电气07K8 田行 英文翻译.pdf

76 IEEE power FERC Order 890 required transparency in the planning process The result is that we now have a transmission system originally developed for one purpose single utility operation that is increasingly operated for a different purpose which is to provide economic energy to broad geographic areas To foster greater effi ciencies and extend access to diverse and economical resources regional and interconnectionwide transmission that effectively links this existing patch work of smaller transmission networks together is needed To effect this broad geographic transmission development value based planning techniques are increasingly being used Value based transmission planning represents the evaluation of the system over all hours of the year to determine the economic impact of transmission projects To accomplish this analysis security constrained economic dispatch models are used over very broad regional Perspectives on Value Based Planning Processes for Delivering Renewable Energy Resources Authorized licensed use limited to NORTH CHINA ELECTRIC POWER UNIVERSITY Downloaded on January 19 2010 at 03 18 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 78 IEEE power however energy is the most valuable component of these resources Both wind and solar energy have a common feature the highest quality sites tend to be located in remote locations and thus new transmission is needed to bring this energy to market The lack of transmission in areas rich in wind resources can be seen in Figure 2 Renewables from diverse and distant regional sources delivered to multiple locations provide for energy diversity and greater energy security along with an opportunity to upgrade our aging transmission infrastructure and put into place a new national transmission superhighway The use of value based planning techniques is well suited to the analy ses required to evaluate the transmission requirements for renewables Value based planning recognizes the fl ow of dollars associated with system economics and the result ing transmission required for delivery of economic energy to the end user The reliability of the system is one of the design components of value based planning the location of the energy sources relative to the load is another component along with the overall system value Interconnectionwide and regional planning activities should be performed as a stand alone analysis and informed by regional and subregional planning activities The use of value based planning identifi es those upgrades needed for our aging transmission system and helps meet the challenges of a new era of global price competition that relies on abun dant affordable and clean electric energy The following are perspectives on value based transmis sion planning initiatives from some leading organizations U S Wind Resources Excellent Class 7 Superior Class 6 Very Good Class 5 Good Class 4 Fair Class 3 Marginal Class 2 Poor Oceans Transmission Style by Voltage Class kV 345 kV 0133 66267 32 Miles N EW S 500 kV 735 765 kV dc figure 2 Transmission overlay on wind resource map used with permission figure 1 Major U S interconnections used with permission Midwest ISO Using Ventyx Velocity Suite 2009 Eastern Interconnect Western Interconnect ERCOT Authorized licensed use limited to NORTH CHINA ELECTRIC POWER UNIVERSITY Downloaded on January 19 2010 at 03 18 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply november december 2009 IEEE power the study results are for information and not binding to be con structed as part of a plan Other Eastern Interconnection RTOs and utilities were invited to participate in the JCSP study which was conducted in an open FERC Order 890 compliant process One important result of the JCSP study was that it demonstrated how a group of Eastern Interconnection RTOs and utilities can work together to produce coordinated con ceptual transmission plans to provide information about future possible scenarios at the interconnection level The information is now being used in national policy and strate gic decisions Introduction The Joint Coordinated System Plan JCSP study produced conceptual transmission expansion designs for two scenarios the existing renewable portfolio standards that as of January 2008 amount to about 5 of U S Eastern Interconnection energy from wind and a 20 wind energy scenario for the U S Eastern Interconnection The purpose of the study was to supply information for policy makers regulators legis lators and utility management based on engineering eco nomic analysis of the future power system Both generation production cost models and security constrained transmis sion models were studied operating together as a system for the JCSP The JCSP report and meeting information may be found at www jcspstudy org The 20 wind energy scenario is especially interest ing to both state and national governmental interests and the U S Department of Energy DOE report 20 Wind Energy by 2030 available at www 20percentwind org provided an impetus to study a 20 wind energy scenario The National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL supplied the wind sites and data for the JCSP study JCSP continued the development of a 20 wind scenario by adding an economic analysis for conceptual transmission designs and generation forecasts for the U S Eastern Interconnection The JCSP is supplying concep tual transmission plans to the DOE s Offi ce of Energy Effi ciency and Renewable Energy s Wind and Hydro power Technologies NREL program for the Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study EWITS as well as serving on the EWITS Technical Review Committee The EWITS Web site can be accessed at http wind nrel gov public EWITS The DOE s 20 Wind Energy by 2030 report was a national broad economic analysis of a 20 wind energy sup ply scenario The JCSP adds an hourly evaluation of economic performance including a conceptual transmission design for the 20 wind scenario for the U S Eastern Interconnection A reliability analysis of the conceptual JCSP transmission designs that will assess the ability of the designs to com ply with North American Electric Reliability Corporation NERC standards will be completed in 2009 EWITS con siders the subhourly ramping requirements reserve require ments possible generation mix changes and integration costs for the U S Eastern Interconnection EWITS evaluates several 20 wind generation location scenarios two carbon cost scenarios and a 30 wind energy scenario for the U S Eastern Interconnection The information concerning wind integration is more detailed at each level of study The DOE s Offi ce of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability also participated in the JCSP The JCSP has the potential of relieving the Eastern National Interest Trans mission Corridor by alleviating a major portion of the trans mission congestion in the U S Eastern Interconnection The JCSP concept needs to be expanded The questions of offshore wind generation nuclear generation gas generation the sequestering of carbon carbon costs storage electric vehicles and so on all remain to be studied Some of these Transmission planning is changing in response to the need mandate and opportunity to integrate large amounts of renewable energy into the U S energy mix Authorized licensed use limited to NORTH CHINA ELECTRIC POWER UNIVERSITY Downloaded on January 19 2010 at 03 18 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 80 IEEE power 765 kV line is used where it is the best choice and to link the HVDC lines together to transfer power during contingencies A Good Start The JCSP is a good step toward a transmission plan that can guide the development of future transmission able to meet the multiple requirements of stakeholders including national policy makers in an economical manner More scenarios need to be studied to defi ne a core of transmission that could be built that would be common to all plausible scenarios A Utility s Perspective American Electric Power AEP headquartered in Colum bus Ohio is one of the largest utilities in the United States delivering electricity to more than 5 million customers in 11 states AEP owns the nation s largest electricity transmis sion system a nearly 39 000 mile network that includes more 765 kV transmission lines than all other U S transmission systems combined It is AEP s position that the nation s trans mission system is in critical need of enhancement and expan sion highlight by the nation s move toward a greater supply of renewable resources AEP is actively pursuing several 765 kV and other high voltage transmission projects within PJM Mid west ISO and SPP as building blocks toward a more advanced and effi cient interstate transmission network The nation s transmission system has developed from lower voltage local systems that were linked together over time using high voltage lines As technology advanced extra high voltage EHV transmission lines were constructed to enable power systems to interconnect on a broader scale though transmission s central purpose continued to be the connection of a company s generation with its customers This grandfathered transmission system has served us well But now the question is how can the system continue to keep pace with new and emerging challenges Today development of interstate transmission capacity is shared among federal and state regulators RTOs ISOs and transmission owners After the implementation of FERC Order 888 the transmission system was no longer a vehicle used for the transportation of power within a utility The new Midwest ISO Using Ventyx Velocity Suite 2008 JCSP Option 3 2 Lines by Voltage kV JCSP Option 3 2 HVDC Feeder Lines by Voltage kV 230 345 500 765 800 HVDC 1 38 15 36 9 800 801 765 800 500 765 345 400 230 345 2 34 560 1 324 4 111 800 HVDC 28 Existing Lines Greater Than 230 by Voltage kV JCSP Opt Voltage k Existing L figure 5 Conceptual transmission overlay for the 20 wind energy scenario used with permission Authorized licensed use limited to NORTH CHINA ELECTRIC POWER UNIVERSITY Downloaded on January 19 2010 at 03 18 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 82 IEEE power 2 incorporates relevant figure 6 STEP projects for 2009 2018 used with permission STEP Projects 115 kV 138 kV 161 kV 230 kV 345 kV 500 kV Southwest Power Pool Entergy ICT 0 2550100150Miles Authorized licensed use limited to NORTH CHINA ELECTRIC POWER UNIVERSITY Downloaded on January 19 2010 at 03 18 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 84 IEEE power 3 develops needed models for congestion simu lation studies and 4 supports the objectives of WECC s strategic plan by providing useful transmission insights into the implications of major policy and technology changes for the future of the western power system In 2008 TEPPC analyzed a number of robust resource portfolio cases and conceptual transmission additions de signed to relieve identifi ed congestion Key portfolio cases included cases examining 15 energy from renewable energy generation 20 improvement in energy effi ciency and a signifi cant reduction in carbon emissions TEPPC used a security constrained economic dispatch model that performs a capacity and energy dispatch for each hour of the study year 2017 in this case This value based analy sis method enables the quantifi cation of fuel usage emis sions transmission congestion and the interhour integration impacts of variable generation The 15 renewable energy case as illustrated by Figure 7 incorporated 39 GW of diverse renewable resources of which 23 GW was wind This represented a 14 annual growth rate over the next eight years and incorporated the latest mesoscale wind output profi les from NREL Key topics in this study include the impact of variable generation on dispatch patterns of the rest of the gen eration fl eet CO2 emissions and transmission congestion In 2009 the TEPPC study pro gram will expand on the value based analysis work performed in 2008 to better understand the long range transmission needs and operational considerations of increasing levels of variable gen eration and other resources Spe cifi cally the study will investigate medium term 2019 potential transmission congestion under dif ferent resource portfolios includ ing high wind penetration levels and long term 2029 transmission overlay options The study plan incorporates the latest needs and data from the Western Governors Association subregional planning groups transmission developers and individual utilities Subregional Planning Given the geographic scale and diversity of the Western Intercon nection no single regional activity could address the needs of all partic ipants Subregional planning groups were organized to address common issues within a particular portion of the Western Interconnection These organizations are much closer to the Canada Northwest Basin Rockies California North California South Desert Southwest Mexico Legend Solar Wind Biomass RPS Geothermal Small Hydro RPS 0 GWh 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 0 GWh 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 0 GWh 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 0 GWh 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 0 GWh 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 0 GWh 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 0 GWh 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 0 GWh 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 Fuel TEPPC 15 Renewable Energy Case 1 058 167 GWh Load Installed Capacity MW Split by Capacity Split by EnergyEnergy GWh Wind23 08458 44 70 392 Solar7 01218 15 24 545 Small Hydro RPS4941 1 2 372 Geothermal7 46219 32 51 027 Biomass1 7084 7 10 389 Total39 760100 100 158 725 figure 7 TEPPC 15 renewable energy split by fuel type and subregion Authorized licensed use limited to NORTH CHINA ELECTRIC POWER UNIVERSITY Downloaded on January 19 2010 at 03 18 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply november december 2009 IEEE power energy magazine 85 loads being served and to smaller load serving organizations increasing the participation of such organizations in transmission planning In this way the West s layered approach of TEPPC and subregional planning groups serves to broaden overall participa tion The current subregional groups are as follows ColumbiaGrid Northern Tier Transmission Group NTTG WestConnect with three planning areas Southwest Area Transmission SWAT the Colorado Coordinated Planning Group CCPG and the Sierra Subregional Planning Group SSPG California Transmission Planning Group CTPG Western Governors Association WGA Governors in the western states acting together as WGA have undertaken two initiatives that are helping to shape the future of the Western Interconnection In 2006 WGA adopted stakeholder recommendations to promote the development of a clean and diversifi ed energy system In 2008 with the assistance of the U S Department of Energy WGA initi ated the Western Renewable Energy Zones WREZ project which will identify renewable resource areas in the Western Interconnection based on developable potential development time frames common transmission needs and cost of devel opment The project will then seek to develop transmission figure 8 Western renewable energy zones used with permission Legend Hydro Projects MW Ceothermal Projects MW Canadian Wind Projects Wind Resource NREL Wind Power Glass 50 m 1 10 10 100 100 500 500 8 10 10 100 100 500 500 3 6 5 6 75 6 75 7 7 7 25 7 25 7 5 7 5 Created by Josh Finn Cristin Holmgren and Ryan Pletka 4 June 2009 02550 100 150 200 Miles 4 5 6 7 Solar Thermal Resource DNI kWh sqmtr day QRA Hub Size Guide TWh 000s of GWh yr 30 35 25 30 20 25 15 20 10 15 5 10 1 5 Authorized licensed use limited to NORTH CHINA ELECTRIC POWER UNIVERSITY Downloaded on January 19 2010 at 03 18 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 86 IEEE power energy magazine november december 2009 plans to priority renewable resource areas to facilitate the environmentally sensitive development of the most cost ef fective renewable resources located in the West A prelimi nary renewable energy zone map is shown in Figure 8 The WREZ project is guided by a steering committee composed of state governors provincial premiers and pub lic utility commissions in the West and a technical commit tee of diverse stakeholders including utilities generation developers and environmental groups The transmission work of the WREZ project is staffed by the Western Inter state Energy Board WIEB which serves as the energy arm of WGA The policy and technical input from the governors initia tives when combined with the open and transparent three tier transmission planning process in the West provides a sound basis for transmission planning that will meet the interconnection s long term needs Electric Reliability Council of Texas ERCOT A Regional Entity and RTO Perspective With more than 8 100 MW of installed wind generation capacity ERCOT currently has the highest penetration of wind generation of any regional entity or RTO in the United States ERCOT has been active in the integration of wind into its system for nearly a decade This extensive wind development as well as future plans to integrate more than 18 GW of wind generation capacity all started in 2000 near the small town of McCamey At that time wind developers began harnessing the world class wind resources along the edges of tall mesas in southwestern Texas Wind develop ment quickly exceeded the capability of the local 138 kV transmission system With more than 700 MW of wind gen eration operating ERCOT began curtailing wind generation to maintain local transmission system voltage A short term solution the installation of reactive support equipment provided some relief but additional wind development in the area required a signifi cant increase in the local transmission capacity The approved solution was a new 150 mile 345 kV right of way connecting McCamey to the San Angelo area However while additional wind resources could be developed in less than a year this new transmission was expected to take up to four years to build In the next seven years no new wind generation was commissioned in the McCamey area In response to the continuing curtailments of wind genera tion around McCamey wind developers started to evaluate available tran