中国危险废物产生与管理的综述毕业设计外文翻译.doc

毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题目：中国危险废物产生与管理的综述学院：专业：学生：学号：指导教师：摘 要在中国，随着经济的快速增长和工业的极大繁荣，危险废物的产生也加速增长。2005年，据报道中国工业危险废物的产生量为11.62万吨，占工业固体废物的1.1。其中43.4的被回收，33.0储存，23.0安全处置而其中0.6未经污染控制排放。截至2004年底，共有的工业危险废物管理177个正式处理处置中心。工业危险废物的设置在这些中心的报告数量仅为416000吨，其中65被填埋，35被焚烧。废碱和酸的量排于工业危险废物类之首，共占30.9。工业危险废物的39.0来自化学原料及化学制品制造业部门产生。中国西南部有一代最大的工业危险废物，占40.0。此外，有人推断，医疗废物74万吨每年生成，其中只有10的被妥善管理。家庭丢弃危险废物的产生（hhw）是危险废物的另一个重要来源。工业危险废物的一大比例作为管理城市固体废弃物（msw）。面对中国环境管理的巨大挑战危险废物污染控制应运而生。关键词：工业危险废物，医疗废物，家庭危险废物，产生，中国1. 简介近年来，危险废物的公共健康的影响，并越境转移继续通过世界成为热门话题。作为发展最快的国家之一(平均8的gdp增长)，中国也不例外面临的危险废物的问题，特别是有毒化学品和工厂排放的重金属污染物。由于危险废物问题，中国不仅遭受来自国内的巨大压力，而且还引起来自国外的高度关注。因此，如何控制危险废物污染是中国环境保护的一个关键问题。根据中国法律规定，危险废物分为三类：工业危险废物（ihw），医疗废物（医疗废物），以及家庭有害废弃物（hhw）。危险废物管理方面，国家危险废物目录（nchws，中国危险废物的名单）和毒性、腐蚀性危险废物鉴别标准作为工业危险废物鉴定依据。2 产生和最终处置的危险废物2.1工业危险废物2.1.1废物的产生根据1998年的国家危险废物目录，工业危险废物分为46类，从hw-01 hw-46，符合巴塞尔公约（危险废物越境转移的动作的控制及其处置巴塞尔公约）。根据中国官方统计数据（国家统计局统计的国家统计局）： 2005年，工业危险废物量约为11.62万吨。其中43.4被回收，33.0的储存，23.0的安全处置而另外0.6没有得到处置而被排放，这意味着每年有7万吨工业危险废物没有任何控制措施地排放到环境中。然而，由中国科学院统计实际生成工业危险废物约25.00万吨只是国家统计局数据的两倍。上述差异，是由于危险废物和统计数据系统的各种来源不明确的照成的。在本文中，所有的分析数据是基于来自国家统计局的统计数据。通过2005年中国和美国产生工业危险废物的简单对比我们发现美国工业危险废物的产生量高于中国近四倍。同时，通过在彼此之间的共同特性可以发现，化学原料制造工业部门在工业危险废物产生量排名第一。开采有色金属矿和加工是中国第二大来源而美国是石油及煤制品业。工业危险废物在中国广泛的产生。根据工业危险废物在不同地区的生成比例2005年，工业危险废物的4.65万吨来自四川，贵州，云南等省份属于欠发达地区，占总工业危险废物产生量的几乎40以上。在中国西南的大量工业危险废物产生只要是因为原始和传统的生产技术落后，伴随着粗犷但不恰当的开采及洗选活动金属等天然资源。工业危险废物的另一个主要产生地在中国东南地区，24的危险废物是来自包括上海，浙江，江苏，山东等省市。中国东南地区属于发达地区。经济发达，大规模制造和加工行业，并严格标准的发展对环境质量评价，同样使得工业危险废物的数量不断增加。工业危险废物几乎在所有工业行业（由国家统计局定义的6采矿行业和41制造行业）产生，但工业危险废物的近90来自9个主要工业行业。并于化学原料及化学制品制造业产生工业危险废物的38。前五大工业部门工业危险废物量分别为化学原料及化学制品制造业，有色金属矿采选，冶炼及压延有色金属，石油加工及炼焦，冶炼及压延黑色金属，占总数的76。工业危险废物的产生与产业结构密切相关。来自美国和中国的统计数据表明，化学原料及化学制品制造业，有色金属采选很容易产生工业危险废物。另一方面，有毒化学品和重金在提取，加工和制造阶段中地位重要，上述行业在国民经济地位重要。产业结构的特点导致工业危险废物的类别。在中国，前五大类工业危险废物的量：废碱，废酸，无机氟化物废料，铜废料和无机氰化物废物，占总数的58.7，工业危险废物的类别主要包含有锌废料，炼油厂或蒸馏的残渣，由金属和塑料，砷废物和铅废物的表面处理产生的废物。2.1.2。处理和处置工业危险废物回收利用的比例占到了工业危险废物总产生43.4，2005年省份工业危险废物回收利用合格的有广东，湖南，上海，辽宁，河北，他们回收利用比例占到了总数85的回收工业危险废物的。但是，目前的技术和设备在回收过程中使用的是原始的，传统的，比如，一些企业回收铅酸蓄电池，废机油和电子废物没有任何环保设备.总体上，珍贵的物质被完全分离，但残留污水比例大，废气和固体废弃物直接排放，这导致将对对环境造成严重破坏。此外，当地的环境保护局（epb）没有足够的人力和财政预算监督这些问题。2005年工业危险废物存储比例的占工业危险废物产生量的33.0，其中个废碱，铜废料和无机氟化物废物的贮存比例占总产生量的33.42%和50。根据危险废物贮存污染控制标准（gb18597-001），危险废物贮存时间限制是只有1年，而实际上，储存时间很长。从1996年到2004年，据估计，存储工业危险废物的累计量已经达到33943000吨，这是标准的三倍之多。此外，对于工业危险废物存储管理，污染防治措施比较欠缺。例如，工业危险废物储存的大多无渗漏防治设施，这不可避免地要含铅严重污染。危险废物处置的最终手段包括焚烧，填埋。处置工业危险废物的比重在2005年占到总工业危险废物产生量的23.0，在正规处置场中填埋是危险废物处理和处置的重要手段。迄今为止，多数填埋场处置效率不能满足处置的要求。处置工业危险废物量为2.67万吨，其中只有16.0是通过正规的危险废物填埋场与焚烧和安全填埋。根据表格数据显示，工业危险废物焚烧设施效率合理的是浙江，江苏，黑龙江和上海，其处理能力占焚烧工业危险废物的68.1。而工业危险废物填埋合格的省份分别为广东，辽宁和上海。除了正规的处置中心，大多数工业危险废物被布置在由个别企业，但一般用工业固体废物混合。例如，作为一种处理方法，通常将有害废物的化学物质，试剂，涂料与煤灰，锅炉渣，甚至于生活垃圾混合。危险废物和不当处置行为主要来自几个城市沿长江在中国西南。截至2004年底，建成正规工业危险废物处置场有177所，其中被新建成的有23个。除江西，河南，湖南，云南，西藏，宁夏等省，大部分省份已经建立了工业危险废物管理处置中心，截止2004年，数量最多中心属于江苏省。去年同期。实际处理能力为每天4006吨。年处置量仅为416000吨（比2003年，这减少了1.2），其中271000吨被焚化，和142000吨被安全地填埋。事实上，运营中心的一个大的比重还没有完全处理工业危险废物扮演的角色。有效容积比设计的音量要低得多。例如，焚烧的有效容量仅占40。此外，焚烧技术和设备是原始的，它必须是难以达到国家标准工业危险废物焚烧。2.2医疗废物医疗废物是从医疗保健相关的设施，如医院。这些废物主要指含有病原体的废物;散装人体血液和血液制品，病理性废物，废微生物，医疗锐器。目前，对医疗废物的管理没有详细的统计数据，中国，对医疗废物的数量可以推断如下。卫生机构的数量在2005年为298997，包括医院，卫生中心，门诊部和诊所，疗养院，专科疾病防治机构，疾病预防控制中心和预防医学研究院。卫生机构床位数为3367502。床位平均使用率为75.1。每天一个床产生的医疗废物总量为0.8kg（参数保守，从调查的几个城市估计），通过这些假设，2005年医疗废物的总产生量约为74万吨。3.危险废物管理因为中国是巴塞尔公约签约国，危险废物管理方面，法律法规已经形成一定规模体系。危险废物的处理处置最初来源于国家管理，最根本也来源于制度管理。在法律角度上，到目前为止，我国危险废物管理的立基于宪法“国家保护和改善生活环境和生态环境，防治污染和其他公害”的原则，已经延伸到国家立法的各个层面，并且逐步形成一个颇具规模的立法体系。近年来，我国危险废物管理工作受到政府的高度重视，已初步确立了危险废物转移联单等多项管理法律制度框架，“基本形成了以中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法为主导，配套法规、标准规范为基础，地方法规、规章、规范性文件为补充的法律法规、政策标准体系”。事实上，上述法律，法规，投资和预算可能难以满足的目前危险废物的完善管理，目前国家鉴定方法和标准将继续妨碍和阻碍危险废物管理的发展。一方面，目前中国正在制定的国家危险废物目录是根据巴塞尔公约所谓的y码列表。y码列表分类在中国目前所做的应用导致危险废物垃圾分类缺乏明确性。4，结论和建议随着对较好环境质量，经济在中国高快速发展的需求，产生的危险废物的数量迅速增加。 2005年，工业危险废物的官方统计量为1162万吨，其中0.6的无控制排放。不过，相较于官方数据，工业危险废物量的实际调查数据超过25.00万吨，西南地区是中国产生最大的地区，占40 2004年，工业危险废物的官方统计数量进入正规处置中心是416000吨，其中65被填埋，35被焚烧。到目前为止，共有177所国家处置中心工业危险废物。在另外的，产生的医疗废物的量为每年74万吨，其中只有10的被妥善管理。工业危险废物应该由于其庞大的数量进行良好的管理。应制定对工业危险废物从归类采集系统能够安全地最终处置技术相关的措施。危险废物，工业化世界的主要毛病，如果处理不当将对人类和环境照成极大的危害。处理，回收，储存，运输和处置置等每个环节都及其重要。中国近些年针对这个问题做出了极大的努力，危险废物管理仍然是一个热门话题，根据上面的分析，危险废物处理处置是中国政府所面临的亟待解决的问题。因此，必须采取各种行之有效的措施。首先，推进清洁生产立法，并减少工业危险废物从源头控制。例如，产品设计和制造过程与自然生态的和谐循环的方法可以应用到选定的化学原料及化学制品制造业部门，旨在消除有毒废物和废水的产生。其次，需求的术语“危险废物”的一个更为精确的定义;建立危险废物管理通过国家和地方立法可行的识别方法和标准，分类指导，退市和排除系统。一个经济可行的危险废物鉴别和分类系统是危险废物管理制度的基石。由于简单的程序和鉴定过程的成本低，广泛的和明确的名单仍然是危险废物识别的首选。因此，目前的国家危险废物名录制度亟待修改或更换。第三，研究和开发的最终处置技术和设备结合危险废物的产生的特点，并提出中国目前的情况下，对危险废物的回收，贮存，处置的最佳可用选项。作为欠发达的国家，中国很难承受的危险废物管理设施的初始投资和运行费用。此外，通过提高特殊教育，宣传和培训活动发生器和地方环保局的州长危险废物管理的认识。available online at journal of hazardous materials 158 (2013) 221227reviewhazardous waste generation and management in china: a reviewhuabo duana, qifei huangb, qi wangb, bingyan zhoub, jinhui liaa department of environmental science and engineering, tsinghua university, china b chinese research academy of environmental sciences (craes), chinareceived 21 september 2007; received in revised form 20 january 2013; accepted 22 january 2013available online 8 february 2013abstractassociated with the rapid economic growth and tremendous industrial prosperity, continues to be the accelerated increase of hazardous waste generation in china. the reported generation of industrial hazardous waste (ihw) was 11.62milliontons in 2005, which accounted for 1.1% of industrial solid waste (isw) volume. an average of 43.4% of ihw was recycled, 33.0% was stored, 23.0% was securely disposed, and 0.6% was discharged without pollution controlling. by the end of 2004, there were 177 formal treatment and disposal centers for ihw management. the reported quantity of ihw disposed in these centers was only 416,000tons, 65% of which was landfilled, 35% was incinerated. the quantity of waste alkali and acid ranked the first among ihw categories, which accounted for 30.9%. and 39.0% of ihw was generated from the raw chemical materials and chemical products industry sectors. south west china had the maximum generation of ihw, accounted for 40.0%. in addition, it was extrapolated that 740,000tons of medical wastes were generated per year, of which only 10% was soundly managed. the generation of discarded household hazardous waste (hhw) is another important source of hazardous waste. a great proportion of hhw was managed as municipal solid waste (msw). hazardous waste pollution controlling has come into being a huge challenge faced to chinese environmental management.crown copyright 2013 published by elsevier b.v. all rights reserved.keywords: industrial hazardous waste; medical waste; household hazardous waste; generation; chinaintroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221generation and ultimate disposal of hazardous waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2222.1.industrial hazardous waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2222.1.1.generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2222.1.2.treatment and disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2232.2.medical waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2242.3.household hazardous waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225activities for hazardous waste management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225conclusions and recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .introduction corresponding author at: tsinghua university, sino-italian environmental226& energy building, room 805, haidian district, beijing 100084, china. tel.: in recent years, both public health impact and transbound+86 10 6279 4351; fax: +86 10 6277 2048. corresponding author. tel.: +86 8491 5142; fax: +86 8491 3903.ary movements of hazardous waste continue to be the hot topicse-mail addresses: (h. duan), through the world 1. as one of the fastest developing countries (q. huang). with an average of 8% gdp increase, china is no exception forcontents0304-3894/$ see front matter. crown copyright 2013 published by elsevier b.v. all rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.01.106facingthehazardouswasteproblems,especiallytoxicchemicals and heavy metal pollutants discharged from factories. owing to the hazardous waste issue, china is not only suffering from huge pressure from domestic, but also arousing great concerns from abroad. thus, how to control hazardous waste pollution is a key issue of environmental protection in china. according to chinese law, hazardous waste is classified as three types: industrial hazardous waste (ihw), medical waste (mw), and household hazardous waste (hhw). whereas, before managed as hazardous waste, ihw should be identified by one of the following methods: national catalogue of hazardous wastes (nchws, hazardous waste list in china) or identification standards on toxicity and corrosivity characteristic for hazardous wastes.2. generation and ultimate disposal of hazardous waste2.1. industrial hazardous waste2.1.1. generationbased on effective nchws in 1998, ihw is classified into46 categories, from hw-01 to hw-46, just conformed to basel convention (basel convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal). the quantity variation of ihw from 1999 to 2005 is shown in fig. 1. the official statistic (national bureau of statistics of china, nbsc) quantity of ihw was about 11.62milliontons in 2005 2, an average of which 43.4% was recycled, 33.0% was stored, 23.0% was securely disposed, and 0.6% was out of control, which means that 70,000tons of ihw is discharged to the environment without any controlling measures annually. however, the actual generation of ihw was about 25.00milliontons according to a report from nationwide general investigation by chinese academy for environmental planning 3, which is as two times as the data from nbsc. above difference has resulted from the unclear identification system of hazardous wastes and various sources of statistic data. in this paper, all the analyzed data is based on the statistic data from nbsc.fig. 2 shows a simple comparison on ihw generation between china and usa in 2005. the volume of ihw in usa was nearly four times more than in china 4. however, a common characteristic between each other could be found that raw chemical material and manufacturing industry sector ranked the first contributor to the volume of ihw. while min-fig. 1. quantity of industrial hazardous waste in china from 1999 to 2005.fig. 2. a comparison on hazardous waste generation between china and usa (2005).ing and processing of nonferrous metal ores was the second generator in china. usa is the petroleum and coal products industry.ihw was widely generated in china. the generation proportion of ihw in different regions is shown in fig. 3. in 2005, almost above 40% of ihw was generated in south west china 5, which means that 4.65milliontons of ihw was from sichuan, guizhou, and yunnan provinces which belong to undeveloped regions. the level of economic development and structure of the industry has resulted in the volume of ihw generation. the gross regional product among different regions is shown in fig. 4. in south west china, the large quantity of ihw generation was due to the primitive and traditional production techniques, accompanied with mass but inappropriate mining and dressing activities for metals and other natural resource. another 24% of ihw was from south east china, including shanghai, zhejiang, jiangsu, and shandong provinces. south east china belongs to developed regions. accelerated development of economy, mass manufacturing and processing industry, and strict standard on environmental quality assessment, made the quantity of ihw increase continually.ihw was almost generated in all industrial sectors (6 mining sectors and 41 manufacturing sectors defined by national bureau of statistics), but almost 90% of the ihw was from 9 main industrial sectors (table 1). and 38% of ihw was gener-fig. 3. regional distribution and proportions for industrial hazardous waste in china (2005).fig. 4. gross regional product in china from 2002 to 2005.ated in raw chemical materials and chemical products industry. top five industrial sectors with ihw volume were raw chemical materials and chemical products, nonferrous metals mining and dressing, smelting and pressing of nonferrous metals, petroleum processing and coking, and smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, accounted for 76% of total generated ihw. the generation of ihw is closely related to the industrial structure. the statistic data from usa and china (see fig. 2) shows that raw chemical materials and chemical products industry, nonferrous metal mining and dressing are prone to generate ihw 4,5. for one thing, amounts of toxic chemicals and heavy metals are used or extracted during the extraction, processing and manufacture phase; for another, above mentioned industrial sectors are the main contributors to national economy. the gross product of raw chemical materials and chemical products industry ranked the fourth among manufacture industry.the characteristic of industrial structure has resulted in the categoriesofihw.inchina,thequantityoftopfivecategoriesof ihw: waste alkali, waste acid, inorganic fluoride waste, copper wastes, and inorganic cyanide waste, accounted for 58.7% of total generated ihw 6. the categories of ihw were listed in table 2. other categories with large quantity included zinc wastes, residues of refinery or distillation, wastes resulting from surface treatment of metals and plastics, arsenic wastes and lead wastes.table 1table 2top 10 categories of industrial hazardous waste generated in china (classified as nchws)code of nchwswastes cataloguesproportions (%)35waste alkali17.534waste acid13.432inorganic fluoride wastes12.522copper wastes8.233inorganic cyanide wastes7.023zinc wastes4.224arsenic wastes4.111residues of refinery or distillation4.031lead wastes3.817wastes resulting from surface treatment of metals and plastics3.7others. treatment and disposalthe proportion of recycled ihw accounted for 43.4% of the total ihw volume in 2005. the qualified provinces with ihw recycling were guangdong, hunan, shanghai, liaoning, and hebei, accounted for 85% of recycled ihw in total. but presenttechnologyandequipmentusedinrecyclingprocesswas primitive and traditional for, e.g., some enterprises recycled lead acid battery, waste oil and electronic waste without any environmentalprotectionfacilities.generally,precioussubstanceswere fully separated, but large proportion of residual waste water, wastegasandsolidwasteweredischargeddirectly,whichleaded to serious damage to environment. moreover, local environmental protection bureau (epb) has not enough manpower and financial budget to supervise these problems.the proportion of stored ihw accounted for 33.0% of the total ihw volume in 2005. the storage proportion of selected hazardouswaste,includingwastealkali,copperwastesandinorganic fluoride waste, has reached to 33, 42 and 50% of their respective generation. while the time restriction of storage is only 1 year through to chinese law “standard for pollution control on hazardous waste storage” (gb 18597001), the period of storage was quite long. from 1996 to 2004, it was estimated that the accumulative quantity of storage ihw had reached to 33,943,000tons, which was three times as much asnine largest sources of industrial hazardous waste generation, by industrial sectors categoriescategories of industrial sectorsmillion tons20012002200320042005raw chemical materials and chemical products5.135.726.263.894.44mining and processing of nonferrous metals ores1.841.581.582.642.22mining and processing of nonmetal ores0.710.620.76smelting and pressing of nonferrous metals0.610.800.990.520.70petroleum processing and coking0.390.420.540.590.75smel