施工放样.doc

Unit 18 Construction Layout （施工放样）Engineering surveys are conducted to obtain data essential for planning, estimating, locating, and layout for the various phases of construction activities or projects.（工程测量是在施工活动或工程的不同阶段中为计划编制、估计、定位、和放样获取必需的【essential必需的】数据的行为【conduct这里是动词：处理，翻译时用名词 行为 代替】）After the necessary topographic maps are prepared and positions of the structures are established as well as the final plans for the project are available, the engineers, architects or building contractors need to know information about overall site grade and elevations to determine placement of site structures, or estimate the volume of dirt to be moved, and then to set the required horizontal and vertical positions for the structures.（在必要的地形图准备好、建筑物位置已确定之后，同样项目的最终方案也是可用的，工程师、建筑师【architect】或承建者【building contractor承建者、承包者；contract合同】需要知道全部场地的坡度和高程来确定建筑场地的布置或者土方估算【volume体积；estimate估计】，然后放置建筑物的设计【required要求的，这里指设计位置】水平和竖直位置）Construction surveying is the translation of construction plans into physical points on the ground that can be used as a basis for the actual construction.（施工测量【Construction surveying施工测量，不要翻译成建筑测量】是施工图【construction plan施工图】到地面上实地点位的转换【translation】，可以被用来作为实际施工的基础【或译为原理】。）This type of surveying is sometimes called “construction layout” or “layout work”.（这种测量有时被称为“construction layout”或“layout work”）Obviously construction surveying is the inverse operation of the activities with which the surveyor is usually associated: the gathering of data regarding real points and positions on the ground and representing those positions on a map.（显然施工测量【construction surveying】是测量者通常参与【associate参与、联合】的测量活动【activities】的逆过程【inverse operation逆过程；inverse反的】，这些通常的测量活动是实地点位数据的收集和那些位置在图上的表示）The surveyor performing construction surveying is taking a “map” representing proposed structures and placing that information on the ground.（进行施工测量的测量者持有一张标有【represent标示】设计建筑的“图纸”，并将其上的信息标定【place放置】在地面上）As you can see, the surveyor is literally involved from start to finish of a construction project.（正如你所看到的，测量者从始至终【from start to finish自始至终】完全【literally完全地、真正地；原意是逐字地】伴随【involve伴随、涉及、包括】施工项目）The results of construction surveying are seen in almost any urban, suburban, and even rural setting.（施工测量的成果能见于几乎任何城市的、郊外的、甚至乡村的工程【setting安置；这里译为工程】）Almost any roadway, building, or other man-made structure probably had some amount of construction surveying involved. （几乎任何道路，建筑，或其它人工建筑物都大概有一些施工测量在内）Construction surveying provides not only the horizontal location of new man-made structures, but also the vertical information required to ensure that surfaces drain or pipes flow as required.（施工测量不只提供新人工建筑物的水平定位，还提供保证表面排水沟渠【drain】或管道【pipe】流动【flow】的竖向的信息）Construction control: the first on-site job for the construction surveyor is to relocate the horizontal and vertical control used in the preliminary survey.（施工控制：施工测量人员第一项场区内【on site场区内】的工作是重建初测【preliminary survey初测】时的水平和竖直控制）【即工程测量中的定测阶段的：恢复初测控制网】Generally speaking, the horizontal and vertical control used in the preliminary survey may not be used again in construction surveying.（一般而言，初测的水平和竖直控制在施工测量中不再使用）Depending on the size and complexity of the project as well as the precision requirements, it may be necessary to reestablish the horizontal and vertical control in the areas of proposed construction.（依靠工程的大小和复杂性以及设计精度，必然【necessary必然的】可以在设计【proposed计划的、被提议的】建筑物所在场地重建水平和竖直控制）For example, the construction surveyor will establish one or more benchmarks in the general vicinity of the project.（例如，施工测量人员将在大体【general】临近工程附近【vicinity临近，附近n. in the vicinity of 在附近】建立一个或多个水准点）These benchmarks are placed away from the immediate vicinity of the buildings so they will not be destroyed by the construction operations, and are used to provide vertical control for the project.（这些水准点被设置在离建筑物较远的地方【away from远离；immediate vicinity紧靠n. 直接译为：离建筑物较远】，以免它们被施工工作【operation工作、操作】破坏，并用来提供工程的竖直控制）Once these are set, the surveyor will then establish a good many less permanent but more accessible benchmarks quite close to the project.（一旦这样，测量人员将建立一个很多【a good many很多】非永久的【permanent永久的】但是更易接近【accessible易接近的】于工程项目的水准点）The location of these less permanent points should be carefully selected so that turning points will ideally not be needed when elevations have to be set at the project.（这些非永久的点位应当谨慎选取，以保证在对工程高程放样时尽量【ideally完美地、理想地】不需转点【turning point】）Such careful selection of the points may result in critical time saving which is so important on construction project.（这些点的这种谨慎的选择，将会带来【result in导致，不符合中文习惯】关键的【critical批评的、危急的，可这里的意思是关键性的，即节省时间是关键性的】时间的节省，这在工程的施工工作【construction project】中非常重要）Layout: It is obviously critical for a construction job that the various parts of the structure be placed at the desired elevation.（放样：这明显是施工工作中的关键【critical关键的；或者：这明显对于施工工作来说是关键的】，建筑物的不同部分将放置【测设】到设计高程上去）To accomplish this goal the construction surveyor will establish the reference lines or base lines before the actual layout measurements begins.（为了完成这个目的，在实地放样测量开始之前施工测量人员将建立参考线或者基线）For large construction projects, the usual procedure is to set down a main base line down the centerline of the structure, such as the centerline of the bridge.（对于大型施工项目，通常的【usual】做法【procedure程序】是将主基线设到建筑物的中心线位置【即，以建筑物中心线为主基线】【setdown放下、设下】，例如桥中轴线）The monuments are set along the centerline at each end beyond the area of the construction work.（沿中心线在越过施工场地两端设置标石）【还是沿中心线设置标石，中心线两端越过施工场地（沿中心线设置标石，直至越过场地）？】The monuments along the ends of the line may be occupied by the surveyor and will enable him to check and reset points within the construction areas.（测量者占据【occupy】基线两端的标石，使得他可以检查和重现放置施工场地内的点）The stakes and points set during the process of construction surveying are not usually set at the actual construction point, but usually on some sort of offset.（在施工测量过程中，所设的测桩和点位通常不在真实建筑点上，而是通常多少有些【some sort of】偏移【offset】）This is done so that the survey stake is not disturbed by excavation or other activities that will take place at the actual point of construction.（这么做是为了让测桩不受挖掘或其它在真实建筑点上会发生的活动的干扰）The stakes are marked with an “offset” and a “grade”, which provides the construction crew with the special relationship of the construction stake to the actual point of construction.（测桩偏心设置【offset平移 grade斜坡，指的是两种后果，直接译为 偏心】，给施工人员提供额外的【special额外的、特殊的】施工桩和实际建筑点之间的关系）The “offset” is the distance from the survey stake to the horizontal position of the actual point of construction, and would typically be three feet for curb and gutter to ten feet for underground pipes.（“平移量”是从测桩到实际建筑点的水平距离，有代表性的如 路边留3英尺，为地下管道开槽【gutter开槽v. 槽n.】10英尺）Techniques of layout: In construction layout measurement, the data necessary to establish the direction and distance from a control point to locate a construction point can be entered into the instrument via the keyboard or directly from an office computer.（放样方法：在施工放样测量中，在控制点为定位建筑点所需的方向和距离数据可以经由【via】键盘或直接通过办公室计算机输入仪器）Then the surveyor guides the person holding the prism along the line of computed direction until the distance to the point to be located agrees with the computed distance. （然后测量人员引导【guide】手持棱镜的人沿计算出的方向线前行直至到所定点的距离与计算距离向吻合）Various techniques may be applied to accomplish this goal.（完成这个目标有多种方法）A very popular technique called free station permits the surveyor to set up the total station at any convenient position and then to determine the coordinates and elevation of that instrument position by sighting previously coordinated reference stations.（一个非常流行的方法叫做自由设站法【free station自由设站法】，允许测量人员在任何便利的【convenient方便的】地方设置全站仪，然后事先【previously】照准【sighting】已知坐标的【coordinated坐标已知的】参考位置，以确定仪器站点的坐标和高程） After the instrument has been set up over this instrument position (a control point) and properly oriented, angles or azimuths from the control point and distances to each layout point may be indicated.（在仪器在站点（控制点）设置并适当定向【orient】后，从控制点到每个放样点的角度或方位角和距离就可以被指出【indicate】）Now many total stations have such functions that the coordinates and elevations of the layout points may be uploaded into the total station, the instruments display shows the