竞争优势的来源.ppt

4 1 国际竞争优势的来源 几种传统解释比较优势论国家产业政策优势论管理文化优势论劳工组织优势论帝王过渡扩张论 4 2 Theoryofnationalcompetitiveadvantage ThetheoryattemptstoanalyzethereasonsforanationssuccessinaparticularindustryPorterstudied100industriesin10nationspostulateddeterminantsofcompetitiveadvantageofanationwerebasedonfourmajorattributesFactorendowmentsDemandconditionsRelatedandsupportingindustriesFirmstrategy structureandrivalry 4 3 Porter sdiamond Successoccurswheretheseattributesexist More greatertheattribute thehigherchanceofsuccessThediamondismutuallyreinforcing Fig4 6 4 4 Factorendowments Factorendowments Anation spositioninfactorsofproductionsuchasskilledlabororinfrastructurenecessarytocompeteinagivenindustryBasicfactorendowmentsAdvancedfactorendowments 4 5 Basicfactorendowments Basicfactors FactorspresentinacountryNaturalresourcesClimateGeographiclocationDemographicsWhilebasicfactorscanprovideaninitialadvantagetheymustbesupportedbyadvancedfactorstomaintainsuccess 4 6 Advancedfactorendowments Advancedfactors Aretheresultofinvestmentbypeople companies governmentandaremorelikelytoleadtocompetitiveadvantageIfacountryhasnobasicfactors itmustinvestinadvancedfactors 4 7 Advancedfactorendowments communicationsskilledlaborresearchTechnologyeducation 4 8 通用要素专用要素要素创造 4 9 选择性的要素劣势与竞争优势 4 10 Demandconditions Demand createscapabilitiescreatessophisticatedanddemandingconsumersDemandimpactsqualityandinnovation 4 11 高级需求与挑剔顾客预测买方需求本土需求的规模本土需求的国际化及其对国外需求的影响 4 12 Relatedandsupportingindustries CreatesclustersofsupportingindustriesthatareinternationallycompetitiveMustalsomeetrequirementsofotherpartsoftheDiamond 4 13 4 14 4 15 4 16 4 17 FirmStrategy StructureandRivalry LongtermcorporatevisionisadeterminantofsuccessManagement ideology andstructureofthefirmcaneitherhelporhurtyouPresenceofdomesticrivalryimprovesacompany scompetitiveness 4 18 4 19 DeterminantsofCompetitiveAdvantageinnations Fig4 8 4 20 Porter sTheory predictions Porter stheoryshouldpredictthepatternofinternationaltradethatweobserveintherealworldCountriesshouldbeexportingproductsfromthoseindustrieswhereallfourcomponentsofthediamondarefavorable whileimportinginthoseareaswherethecomponentsarenotfavorable 4 21 Implicationsforbusiness Locationimplications DisperseproductionactivitiestocountrieswheretheycanbeperformedmostefficientlyFirst moverimplications Investsubstantialfinancialresourcesinbuildingafirst mover orearly moveradvantagePolicyimplications Promotingfreetradeisinthebestinterestsofthehome country notalwaysinthebestinterestsofthefirm eventhough manyfirmspromoteopenmarkets 4 22 集群理论 一 集群作为一种历史现象1 英国棉纺 毛纺 手套工业等纺织工业大都呈现区域集群状态2 美国1900年 美国15个地理集群 4 23 集群理论 二 当代的集群现象1 美国硅谷2 意大利中小企业集群 4 24 4 25 集群理论 三 集群的多样性与普遍性地理区域发达国家 发展中国家产业领域农业 制造业 服务业 高科技创意产业 4 26 4 27 4 28 4 29 4 30 集群理论 三 集群理论模型1 工业区理论马歇尔 经济学原理 2 柔性专业化理论PioreandSabel 1984 3 新竞争Best 1990 4 31 集群理论 集群理论模型 续 4 竞争优势 钻石模型Porter 1990 5 集体效率模型Schmitz 1995 6 集体学习模型 4 32 集群理论 集群理论模型 续 7 当地 区域 创新系统模型8 栖息地模型李钟文 米勒主编 硅谷优势 9 社会文化环境模型Saxenian 地区优势 硅谷与128公路地区的文化与竞争 4 33 集群理论 集群理论模型 续 10 集群知识理论11 集群认知理论12 集群复杂性理论13 集群信息理论14 集群供应链管理理论15 集群生命周期模型 4 34