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oceanacoustics oceanislargelyopaquetoemradiation butsoundpropagateswellconsider propagationspeedrefraction reflectionscattering attenuationrangeapplications crowdsourcingwhalesonganalysishttp whale fmsoundintheocean http www whoi edu oceanus v2 viewtopic do tagid 88 in1826 jeandanielcolladonusedachurchbellunderwatertoprovethatsoundtraveledfasterthroughwaterthanair inlakegeneva assistedbycharles francoissturm amathematician thetwosplitapartby10milesinboats onestruckthebellunderwaterandignitedgunpowderabovethesurfaceatthesametime theotherstartedatimerattheflashofthegunpowderandstoppedthetimerwhenthesoundarrived usingatrumpet likeinstrumenttodetecttheunderwaternoise despitetheirsimpledevices theycalculatedthespeedofsoundunderwaterat1435m s constantsoundspeedmeansnorefraction speedofsoundinseawaterisabout1500ms 1 soundpropagatesbycompressionandrarefactionofacompressiblemedium waterisnotverycompressible sothespeedismuchhigherthaninair 340ms 1 affectedby pressuretemperaturesalinity itcanbeshowninthecaseofaconstantsoundvelocitygradient dc dz thatthesoundraydescribesanarcofacirclewhoseradiusis sincesoundvelocityisnotconstant soundraysfollowcurvedpaths theyarerefractedfollowingtherelationshipgivenbysnell slaw soundfrequencyandranging sofar channel rafosfloat fromapointsource soundspreadssphericallyandintensityfallsproportionaltor2 transmissionloss somesoundreachesthebottomandisreflected sothetransmissionlossisdecreased oververylongdistances withmuchoftheenergytrappedinthesoundchannel thespreadingiscylindricalandtransmissionlossisproportionaltor soundintensityindecibels soundlevelintensityisdescribedinnon dimensionalunits relativetoareference onalogscaleindecibelssl 10log i iref 20log p pref factorof10becauseitisdecibels notbelsfactorof20becauseintensityiisproportionaltop2a10dbincreasemeansanorderofmagnitudeincreaseinsoundintensitythereferencepressureinwateris1micropascal humanvoice80 3000hz baleenwhales10 50hz attenuationisthecombinationofabsorptionandscattering absorption duetomolecularpropertiesofwaterandincreaseswithsquareofthefrequencyscattering lackofhomogeneityoftheocean temperaturemicrostructure airbubbles plankton particulates essentiallyallattenuationisbyabsorptionatfrequencies 500hzforcomparison attenuationof10khzsoundinmoistairisabout160db km intheoceantheattenuationlossforthesamefrequencyisabout1db km 1000hz air5db km water0 05db km attenuationloss normalizedacousticalcross sectionforanairbubbleinwater andforarigidsphereofthesameradius r thepeakcorrespondstoanaturalresonantfrequencyof52khz airismorecompressiblethanwater andairbubbleshavenaturalresonantfrequenciesdependentontheirsize fishhaveair filledsacscalledswimbladdersthatareroughlyellipsoidalinshapeandwhichcanpresentaresonanttargettosonar thedifferencesinswimbladderscausedifferencesinthereturnechoofasonarsignal echosignaturesforspecificspeciescanbedeterminedandusedtoidentifyfish fishfinderdisplay http venus uvic ca index php straitofgeorgia eastnode 24hours zooplanktonacousticprofiler zap 8pm8am straitofgeorgia eastnode 24hoursdatafromzooplanktonacousticprofiler zap 8pm8am http venus uvic ca feature galleries hydrophone highlights other sounds acoustictransmitters tags forthisprojectproducesoundat67khz aboveaudiblerangeforhumans http www stripertracker org acoustictagsaresurgicallyimplantedinstripedbass haveawaxcoating topreventimmunesystemfromrejectingit two yearbatterylife transmitter pings anidentifyingcodedetectablebyhydrophonesupto500maway hydrophones underwatermicrophones arehungfrombuoysatfixedlisteningcheckpoints throughoutthemullicariver greatbayestuary checkpointsareplacedmostlyatnarrowpassages suchaslittleegginlet sothatfishmustpassthroughtheminordertomoveupordownriver orintooroutofthecoastalocean environmentaldatafromremusauvsandmooredinstrumentsarecomparedtothestripedbass movementpatterns acoustictomography anetworkofacousticsourcesandreceivershasmultiplehorizontalpaths inadditiontomultipleraysinsoundchannelbetweenanygivens rpair traveltimesalongthemanypathsareusedtoinvertforthe3 dimensionalsoundspeedpattern whichcanberelatedto3 dmapsofoceantemperature acousticthermometryofoceanclimate changesinacoustictraveltimesoververylongdistancesareusedtomonitorseasonalandinteran
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