新世纪大学英语系列教材综合教程教材讲解资料unit8book3competition.doc

Unit 8 Book 3Competition and CooperationI. Difficult Sentences 1. “Dog-eat-dog” rivalries are fueled by “greedy self-interests”operating according to “the law of the jungle” in which “survival of the fittest” is the only rule.(1) What do the phrases “the law of the jungle” and “survival of the fittest” mean? (=a. “The law of the jungle” means everyone cares for himself only. b. “Survival of the fittest” means only the strongest creatures will stay alive. (2) Translate the sentence into Chinese. (=“贪婪的私利”遵循“丛林法则”中“适者生存”这唯一的一条定律，使“互相倾轧”的竞争变本加厉。)2. But those who deplore free-market competition simply do not understand it.What is the authors attitude toward the people who are strongly against free-market competition? (=In the authors opinion, they dont really know what competition means.)3. Competitive markets excel at promoting cooperation.Paraphrase the sentence.(=Competitive markets do quite well in encouraging people to cooperate.) 4. Competition and cooperation exist side by side.(1) Translate the sentence. (=竞争与合作并存。)(2) Say something more about the usage of “side by side.”(= This kind of phrases are called “frequentative words”(重复型成对词). The two same words can be linked by the conjunction “and” or prepositions such as “in”, “by” and so on.More examples: again and again 反复地; 屡次地; 一再地through and through 彻底地；全面地out-and-out完全的, 彻底的day after day持续不断地word for word逐字逐句地eye to eye见解一致man-to-man坦诚地hand in hand手牵手地，紧密合作5. It follows that we must find some way to decide who gets how much of any scarce goods. Translate the sentence into Chinese. (=这样我们必须找到某种方式来确定谁该得到多少某种奇缺的商品。)6. We call such bidding competition, but note that such competition differs fundamentally from another kind of “competition” (1) What does the first “such” refer to here? (= It refers to what had mentioned in the previous sentence.)(2) Compare the two “such” in the sentence. (=These two words have different parts of speech. The first one is a pronoun while the second one is an adjective.)7. If the owners of General Motors spread nails on the roads leading to Ford factories and dealerships, this is a form of non-economic competitionand a most undesirable form. What is the authors purpose of citing the example of “spreading nails”? (=He just wants to support his argument sometimes competition is not good.)8. But notice that identically undesirable consequences occur when General Motors and Ford cooperate with each other to lobby successfully for import restrictions on foreign automobiles. Why doesnt the author think much of the “import restriction on foreign automobiles” ?(=Because in his opinion tariffs hurt consumers too.)9. Instead, such legislation is typically revered as desirable social policy. What can we infer from this sentence?(=From this sentence, we can infer that the author doesnt think much of this kind of legislation.) 10. Today, the descendants of the owners of mom-and-pops are surely better off than they would have been had supermarkets never come along. (1) What can we infer from the sentence?(=By citing this example, the author just wants to tell us sometimes the competition is not a bad thing.)(2) What does the author want to tell us when he uses the subjunctive mood here?(=The author just wants to tell us that supermarkets do exit now.) (3) Translate the sentence into Chinese.(=今天，夫妻店老板的子孙过的生活，肯定比超级市场未出现时富裕得多。)II.Words and Expressions1. cutthroat: adj. very fierce, cruel, or unprincipled*At the root of the problems with the old system was cut-throat competition.那是一笔残酷无情的生意。(That is a cutthroat business.)2. rivalry: n. + with/between the state or condition of competing*Most of the killings result from gang rivalry. (=There has always been intense rivalry between New Zealand and Australia.)Collocations:friendly rivalry友好竞争intense/acute/bitter/fierce/keen/strong rivalry between 间的激烈竞争sibling rivalry手足相争enter/get into rivalry with sb.开始和某人竞争stir up rivalry煽动对立3. fuel: vt. to make sth., especially sth. bad, increase or become stronger *His words fuelled her anger still more.这个预算会加剧通货膨胀，降低我们的生活水平。(=This budget will fuel inflation and cut our living standard.)4. pull together: (of a group of people) to work hard to achieve sth.*Parents, teachers, and students should all pull together to tackle the schools drug problems.(=If we all pull together, well finish on time.)5. deplore: vt. to disapprove of sth. very strongly and criticize it severely, especially publicly *The United Nations has issued a statement deploring the continued fighting.她谴责他那那些不道德的行为。(=She deplored his scandalous actions. )6. as a result of:because of*As many as 2,500 people died as a result of the earthquake and the ensuing tidal waves. (=As a result of the pilots strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.)7. spin: v. to make (thread) by twisting (cotton, wool, etc.); produce in a threadlike form*They spun a coin to decide who should start.标志牌在风中打着旋儿。(=The sign was spinning round and round in the wind.)Collocations:somebodys head is spinning 头昏脑胀*I was pouring with sweat, and my head was spinning.我汗流浃背，头昏脑胀。spin a tale/story/yarn 编故事*The old sailor loves to spin yarns about his life at sea. 那老水手爱信口开河地讲他的航海生涯。spin off （从旋转体中）甩出；派生出*The wheel spun off and the car crashed into a tree.车轮甩了出去，汽车撞到一棵树上。spin out 拉长；拖延；使（金钱）尽可能多维持些日子*He spun out his speech for an extra five minutes.他把发言延长了5分钟。*We were able to spin our money out until the end of our holidays.我们能使钱维持到假期结束。 CF: spin, rotate, revolve & roll 这些动词均有“转动”、“旋转”之意。spin指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转，或沿外部一个点作快速圆周运转。rotate强调指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。revolve强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转，即公转。roll指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change theform where necessary.(1) The ball _into the street.(= rolled)(2) The Earth _on its axis once every 24 hours. (= rotates)(3) The boy was _ around in his fathers desk chair.(= spinning)(4) The Earth _round the sun. (= revolves)8. coordinate: v. to make (people or things) work together, especially so as to increase effectiveness*The Red Cross is coordinating relief aid to the refugees. 在那个著名的医院里有一批相互配合得很好的护理人员。(=In the famous hospital, there is a nursing staff that coordinates smoothly.) 9. globe : n. (1) the Earth*The cities were beautiful and adorned with all the fine things of the globe. (2) a round object with a map of the Earth drawn on it 那时候，学校的每个教室里都有一个大大的地球仪。(=At that time in every classroom of the school there was a big globe.)10. privilege: n. a special advantage that is given only to one person or group of people(= A good education should not just be a privilege of the rich.)*在这条街上停车是此处居民特有的权利。 (=Parking in this street is the privilege of the residents.) Collocations: an exclusive privilege独有的特权 diplomatic privileges 外交特权 abuse a privilege滥用特权 accord/award sb. a privilege给某人特权 offer special privileges提供特殊优惠CF: privilege & right 这两个名词均含“权利”之意。privilege指特许或恩施的权利，也指一般人或物所没有的有利条件。right普通用词，指某人或某物拥有符合法律、道义或道德的权利。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change theform where necessary.(1) Everyone has the _ to a good basic education. (=right)(2) A good education should not just be a _ of the rich. (= privilege)(3) Free speech is a basic _ in a democratic society. (=right)11. parallel: vt. to be similar to *His career parallels that of his father. 他的表演举世无匹。(=His performance has never been paralleled.)12. inseparable: adj. + from impossible to separate from sth.else or from one another; always together *Tom was inseparable from his dog, Jordan. 权利和职责是分不开的。(=Rights are inseparable from duties.)13. it follows that: to be true as a result of sth. else that is true*It doesnt necessarily follow that youre going to do well academically even if youre highly intelligent.照你的说法，他肯定不是凶手。(=It follows from what you say that he is not the murderer.) (=It follows that if you work hard, you will succeed.)14. scarce: adj. not much or many compared with what is wanted; hard to find 那时是战争时期, 食物短缺。(=It was wartime and food was scarce.)*There was fierce competition for the scarce resources.15. bid: v. + for offer to pay (a price) for goods or to charge (a price) for ones work or services *Three firms bid for the contract on the new buildings.这幅画给我开个价, 诸位愿意出多少钱? (=What am I bid for this painting?)16. in exchange for: by way of exchange Ive offered to paint the kitchen in exchange for a weeks accommodation.汤姆用一只苹果和海伦换一块蛋糕。 (= Tom gave Helen an apple in exchange for a piece of cake.)17. beat up: to wound (sb.) severely by hitting (=Her boyfriend got drunk and beat her up.) *In the end of the demonstration yesterday, the police beat up demonstrators. 18. all manner of: every kind of *This small portable oven is capable of cooking all manner of baked goods.用了各种各样的食物和饮料招待客人。(=The guests were served with all manner of food and drink.)*The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of people.19. at the expense of sth.: with loss or damage to sth. *He did not want to devote more time to his business at the expense of his family. (=The cars were produced quickly, at the expense of safety.)20. identically: adv. identical: adj. 这张照片和我母亲的那张一模一样。(=This picture is identical to the one my mother has.)*Detectives found envelopes identical to those used to post the letters.CF: identical, same & equivalent 这些形容词均含“相同的”之意。identical着重指人或物等在每细节上都完全相同。same可指相同的人或物，也可指在质量、外表或意义等方面相同，但实际上有差别的事物。equivalent主要指有同样价值、效力或意义的两种不同的事物。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change theform where necessary.(1) His monthly US salary is _ to a years pay here in Mexico.(= equivalent)(2) Theyre wearing _clothes.（= identical）(3) Men with moustaches all look the _ to me. (=same)21. lobby: v. + for/against try to persuade the governmentor someone with political power that a law or situationshould be changed*We need to lobby our leaders to work for peace.这个小组成员正在为减少国防开支而游说议员。(=The group is lobbying for a reduction in defense spending.)22. legislation: n. U a law or set of laws*The government has promised to bring in new legislation to combat this problem. 法律规定骑摩托车者要戴头盔。 (=The legislation requires motorcyclists to wear helmets.)Collocations:adopt/enact legislation制定法规amend legislation修正法规abrogate/repeal legislation废除法规pass legislation 通过法规veto legislation 否决法规remedial legislation 补救性法规drastic legislation 严厉的法规emergency legislation应急立法23. revere: vt. to give great respect and admiration to 那教授学识渊博，备受敬重。(=The professor was revered for his immense learning.)*Collins was revered by his fellow countrymen. (=Most of us revere the Bible, but few of us read it regularly.) CF: revere, adore & worship 这些动词均有“崇敬”、“尊重”之意。revere意为“崇敬”、“尊敬”。正式用语，语体庄重。例如： *The people revere their priests. 人们崇敬自己的牧师。adore意为“敬慕”、“敬爱”。在口语中是非正式用语，意为“很喜欢”。例如：*She gave him an adoring look. 她向他投以敬慕的一瞥。*She adores the school. 她很想上学。worship意为“崇拜”、“仰慕”。指怀有宗教般的虔诚崇敬的感情。例如：*Let us worship God. 让我们敬奉上帝吧。24. misrepresent: v. to represent (sb. / sth.) wrongly; to give a false account of (sb. / sth.)*Some sellers will attempt to misrepresent the condition of a house to buyers.那篇报道完全歪曲了我对移民入境的看法。(=That report has completely misrepresented my opinions about immigration.)25. patronize: vt. (1) to use or visit a shop, restaurant etc*Its a charming little restaurant which is mostly patronized by locals.我们常常到附近的沃尔玛超市购买货物。(=We often patronize our nearby Wal-Mart supermarket.) (2) to support or give money to an organization or activity *At last, the rich man decided to patronize that young musician.如今，一些城市居民资助贫困地区的孩子上学。 (=Nowadays some people in cities patronize the children in poverty-stricken area.)NB: 在本课文中还有一词patronage，该词是patronize的名词形式，意为“顾客的光顾，惠顾；赞助，资助”。请看更多的例句： *We thank you for your patronage. 谢谢您的惠顾。*Without the patronage of several large firms, the festivalcould not take place. 没有几大公司的赞助, 就没有这一庆典。26. distribute: v. (1) to supply (goods) in a particular area, especially to shops*Milk is distributed to the local shops by Heralds Dairies.(2) + to/among to divide and give out among several people, places, etc. *Copies of the report were distributed shortly after the meeting.已经向难民发放了衣服与毯子。(=Clothes and blankets have been distributed among the refugees.)27. in combination (with):together (with)*This can be used either as a stand-alone tool or in combination with other tools.这四个因素共同起作用。(=The four factors work together in combination.) 28. undermine: vt. to weaken or destroy gradually*The kidnappings undermined several months of delicate peace negotiations.晚睡会损害健康。(=Late hours can undermine ones health.) (=The constant criticism was beginning to undermine her confidence.)29. enhance: vt. to increase in strength or amount *Low lighting and soft music enhanced the atmosphere in the room.我们正在运用技术来提高我们的服务水平。(=Were using technology to enhance our levels of service.)CF: enhance, heighten, intensify & aggravate 这些动词均有“加强”、“增强”之意。enhance强调增加价值，魅力或声望等使人或物具有超乎寻常的吸引力。例如： *Can we further enhance our competitiveness? 我们能否进一步增强我们的竞争力？heighten通常指使某物的某种性质变得不同于一般的显著或突出。例如：*Trade tends to be protected when international tensions heighten.当国际关系变得紧张时，贸易活动常常受到保护。intensify指深化或强化某事或某物，尤指其特别之处。例如：*The press has intensified its scrutiny of the candidates background. 新闻界已增强了对该候选人背景的调查。aggravate指加剧令人不快或困难的形势。例如：*He aggravated his condition by leaving hospital too soon. 他因过早出院而使病情恶化。III. Useful Expressions1. 互相倾轧的竞争dog-