanchildreninthepast Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththeopinion 14 Writinganoutline 一边倒开头 提出主题 表明观点 引出下文主体段1 原因1主体段2 原因2结尾 重申主题 建议措施 15 开头 现在的孩子们生活条件比以前好了很多 但是也比过去的孩子承受了更多的压力 我认为 现在的孩子们的童年与过去的孩子们比起来的确不那么多姿多彩无忧无虑 16 Nowadayschildrenaregrowingupinmorefavorableconditionsthaneverbefore However theyarealsofacedwithmuchgreaterpressurethanchildreninthepast Asforme theirchildhoodisindeedlesscolourfulandcarefreethanthatofthechildreninthepast 17 主体段1 首先 学业负担尤其沉重 扩展主题句 延长因果链 假设论证 举例论证 18 Firstly theburdenwithacademiclearninghasbecomeextremelyheavy Ithasbecomeatrendforkidstotakeextracoursesbeyondtheirnormalschoolcurriculum forparentsbelievethatthiscanensuretheirchildrenachancetoabetteruniversity Andonlyabetteruniversitycanensuretheirkidsagoodjobinthefuture Thiswouldnodoubtbringhugepressuretotheirchildren affectingtheirhealthbothphysicallyandmentally 19 主体段2 另一方面 就业的压力也越来越大 举例论证 因果链 20 Secondly thepressureofemploymentisbecominggreaterandgreater Statisticsshowthatin2007aboutonemillioncollegegraduatesfailedtofindjobs Mostofthemheldbachelor sandevenmaster sdegrees Thefactthatevenwell educatedpeopleareconfrontedwithunemploymentproblemsurgeschildrentoobtainmoreskillsandbecomemoreversatilesoastostaycompetitiveonthejobmarket 21 结尾段 重申观点 导致后果 如何解决 22 Fromtheabovediscussion wecaneasilycometoaconclusionthatchildrendoliveundermorepressurethaneverbefore Undersomuchworkandpressure itisdifficultforthemtodevelopgoodpersonalitiesandinterpersonalcommunicationskills Theymaybecomesolitaryandevensufferfromcertainmentalillnesses Therefore ourgovernmentandsocietyshouldcreateopportunitiesandreformoureducationalmechanismtoletourkidsenjoytheirsupposedhappychildhood 23 2 Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion 讨论双方观点然后给出你自己的看法 与第一个题目不同的地方在于 这个题目相对来说 是针对了一个话题 两组人 对于这个话题 产生的相反的不同的看法 题目要求的就是作者针对这两种看法 表达你自己的观点 24 写法一 一边倒的写法 和前面agreeordisagree写法相同第一段提出主题 两种看法 你的看法 同意A或B中间段落表明你的看法的原因也可以在一个段落描述另一种看法的合理性结尾总结 提出建议措施等 25 Now airtravelhasbecomecheaperthaninthepast Somepeoplesaythatisapositivedevelopment whilesomepeopledisagreewiththis Whatdoyouthink Giveyourreasons 26 outline 开头 引出主题 表明观点主体段1 飞机旅行的好处1主体段2 飞机旅行的好处2结尾 论述相反观点 重申自己立场 提出建议 27 开头 如何引出主题 对比写法提出观点 28 Nowadays peoplecanchoosetotravelbybus train ship andairplane Inthepast travellingbyairwastooexpensivetobepopular butthingsaredifferentnow airtravelhasbecomemuchcheaper Therefore Iarguethatthisisdefinitelyapositivedevelopment 29 主体段1 飞机旅行的好处之一 快速举例论证 30 Firstly airplanetravelsextremelyfast thusitsavesusalotoftime Weknowthatinthepast travellingfromBritaintoAmericabyshipwouldtakeatleastamonth butnowitonlyneedsfivetoeighthours OnecanstartoutfromBritaininthemorningandjoinfriendsintheStatesfordinner Thisisjusttheneedofmodernpeoplewhoalwayswanttosavetimetoachievemoreimportanttasks 31 主体段2 飞机旅行的第二个好处 安全对比论证 32 Secondly travellingbyairissaferthanbyanyothermeansoftransport Therearecarcrasheshappeninghereandthereonhighways takingawaythousandsofliveseveryday Peoplemaythinkthattrainandshiparemuchsaferthanairplane butstatisticsshowthattherateofanairplanecrashisfarlowerthanthesetwomeansoftransport Ihavetravelledbyairdozensoftimesandamquiteconfidentaboutthesafetyofairtraveling 33 Sureenough apartfromsomeworriesaboutthesafetyofairplane peoplearealsoworriedthatduetocheaperpricesofairtickets therewillbemoreandmorepeoplechoosingtotravelbyair thusresultinginhugeconsumptionoffuelandsevereairpollution Thisisindeedaproblemworthourdeepconsideration However Ifirmlybelievethatwiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology newtypesoffuelwilldefinitelybefoundandthen airtravelwillposenothreatatalltotheenvironment 34 Fromtheforegoingdiscussion wecanseethatairtravelbecomingcheaperandcheaperisabsolutelynotabadthing 35 写法二 折中写法写两种观点的合理性开头段照旧 可以省去自己观点 最后一段再提 中间段落两种观点的合理性结尾总结 你的想法 建议措施展望 36 Somepeopleprefertoliveinasmalltown Othersprefertoliveinabigcity Whichplacewouldyouprefertolivein 折中开头 引出主题大城市优点小城市优点我的观点 37 Peopleseldomagreewitheachother eveninsuchtrivialissuesaspreferencebetweenbigcitiesandsmalltowns It salittlebithastytosaythatitisbettertoliveinabigcitythantoliveinasmalltown orviceversa 38 大城市优点 列举法 对比论证 就业教育生活水准 39 Livinginabigcityhasseveralbenefits First therearemorejobopportunitiesreadilyavailableinbigcitiesthanasmalltown Thequalitiesofthepositionaremuchhigheraswellandthepayismoredecent Second childrenaresupposedtobeabletoreceiveaneducationwithahigherqualitycomparedwiththeircounterpartswholiveinasmalltown Finally livinginabigcityhasasuperioroveralllivingstandardtothatinasmalltown Therearemorecommoditiesandservicesincitymarketsandthereareevenmuchmorecinemasinbigcities 40 小城市优点居住在小城市的人们生活更加舒服 他们没有大城市人们的沉重的生活压力 尽管收入少一些 但是小城市的生活开销也不像大城市那么多 在小城市 居民们之间融洽的关系会让孩子们更健康的成长 他们也许不能去电影院放松休闲 但是可以和朋友在一起聊天玩耍 41 However livinginasmalltownalsohassomeadvantages Peoplewholiveinasmalltownoftenhaveamuchmorecomfortablelifestyle Mostofthemareimmunefromthesufferingofhighworkstress Althoughtheaveragepayismuchlessthanthatofbigcities thepriceofdailynecessitiesisusuallymoreinexpensive Insteadofsufferinglonelinesswhichisprevalentinbigcities childrenmightgrowupmorehealthilybecauseofharmoniousrelationshipamongresidentsinsmalltowns Theymighthavefewercinemastoentertainthemselves buttheyhavemorefriendsavailabletochatorplaywith 42 Accordingtomycurrentsituation althoughIamlongingforthecozyatmosphereandrelationshipamongneighborsandfriendswhichalmostonlyexistinsmalltowns Ihavechosentoliveinoneofthebiggestcitiesinmycountry Beijing sinceIhavefoundaprettygoodjobhereanddecentpay IthinkIwouldpreferlivinginasmalltownwhenIretireoneda