国际贸易实务与操作ppt课件.ppt

国际贸易实务与操作 InternationalTradePracticeandOperation Chapter1IntroductiontoInternationalTradePractice TeachingObjectives1 Introducethreeinternationalbusinessforms trade licensing andforeigndirectinvestment 2 Discusstypicalrisksassociatedwithinternationalbusinesstransactions 3 Explainparticipantsandproceduresofinternationaltrade Section1FormsofInternationalBusiness Basedonthemethodsofenteringaforeignmarket internationalbusinesscanbeclassifiedintothreebroadcategories trade intellectualpropertyrightsandinternationallicensingagreements andforeigndirectinvestment Section1FormsofInternationalBusiness 1 TradeTradeconsistsoftheimportandexportofgoodsandservices Exportingistheshipmentofgoodsortherenderingofservicestoaforeignbuyerlocatedinaforeigncountry Everyexportentailsanimport andviceversa Section1FormsofInternationalBusiness Exportingisgenerallydividedintotwotypes Directexportingisoftendonethroughforeignagentswhoworkoncommission orbysellingdirectlytoforeigndistributors Indirectexportingisusedbycompaniesseekingtominimizetheirinvolvementabroad Thereareseveraldifferenttypesofindirectexporting exporttradingcompanies exportagents andexportmanagementcompany EMC Section1FormsofInternationalBusiness GovernmentControlsoverTradeTariffsareimportdutiesortaxesimposedongoodsenteringthecustomsterritoryofanation Nontariffbarriersareallbarrierstoimportingorexportingotherthantariffs Oneformofnontariffbarrieristhetechnicalbarriertotrade orproductstandard Anothertypeisexportcontrol Section1FormsofInternationalBusiness Tradeliberalizationreferstotheeffortsofgovernmentstoreducetariffsandnontariffbarrierstotrade AllWTOnationsareentitledtonormaltraderelationswithoneanother ThisisreferredtoasMostFavoredNationtradingstatus Section1FormsofInternationalBusiness 2 IntellectualPropertyRightsandInternationalLicensingAgreementsIntellectualpropertyrightsareagrantfromagovernmenttoanindividualorfirmoftheexclusivelegalrighttouseacopyright patent ortrademarkforaspecifiedtime Internationallicensingagreementsarecontractsbywhichtheholderofintellectualpropertywillgrantcertainrightsinthatpropertytoaforeignfirmunderspecifiedconditionsandforaspecifiedtime Section1FormsofInternationalBusiness Theexchangeoftechnologyandmanufacturingknow howbetweenfirmsindifferentcountriesthroughlicensingagreementsisknownastechnologytransfer Franchisingisapopularformoflicensing Thefranchiseeisallowedtouseatradenameortrademarkinofferinggoodsorservicestothepublicinreturnforaroyaltybasedonapercentageofsalesorotherfeestructure Section1FormsofInternationalBusiness Case1 1 Dayanv McDonald sCorp DayaninParishadanexclusivefranchiseagreementwithMcDonald sin1971 TheagreementrequiredthatDayanmeetallquality serviceandcleanliness QSC standardsetbyMcDonald s Dayanviolatedthequalityandcleanlinessstandardsforalongtime CouldMcDonaldterminatethecontract Section1FormsofInternationalBusiness 3 ForeignDirectInvestmentForeigninvestmentorforeigndirectinvestmentreferstotheownershipandactivecontrolofongoingbusinessconcerns includinginvestmentinmanufacturing mining farming assemblyoperations andotherfacilitiesofproduction Adistinctionismadebetweenthehomeandhostcountriesofthefirmsinvolved Thehomecountryreferstothatcountryunderwhoselawstheinvestingcorporationwascreatedorishead quartered Section1FormsofInternationalBusiness Multinationalcorporationsarefirmswithsignificantforeigndirectinvestmentassets Throughdirectinvestment theycanstartanewforeignsubsidiarycompany formajointventurewithanexistingforeigncompanyoracquireanexistingforeigncompanybystockpurchase Multinationalcorporationsareusuallynotasinglelegalentity Section1FormsofInternationalBusiness Ofthethreeformsofinternationalbusiness foreigninvestmentprovidesthefirmwiththemostinvolvement andperhapsthegreatestriskabroad Investmentinaforeignplantisoftenaresultofhavinghadsuccessfulexperiencesinexportingorlicensing andofthesearchforwaystoovercomethedisadvantagesofthoseotherentrymethods Section2ManagingRisksofInternationalBusinessTransactions Thelevelofriskrisesupfromtradetolicensing andtoforeigndirectinvestment Theriskswillalsovarydependingonwhatcountriesthebusinesspartiesarelocatedinorwhatcountrythetransactionistobeperformedin Section2ManagingRisks 1 PoliticalRiskPoliticalriskisgenerallydefinedastherisktoafirm sbusinessinterestsresultingfrompoliticalinstabilityorpoliticalchangeinacountryinwhichthefirmisdoingbusiness Handlingpoliticalriskrequiresplanningandvigilance Section2ManagingRisks 2 LanguageandCulturalDifferencesEventhoughEnglishiswidelyusedinbusinessallovertheworld thelanguageofagiventransactionstilldependsonthetypeofbusinessoneisdoingandontheregionoftheworld Onedevicetoovercomelanguagedifferencesistohavethecontractdrawninthelanguageofbothparties Section2ManagingRisks Case1 2 Gaskinv StummHandelGMBH Gaskin Americancitizen couldnotspeakorreadGerman butheenteredintoanemploymentcontractwrittenentirelyinGermanwiththeGermanfirmofStummHandeloperatedinNewYork Whenhesignedthecontract thetermsofthecontractwereexplainedtohiminEnglish includingthe forumselectionclause ofsettlinganydisputesinthecourtsofGermany Later thetwopartieshadadisagreement CouldGaskinsettlethedisputeintheUnitedStates Section2ManagingRisks 3 CurrencyandExchangeRateRisksThreeseparaterisksrelatetocurrencyandinternationalbusinesstransactions convertibility repatriation andcurrencyratefluctuation Section2ManagingRisks HedgingCurrencyRiskAhedgeisapositionestablishedinonemarketinanattempttooffsetexposuretopricefluctuationsinsomeoppositepositioninanothermarket Hedgingallowstheinvestortotransferthecurrencyrisktosomeoneelsewhowantstotakeupapositioninthecurrency Examplesofhedgingincludeforwardexchangecontract currencyfuturecontracts etc Section2ManagingRisks Case1 3 BerninaDistributors Inc v BerninaSewingMach BerninaSewingMachineCo Importer hadaseven yearcontracttoimportandsupplyBerninasewingmachinestoBerninaDistributorinUS TheImporterwasrequiredtopayinSwissfrancs WiththesharpdeclineofdollartoSwissfranc Importer scostsdoubledandthushalveditsrateofreturnperdollarinvested CouldtheImportercancelthecontractwiththeDistributor Section2ManagingRisks 4 LegalRiskBecauseofdifferencesinlanguage culture andlegalsystems theintentionsofpartiesinaninternationaltransactionmaynotbeeasilydiscernablefromtheircontract Thepartiesshouldexpresscarefullyintendedrightsandobligationsinawrittencontract Section2ManagingRisks 5 SpecialTransactionRisksinContractsforSaleofGoodsTheriskthatabuyerwilldefaultonasalescontractandfailtopayforthegoodsisknownaspaymentrisk orcreditrisk Theriskthatabuyerwillnotreceivethegoodsunderacontractiscalleddeliveryrisk Thiscoursewillfocusonthespecialrisksinherentininternationaltransactionsforsaleofgoods Exercises SpecialTerms 国际贸易直接出口非关税壁垒贸易自由化跨国公司知识产权最惠国贸易地位 货物转运商承运人海关报关行提单信用证保险公司技术转让 Exercises SpecialTerms transactionlicensingagreementforeigndirectinvestmentcommissionmerchandiseglobalsourcing countryoforiginknow howbusinessoperationsfranchisedefendantplaintiffhostcountries Exercises Explanation 1 Whataretariffs 2 Whatareinternationallicensingagreements 3 Whichformofinternationalbusinesshasthehighestlevelofrisk Why Section3ParticipantsandProc