建筑电气.doc

目 录1 外文参考文献译文12 外文参考文献原文71 外文参考文献译文建筑电气建筑电气包括强电和弱电两部分，强电部分的设计内容主要包括：变配电系统、电力和照明系统、防雷接地系统等。一般来说，建筑中变配电系统主要包括：高低压系统、变压器、备用电源系统等；电力系统主要包括电力系统配电及控制；照明系统则包括室内外各类照明；防雷接地系统包括防雷电波侵入、防雷电感应、接地、等电位联结和局部等电位联结、辅助等电位联结等等。在这短短二十多年中，这些系统的技术和产品发生了巨大的变化，许多设计的理念也随之发生了巨大的变化。例如高压系统中的高压开关柜，其最早采用的断路器为油断路器，后逐渐发展到少油断路器，不仅体积大，而且不防火。所配置的高压开关柜体积大，还必须独立设置在自己的隔间内，占用了很大的建筑面积。现在所采用的真空断路器和SF6断路器，不仅体积小，而且短路容量也高，柜体尺寸也比原来的柜子小了许多，由于断路器无任何油，防火性能大大提高，并且可以与其它低压设备共置一个房间内，既节省了空间，又方便了管理。低压断路器已从过去的体积大、短路容量小发展到大电流、高分断能力、体积小、性能稳定，使系统更加安全可靠，并给设计带来了方便。近些年低压断路器又朝着智能化方向发展，可将断路器的多种参数通过工业控制总线，直接将信号传送给计算机。 干式变压器的出现，为建筑电气设计带来了极大的方便，由于不存在由于变压器油泄漏而发生火灾的可能，使之可以方便地设置在建筑物的内部，更直接深入到负荷中心。另外也消除了建筑内对油变压器容量的限制，建筑中干式变压器可以采用更大容量。在曾设计过的工程中，就采用过4台2500kVA干式变压器。 应急电源所采用的发电机组，从其性能和体积上看，都比过去有很大进步。除在工程中采用柴油发电机组外，作为应急照明，可采用EPS，对于允许中断供电在毫秒级的设备，则可采用UPS。 电力设备的控制，从过去的单一继电控制走向了自动控制，除了各类元器件性能更好、体积小，使控制箱体体积减小外，更主要是由于采用了数字技术控制，使受控设备处于最佳控制状态，进一步达到了节能的效果。 照明工程更是从过去的光源单一、光源和灯具效率低的状况中走向了更广阔的前景。目前在建筑中所采用的光源，有多种品种可供选择，光源朝着发光效率高、光色好、显色指数高方向发展，灯具也在不断提高其效率和配光形式，以利于各种不同场合的应用。光源的附件，例如用于荧光灯的镇流器，从过去的普通电感式镇流器发展到节能型电感镇流器、电子镇流器，而且针对谐波分量的大小，生产出低谐波电子镇流器。众多的光源、附件和灯具，能满足设计人员的各种选择和设计，并充分满足各类建筑、各种场所对照明的要求。不管是室内的工作照明还是装饰照明，不管是道路和庭院的室外照明还是建筑物的泛光照明，无一不显示出照明技术的发展给建筑照明带来的方便和好处。 另外在电气设计中所采用的其他装置和设备，例如双电源互相切换的互投开关，也从传统的产品走向了专业化的生产，除了满足常规的电源切换外，还出现了能满足电子设备双电源互投，能在14电源周波内互投的产品，大大提高了供电的可靠性和连续性。 供电电缆和导线是建筑电气中大量采用的产品。查看过去的电缆和导线样本，其品种显得贫乏，而如今，各种缆线不断推出，从普通PVC缆线到阻燃、耐火、低烟无卤辐照环保型缆线；从普通绝缘材料到矿物绝缘；从普通绝缘母线到封闭型母线、预分支电缆等等。这些技术均为建筑电气的安全、可靠、便利、环保提供了有力的保障。 针对特殊建筑的配电需求，一些新型的装置也得到广泛的应用。例如大型医院手术室采用医疗场所的漏电保护，剩余电流监视系统等。 强电系统的技术发展，是广大工程技术人员有目共睹的，也是我们所亲身经历的。如此巨大的发展,为我国的建筑电气建设奠定了良好的基础，也为建筑的安全用电创造了条件。随着建筑智能化技术的深化应用，有些设备或系统的控制，逐渐走向由专业的控制系统进行监控，并向建筑设备监控系统开放其通信协议，达到系统间的互联和互通。例如建筑物的电力自动监控系统，采用现场总线技术实现数据采集和处理，集中进行监控，达到对变配电系统的遥测、遥调、遥控和遥信，实现变配电所无人值守。系统能不断进行采集和分析，提前给出必要的提示或警告，便于系统的安全运行。电力自动监控系统采用计算机技术、数据处理技术、控制技术、传感技术、通信网络技术、电力电子技术等，可基本取代传统的二次回路，具有接线简单、性能可靠、易于维护等优点。与此同时，对建筑物中第二耗能大户照明系统的节能控制也开始被普遍重视，专业的照明控制系统在许多建筑物中被广泛应用。照明控制方式由单一的定时开关控制向实时感应控制、减光控制等方面发展。此外，场景控制、遥控器控制、现场控制等多种灵活的控制方式，在最大限度地实现节能的同时，还实现了照明系统的舒适性、功能性和人性化。 例如80年代末编制的建筑设计防火规范GBJl687；90年代的民用建筑照明设计标准GBJl3390；民用建筑电气设计规范JGJ1692；工业企业照明设计标准GB50034-92；高层民用建筑设计防火规范GB5004595；供配电系统设计规范GB5005295；l0kV及以下变电所设计规范GB5005394；低压配电设计规范GB5005495；通用用电设备配电设计规范GB5005593；建筑物防雷设计规范GB5005794等等。为建筑电气设计提供了可遵循的依据，也为建筑电气走向规范化迈出了坚实的一步。 智能化技术只是一种手段，是通过对建筑智能功能的配备，强调高效率、低能耗、低污染，在真正实现以人为本的前提下，实现节约能源、提升建筑使用功能、保护环境和可持续发展的目标。建筑的实施，要从可持续发展的战略高度出发，注重生态、注重环境保护，是可持续发展的永恒主题。通过多年的实践，以理性和务实的态度，从工程的实际需要出发，以实用和适用为标准，不盲目跟风、片面追求智能化系统的先进性和全面性，而是以在技术上适度超前，又做到投资合理的设计理念，针对不同工程的使用功能、投资标准和管理要求等方面的具体情况，找出先进性、可靠性、合理性与经济性的最优交点，这一观念目前己成为智能建筑行业的共识。建筑智能化技术的发展，也使得全国各建筑高校纷纷针对此项技术开设了相应的专业课程，并培养出了相关专业的研究生。 建筑智能化技术主要包括：建筑设备自动监控系统、安全防范系统、停车场管理系统、火灾自动报警及消防联动系统、通信与计算机网络系统、综合布线系统、广播系统、有线电视系统、数字会议及视频会议系统、系统集成等十几个子系统。国内的建筑智能化技术已从最初独立的各子系统发展到系统集成。 (一)建筑设备监控技术二十世纪80年代主要采用计算机集中监控的方式，由于可靠性较差，运行速度较慢，90年代以后已经很少采用，取而代之的是集散式控制方式。在90年代末，随着计算机技术、控制技术、网络与通信技术的发展和结合，建筑设备监控技术得到了迅速发展。(二)安全防范技术 安全防范包括闭路电视监控、入侵报警、通道控制(门禁)、巡更、对讲、周界防越等子系统。安防系统从最初的各子系统相互独立，发展到如今的各子系统之间的联动，极大地提高了安全防范的严密性、可靠性和实时性，为人们的工作、学习和生活提供了安全保障。闭路电视监控子系统也从以往的模拟技术向数字化方向发展，整个安全防范系统也朝着系统规模化、数字化、综合化方向发展。 (三)通信网络技术 智能建筑中的通信网络包括计算机网络、双向有线电视传输网络和电话通信网络等，前两者作为智能建筑宽带骨干网集中了几乎全部的信息应用和信息管理资源，连接了几乎全部的用户站点。在二十世纪90年代中期以前，各种类型的网络均有一定的市场和用户，但在90年代后期，以太网以其投资合理、布线灵活、性能优越、使用维护方便等优点，逐渐在各种网络通信技术中独占鳌头。以太网的传输速率，已从最初的10Mbps、100Mbps发展到1Gbps、10Gbps甚至更高的速率。智能建筑的电话网(包括ISDN、xI)SL)，目前除用于语音通信外，还可兼备数据、图像等的窄带数据通信，使人们可以通过通信网络，实现电视会议、电话会议等功能。接入网技术是智能建筑与外部网络连接的关键，它使有形的世界变得越来越小，使人们的工作、生活发生了很大的变化。智能建筑接人城域网或Internet，要求接人的带宽越来越高，以满足用户数据通信日益增长的需求。在有线网络发展的同时，无线网络以其接人的灵活性，开始进入快速发展阶段。从最初的11M到2003年通过54M，如今又发展到百兆以上，它为人们的移动上网提供了极大的便利，同时在许多领域蕴藏着巨大的发展潜力，正成为网络发展的潮流。 (四)综合布线技术 综合布线是智能建筑中数据、语音以及多媒体通信的基础平台，自该项技术进入我国市场以来，由于其优异的性能，给国内的智能建筑市场带来了一种新理念、新技术，并立即在建筑行业引起了巨大的反响，被各类智能建筑所广泛采用。为了适应网络传输带宽和速率的发展，综合布线新产品相继问世，从最初的3类线、5类线到6类线，甚至出现了超前于标准的7类布线系统产品，以满足千兆网的需求。随着网络传输速率的提升，为适应其发展的万兆光纤网也已投入市场，新型的多模和单模光纤将作为良好的传输介质得到广泛的应用。铜缆从三类到五类、超五类、六类甚至更高类别，从铜缆发展到光缆，技术和产品不断更新，充分体现了汀发展的迅速以及智能建筑应用新技术的广阔前景。 (五)系统集成技术 在智能建筑内的每个子系统，一般来说均由各自的网络连接起来，在各自的操作站下完成预期的工作，但尚未达到信息资源共享。为了达到管理的方便快捷，各子系统之间的信息资源共享，应进行系统集成。 在系统集成过程中，集成所选择的系统平台不同，网络结构不同，所集成的子系统范围不同，有不同的集成模式。随着计算机技术、网络技术、控制技术、显示技术的发展，使建筑设备监控系统通过计算机网络与其它子系统相连，由此产生以建筑设备监控系统为主的系统集成方式。还有以各自系统平等进行集成的方式，建立系统集成管理网络，将各子系统视为下层现场控制网并以平等的方式集成。各子系统的实时数据，通过开放的工业标准接口，转换成统一的格式存储在系统集成的数据库或服务器中，系统集成管理网络通过程序对各子系统实现统一管理、监控及信息交换。 系统集成，利用开放的协议以达到各相关子系统之间的联动控制和信息共享，提高了管理效率，也提高了处理突发事件的能力，并达到了节能和节省人力的目的，这就是建筑设备管理系统(BMS)。系统集成不是目的，而是提升建筑使用功能和提高管理效率的技术手段，集成的内容不是多多益善，而应根据使用和管理的需要，在技术成熟、系统可靠、投资合理、管理高效等前提下，按需集成。 (六)住宅小区智能化 二十世纪90年代受国际智能住宅及电子屋理念的影响，建筑智能化技术逐渐延伸到住宅小区，最初在我国沿海少数经济较为发达的城市取得成效。建筑智能化技术开始从公共建筑向住宅和居住小区发展，建筑智能化技术迅速向小区智能化延伸，己成为智能建筑发展的重要市场。从公共建筑的智能化到住宅的智能化，这是市场的需求，也是实际发展的需要。全国各地设计院均将住宅智能化放到了重要的位置，住宅给智能化提供了平台，而智能化又是住宅设计中具有前沿性和挑战性的领域。住宅小区智能化技术的发展可归纳为以下几个方面：系统设计强调以人为本的设计理念，应兼顾各层次居民使用的便利性，并处理好安全性与舒适性的关系、先进性与实用性的关系、功能配置与合理投资的关系。安全防范系统从一个个独立的安防子系统发展为家庭与小区、技防与人防相结合的综合安防体系。信息通信方面由单一的宽带接人方式发展为多运营商可选方式，宽带接入网络由xDSL、双向有线电视网络等向组建小区计算机局域网方向发展，小区居民可享用的信息通信服务从单一的宽带Internet接人服务向小区局域网上多样化的增值服务延伸。机电设备自动监控、水电气表远传抄送、音视频系统、物业管理信息化等系统的应用，使小区居民的生活环境和生活质量得到了极大的提高。家居智能化技术的应用，使小区居民实实在在地体验到了信息时代为生活带来的种种便利和精彩，使家庭办公、网络生活等概念成为现实。2 外文参考文献原文Buildings ElectricalElectrical construction including two strong design elements include : a part of the transformation and distribution system. power and lighting systems, mine grounding system. In general, building key changes include : high-voltage and low-voltage distribution systems systems, transformers, standby power system. power systems including power distribution and control; indoor and outdoor lighting system include all types of lighting; Lightning Protection System, including mine waves penetrated, lightning sensors, grounded, equipotential bonding and local equipotential bonding. Auxiliary equipotential bonding and so on. In such a short span of 20 years, the system has undergone enormous changes in technology and products. Many of the design concept has also undergone tremendous changes. Swichgear such as high pressure system, the first circuit breaker to the oil circuit breakers. After the progressive development of the oil circuit breakers, is not only large in size, but did not fire. Swichgear are larger allocation, we must also set up independently in their own rooms, occupied a lot of the construction area. Now a vacuum circuit breaker and SF6 circuit breakers, is not only small size but also high-capacity short-circuit. enclosure size is a lot smaller than the original cabinets, circuit breakers without any oil, fire performance greatly improved. with a total of home and other low-voltage equipment in a room, saving both space and convenience of management. The large volume of low-voltage circuit breaker from the past, the development of small to large short-circuit current capacity, the ability to continue to score small in size, stable, which makes the system more secure and reliable, and designed to bring the convenience. Intelligent direction toward another recent low voltage circuit breaker, breaker various parameters can be controlled through the bus industry, Signals transmitted to the computer directly. The emergence of dry-type transformers, electrical design for the building posed a great convenience, Because there is no possibility of transformer oil spills and fires, so that it can be easily installed in the building itself, even go directly to the load center. It also eliminated restrictions on capacity building in the transformer oil, building greater capacity for dry-type transformers can be used. In the designs of the project, on the application of four Taiwan 2500kVA dry-type transformers. Used emergency power generators, from the performance and size perspective, a lot of progress than in the past. In addition to the use of diesel generators works, as emergency lighting, use EPS. allow for a millisecond interruption in the supply of equipment, can use UPS. Power equipment controlled from a single control to the control relay. Apart from the better performance of various components that are smaller in size and so reduce the volume control box, As a result of the digital technology is more controlled and controlled state control equipment at its best. further the energy saving effect. Lighting Project is a single source from the past, light lamps and the low efficiency of state toward even broader prospects. The light source used in the building are a number of varieties to choose from, toward a luminous efficiency of light, light color, develop in the direction of high color-rendering index, and lamps have been continuously improved its efficiency and allocation-form so that the application of different occasions. Source annex, for example, the fluorescent lamp ballasts Inductance ballasts from the ordinary inductance ballasts to energy-saving electronic ballasts. but also against the size of the harmonic components, to produce low harmonic electronic ballasts. Many technologies, accessories and lamps, can satisfy the design and design options, and fully meet the varied architecture, Lighting requirements for the various sites. Regardless of the lighting or indoor decorative lighting. Whether or road lighting and outdoor courtyard of the building of light illumination, all of the show lighting technology to the development of the architectural lighting benefits and convenience. Another design used in electrical devices and other equipment, such as co-switching power supply switch of mutual investment. from the traditional production of specialized products, in addition to the conventional power switching meet, also a dual power supply can meet each other electronic equipment investment, in the fourth cycle power within mutual investment products, greatly increasing the reliability and continuity of supply. Electric power supply cables and wires is widely used products. Look past the wire and cable samples, the species is scarce, and now, introducing various cable, From ordinary to the flame-retardant PVC cables, fire resistance, Low-smoke halogen-free cable-radiation environment; Insulation materials to the mineral insulated from the ordinary; Bus Bus closed to regular insulation, pre-cable, etc. branches. Electrical construction of these technologies are safe, reliable, convenient, providing an effective environmental protection. Targeting special needs of the construction of distribution, some new device has been widely applied. For example, large hospital operating room medical establishments leakage protection, residual current monitoring system. The development of the technology for strong, and it is obvious to the engineering and technical personnel, as well as our own experience. Such a great development for Chinas construction of electrical construction and laying a good foundation also created the conditions for the construction of safe use of electricity.Along with the deepening of building intelligent technology applications, some of the equipment or system control, The control system has gradually become a professional monitor, and open its construction equipment monitoring and control system communication protocol. reach of the Internet and communications systems. Buildings such as the automatic power control system, using fieldbus technology data acquisition and processing, centralized control Variable distribution system to reach the remote monitoring, remote control that remote control and remote, unmanned substation achieve. Continuous collection and analysis systems, the necessary advice or warning is given in advance to facilitate the safe operation of the system. Automatic power control system using computer technology, information technology, control technology, sensor technology, communications networking technology, Power electronics technologies, it can basically replace the traditional secondary loop is the wiring simple, reliable performance and easy maintenance. Meanwhile, the energy consumption of buildings in the second major energy-efficient lighting control system will also be paying. professional lighting control systems have been widely used in many buildings. Lighting control from a single real-time sensors to control the timing control, reduced-control development. In addition, scene control, remote control, and control a variety of flexible control of the scene, to achieve the maximum energy, while also achieving a comfortable lighting systems, functional and humane. For example, the late 1980s compiled by the architectural design of fire safety regulations, GBJl6-87; 1990s, the civil Lighting Design Standards GBJl33-90; JGJ/16-92; civil Electrical Design Standards Lighting design standards of industrial enterprises GB50034-92; Architectural Design Standards GB50045-95; Supply and Distribution System Design Standards GB50052-95; l0kV substation design and below GB50053-94; Low Voltage Distribution Design Standards GB50054-95; Universal design of electricity distribution equipment, GB50055-93; GB50057-94 Building mine design, and so on. To be followed by the construction of electrical design basis for the construction of electrical taken a solid step toward standardization. Intelligent technology is only a means of building is equipped with intelligent functions, stressing efficiency, low energy consumption. Cleaner, in the true realization of people-centered, under the premise of achieving energy conservation, enhance buildings function, protection of the environment and sustainable development goals. Building the implementation of sustainable development from a strategic perspective, ecosystem, emphasis on environmental protection. Sustainable development is an eternal theme. Through years of practice, in a rational and pragmatic attitude, from the actual needs, and practical application of the standards, not blindly follow the one-sided pursuit of a comprehensive and advanced intelligent systems, but technically ahead. The design also done a reasonable investment, the use of different functions. investment and management requirements of the specific situation, identify advanced, reliability, Economic rationality and the optimal point of this concept now has become the intelligent building industry consensus. Building Intelligent technology, which will enable the construction of all colleges and universities have opened up this technology corresponding professional courses and the development of relevant professional students. Intelligent Building Technology include : construction equipment automatic control system, security system, the car park management system, automatic fire alarm and fire system that communications and computer network systems, integrated wiring system, broadcasting system, cable systems, video conferencing systems and the number of meetings, more than 10 sub-system integration. The first independent from the domestic building intelligent technology to the development of systems integration subsystem. (1) Construction equipment monitoring technology20th century mainly concentrated monitoring of the 1980s, due to poor reliability, speed slow After the 1990s has been rarely used, and have been replaced by the Distributed Control. In the late 1990s, as computer technology, control technology, network and communications technology development and integration, Monitoring construction equipment technology has been developing rapidly. (2) security technology Safety precautions, including CCTV, intrusion alarm, access control (doors), patrolling, cuts more perimeter defense and other subsystems. Security systems from the initial subsystem independent of each other, to present the linkage between the various subsystems. greatly increased the tight security, reliability and real-time for the peoples work, studying and living with a security guarantee. CCTV Surveillance System from analog to digital direction of the past, size of the entire security system is also moving system, digital, integrated direction. (3) communication network technology Intelligent Building communications networks, including computer networks, two-way cable TV transmission networks and telephone communications network. The first two intelligent building as a broadband backbone network to focus almost all of its information technology and information resource management Almost all of the users are connected to the station. Before the mid-1990s, in the 20th century, there is a market for all types of networks and users. But in the late 1990s, with reasonable investment Ethernet wiring flexibility, and superior performance, ease of maintenance and use of such advantages, ICT networks gradually in the list. Ethernet transmission rate, from the initial 10Mbps,100Mbps to 1Gbps. 10Gbps even higher rate. Intelligent Building Telephone Network (ISDN, xI) SL), currently used for voice communication, also both data and images narrowband data communications, it makes people through communication networks, TV, telephone conference and other functions. Smart Access technology is the key to building links with the outside, it makes visible the world is becoming smaller and smaller. peoples work, life has undergone a drastic change. Intelligent Building Access Network or the Internet, more and more high-bandwidth requirements of the receiving, to meet the increasing demand for user data communications. In the development of the cable network, a wireless network with the flexibility of receiving, entered a rapid development stage. From 2003 through the Study of Polling Strategy Based on the original Route to now, over to 100 megahertz. Mobile Internet access for people with a great convenience, and in many areas with great potential for development. network is becoming the trend. (4) integrated wiring technology PDS is intelligent buil