宾语从句讲解及练习.doc

宾语从句学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。一、宾语从句的定义宾语从句在复合句中起宾语的作用，可以作动词的宾语，也可以做介词的宾语。作动词的宾语: I heard that he would come here later on. 主语 + 谓语动词 + 一个句子作宾语作介词的宾语: He said nothing about who broke the window last night. 主语 + 谓语动词 + 代词作动词的宾语 + 介词 + 一个句子作介词的宾语二、宾语从句中引导词（连接词）的用法在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有： 连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if代词：who , whose, what , which 副词：when ,where, how, why 等。连词：He told me (that he would) go to the college the next year I dont know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没有人知道他是否会通过考试.A、that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略）可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。Eg： The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.注意：宾语从句的否定转移1、当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。Eg： I dont think it is right for him to treat you like that.2、主句的谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致. Eg： I dont believe that man is killed by Jim, is he? 我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是? I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, wont she/he? We suppose you have finished the project, havent you?3、如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词(不包含带有否定前缀的词，如：unhappy，unfair，dislike等),其反义疑问句要用肯定形式. We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he? 我们发现他从不仔细听老师讲课，是不是？4、当主句的主语是第二、三人称时，其反义疑问句一般与主句保持一致。Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesnt she? You thought they could have completed the project, didnt you? They dont believe shes an engineer, do they? 练习题(1)I dont think he is right,_?Aisnt he Bis he Cdo I Ddont I(2). He believes she is right, _?Adoesnt he Bdoes he Cis she Disnt she(3).I thought that he disliked playing football,_?Adidnt he Bdid he Cdid I Ddidnt I(4). I find _ important that we practice English every day.A. it B. this C. that D. what(5). You cant imagine _when they received the nice gift.A. how they were excited B. how excited they wereC. how excited were they D. they were how excitedB、在以下情况中that不能省略1、当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get better 2、当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap. 3、当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。I cant tell him that his mother died. 注：双宾语由直接宾语和间接宾语组成。直接宾语是谓语动词的承受者，间接宾语表示谓语动作的方向（对谁做）或动作的目标（为谁做），间接宾语紧接在谓语动词后，但它不能单独存在。它和直接宾语组成双宾语。4、当it作形式宾语时 She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。5、当宾语从句前置，位于句首时 That our team will win，I believe6、当that作learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, prove, mean, state, feel, hold等动词的宾语时; 7、that从句单独回答问题时。如：What did he hear? 他听说了什么事？That Kate had passed the exam. (他听说)凯特考试及格了。8、在except等介词后。如：He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什么特别的毛病。9、在较为正式或不常用的动词(如reply, object)后。如：He replied that he disagreed.他回答说他不同意。C、由whether, if 引导的宾语从句当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：I dont know if / whether he still lives here after so many years我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。1、但在下列情况下只能用whether，不能用if：在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether（ifor not也可以使用）。如：Let me know whether/if he will come or not（Let me know whether or not he will come）让我知道他是否能来。I dont know whether/if he does any washing or not（I dont know whether or not he does any washing）我不知道他洗不洗衣服。I wonder whether we stay or whether we go我不知道我们是去还是留。在介词之后用whether。如：Im interested in whether he likes English我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。Were thinking about whether we can finish the work on time我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。在不定式前用whether。如：He hasnt decided whether to visit the old man他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。He hasnt decided whether to go by bus or by train他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。whether置于句首时，不能换用if。如：Whether this is true or not，I cant say这是否真的我说不上来。引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如：Whether she will come or not is still a question她是否能来还是个问题。若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。如：Please let me know if you like the book可理解为：bIf you like the book，please let me know你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我2、只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny. if引导否定概念的宾语从句时He asked if I didnt come to school yesterday. 引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好象）时He talks as if he has known all about it. 连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。连接代词：who, whom, whose, which, what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.Do you know who has won Red Alert game?你知道是谁赢得了红色警报的游戏么？The book will show you what the best CEOs should know.这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么.Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?连接副词：when, where, why, how，在句中担任状语的成分。He didnt tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. Could you please tell me how you use the new panel? 你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.练习题(1) I dont know _or not.A. whether he is at home B. if he is at homeC. that he is at home D. whether is he at home(2) This depends on _ the weather is fine.A. which B. whether C. if D. that(3) The teacher asked the new student _ class he was in.A. which B. where C. if D. that(4) I dont know _ Mr. Green will come to see us. Hell help us with our English.A. why B. when C. how D. where(5) - Do you know _ Mr Blacks address is?- He may live at NO.18 or No. 19 of Bridge Street. Im not sure of _.A. where, which B. where, what C. what, which D. what, where 三.宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。Eg: I dont know what they are looking for. Could you tell me when the train will leave? 练习题(1) Did you find out _?A. she was looking for whose child B. whose child was she looking forC. whose child she is looking for D. whose child she was looking for(2) Are you interested in _?A. how did he do it B. he did it how C. how he did it D. he how did it (3) I dont know _. Can you tell me?A. how the two players are old B. how old are the two playersC. the two players are how old D. how old the two players are(4) - What did the scientist say?- He said he wondered if _ into space by spaceship one day.A. he had to fly B. he could fly C. can he fly D. could he fly（5）She asked Tom _ with his car?A. what the matter was B. what the matter isC. what was the matter D. what is the matter四.宾语从句的时态1、主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well. 2、主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。例句：She was sorry that she hadnt finished her work on time. 3、当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound. 练习题(1) Its 7:30. I cant believe you_ cooking dinner yet, Sally.A. havent started B. didnt C. dont start D. hadnt started (2) The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 _ Christmas Day.A. is B. was C. has been D. will be(3) The teacher said that the earth _round the sun.A. goes B. go C. went D. will go(4) We d like to tell you that you _the exam.A. have passed B. had passed C. pass D. will pass (5) “Could you tell me_?” “Yes. They_ to the library.”A. where are the twins, have been B. where were the twins, have beenC. where the twins are, have gone D. where the twins were, have gone (6) Our father said that he _ a new computer next week.A. will buy B. have bought C. would buy D. buys (7) I hear that he _ to Beijing yesterday.A. goes B. will go C. went D. have gone五运用虚拟语气的情况1、建议 suggest 、advise、propose； 要求demand 、desire、request； 决定 decide； 命令 order、command、require；坚决主张 insist； 等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v（虚拟语气） Eg： I suggested that you（should）study hard He ordered that we should go out at once 2、虚拟语气的用法：虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。1) 虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示祝愿，命令。如： May you be happy. 祝你幸福。 May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩得痛快。 May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。 Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！ You go out！ 你出去！ 2) 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中：动词 wish, suggest, order, insist, propose,等词后面的宾语从句表示的是一种虚拟语气，宾语从句中的动词动作表示的只是一种愿望、要求。I wish she would be on my side. 我希望她能站在我一边。 I wish I could help him. 我希望我能帮助他。 He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means. 他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。 动词 demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的从句中，should 可以省略。The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。 He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves. 他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。 3) 虚拟语气用在主语从句中：在句型 It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that . 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形，如：Its necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。 Its natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的。 Its important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。 4) 虚拟语气用在状语从句中：虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的从句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时，动词有三种时态形式，即现在、过去和将来。 A与现在事实相反的： If I (we, you, he, they)+ 动词过去式. If I (he, she) were. I (we) should + 动词原形。 He (you, they) would + 动词原形。 B与过去事实相反的： If I(we, you, he, they)+ had + 过去分词 I(we)should + have+ 过去分词。 He (you, they) would + have + 过去分词。 If I were you, I should buy it. 如果我是你，我就买了它。 If I had time, I would study French. 如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。 If she knew English, she would not ask me for help. 如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。 If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train. 如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。 If it were fine tomorrow, I would go shopping. 如果明天天气好，我就去买东西。在表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，或表示的含义不是客观存在的事实时需要用虚拟语气。六简化宾语从句的方法方法一：当主句谓语动词是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.We decided that we would help him. We decided to help him.方法二：当主句谓语动词是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：She has forgotten how she can open the window. She has forgotten how to open the window.注：当主句谓语动词是tell， ask， show， teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：Could you tell me how I can get to the station？ Could you tell me how to get to the station？方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. The headmaster ordered us to start at once.方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如：He insisted that he should go with us. He insisted on going with us.The poor boy doesnt know when and where he was born. The poor boy doesnt know the time and the place of his birth.方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如：Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：It seemed that the boys were going to win. The boys seemed to win.方法七：一些特殊句式的转化，如：I found that it was difficult to learn English well. I found it difficult to learn English well.Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.They found that the box was very heavy. They found the box very heavy.七、其他需要说明的问题 1标点由主句决定，如主句是陈述句、祈使句，则用句号；是疑问句则用问号。 Eg. I heard she had been to the Great Wall. Can you tell me which bus I should take?2要注意个别句子中主从句人称的一致。3.宾语从句和状语从句的区分 Eg. 1） I will go out tomorrow if it is fine. 2） I dont know if the train has arrived. 句1）中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”，修饰主句。整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好，我就出去。句2）中if引导的是宾语从句，充当谓语动词dont know，整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否到达。判断方法：1从位置看：状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面（个别除外），宾语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后。2从引导词看：if充当宾语从句的连接词时，相当于whether，词义为“是否”，充当状语从句的连接词时，词义为“如果”。when充当宾语从句的连接词时，意为“什么时候”，充当状语从句的连接词时，意为“当的时候”。3从时态看：if和when作连接词时，引导宾语从句要注意：从句的谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化。if和when充当从属连词时，引导条件和时间状语从句，若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，则从句的时态应用一般现在时表示将来（即主将从现）。A组 高考真题1. Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt _ he could have expressed it differently. A. why B. how C. that D. whether 2. We promise _ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever 3. The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for _ he could find about Mark Twain. A. wherever B. however C. whatever D. whichever 4. As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose _ suits you best. A. whatever B. whichever C. whenever D. wherever 5. Scientists study _ human brains work to make computers. A. when B. how C. that D. whether 6. The shocking news mad me realize _ terrible problems we would face. A. what B. how C. that D. why 7. The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of _ others actually understand. A. why B. that C. which D. what 8.Weve offered her the job, but I dont know_ shell accept it. A. where B. what C. whether D. which 9. His writing is so confusing that its difficult to make out _it is he is trying to express. A. that B. how C. who D. what 10. Our teachers always tell us to believe in _ we do and who we are if we want to succeed. A. why B. how C. what D. which11. As a new graduate, he doesnt know _it takes to start a business here. A. how B. what C. When D. which 12. I want to be liked and loved for _I am inside. A. who B. where C. what D. how 13. We should respect food and think about the people who dont have _we have here and treat food nicely. A. that B. which C. what D. whether 14. Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew_ she was so angry. A. where B. whether C. that D. why 15. When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know _. A. he is entering which lane B. which lane he is entering C. is he entering which lane D. which lane is he entering 16How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on _he goes with whether his friends or relatives Awhat Bwho C how Dwhy 17. We havent discussed yet _ we are going to place our new furniture. A. that B. which C. what D. where 18. Have you finished the book? -No, Ive read up to _the children discover the secret cave. A. which B. what C. hat D. where 19She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do _it takes to save her life. A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whoever 20. Could I speak to _is in charge of International Sales please? A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever 21. When asked _they needed most the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved. A. what B. why C. whom D. which22. Having checked the doors were closedand_all the lights were off the boy opened the door to his bedroom. A. why B. that C. when D. where 23.I just wonder _that makes him so excited. A. why it does B. what he does C. how it is D. what it is B组 预测模拟1. The manager interviewed everyone involved in the accident to find out the truth behind _had actually happened. A. what B. that C. which D. it 2. This book teaches you how to find _is causing the stress in your life.A. which B. that C. what D. how 3. After ten hours drive, they finally reached _they thought was the place they had been dreaming of. A. that B. which C. where D. what 4. When we arrived in _used to be called the foggy capital, we found London completely changed. London is now one of the capital cities in the world with the finest air quality. A. which B. what C. that D. when 5. The other day, my father drove his car at _I thought was a dangerous speed. A. as B. which C. where D. what 6.After _seemed an endless wait, it was her turn to enter the personal managers office. A. that B. how C. what D. why 7. Before space travel, an astronaut must know _it might feel like to stay in an imaginary environment. A. when B. what C. how D. that8. We warmly congratulated Lily on _she had achieved in her study. A. that B. where C. what D. which 9. I never doubted _he would realize his dream. A. why B. whether C. that D. when 10. Life is like a cup, and its up to you to decide _its a drinking cup or a tooth-brash cup. A. how B. why C. that D. whether 11. -Can we finish our task by the weekend? -It all depends on _we can get Mr. Smiths cooperation. A. that B. what C. whether D. if 12. The government started to look into the accident to determine _it was due to a human error. A. when B. how C. whether D. where13. He doesnt think the question of _they are boys or girls is important. A. if B. whether C. which D. that 14. She wondered _she ought to let the children