动词ing形式小结.doc

动词-ing形式小结动词-ing形式概述v.-ing 形式包括传统语法的现在分词和动名词两部分，像动词不定式一样，它既具有动词时态和语态的特征，又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。动词-ing形式的时态、语态主动语态被动语态一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written否定式not writingv.-ing形式的一般式V.-ing形式的一般式表示1）动作发生在谓语动词动作的同时、之前或之后。用来泛指动作，没有时间的区分。Seeking after knowledge is human nature 求知是人的本性。Travelling abroad can widen ones outlook 出国旅游会扩大人们的视野。Eating too much chocolate is bad for your teeth 吃太多的巧克力对你的牙齿有害。My favourite sport is playing table tennis 我最喜欢的运动是打乒乓球。2）行为与主要动作同时发生，表示伴随。The students came into the classroom laughing and talking 学生们又说又笑地走进了教室。As she saw me，she came over smiling 她看到我时，笑容可掬地走过来。Doing the washing up，Connie was planning her holiday 康妮在洗碗的时刻盘算着怎样度假。3）行为在主要动作之前或之后。Antonio remembered sending his mother an email three times last month 安东尼记得上个月给他母亲发了三次电子邮件(在前)Mr. Lee went out shutting the door behind him 李先生出去后将门随手关上。(在后)v.-ing形式的完成式v.-ing形式的完成式由“having + v.-ed 形式”构成，表示动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。_ (finish) his homework，he went to bed 做完了作业，他去睡觉了。(先“做作业”，后“去睡觉”)He doesnt remember having promised me that 他忘记了曾经答应过我那件事。She regretted having missed the film 她很后悔没看这部电影。I remember having heard you speak on that subject 我记得曾经听见你谈过这个问题。I could not recall having heard anyone say that before。 我不记得以前听过谁说这样的话。That weekend，having watched TV to a while，I went to the library to borrow some new novels 那个周末，我看了一会儿电视，便去了图书馆借了几本新小说。Having realized why he had failed in the exam，he has made up his mind to work harder from now on 他认识到考试失败的原因后，下决心从现在开始要更加努力地学习。The decision having been made，the next problem was how to make a good plan v.-ing形式的被动式一般时的被动式由“being + v.-ed形式”构成，表示逻辑主语是v.-ing形式的动作的承受者。Whats the subject being discussed at the meeting? 会上讨论了什么话题?Being asked to answer the question，she felt a little nervous 叫她回答问题时，她感到有些紧张。The large building being built(=which is being built) will be our school library 正在建造的那座大楼是我们学校的图书馆。 The highway being built will lead to Tanggu port 正在修建的高速公路将直通塘沽码头。I still remember being taken to Hangzhou when I was a child 我还记得小时候曾被带到杭州去过。 He did it without being asked 他没有被要求就干了这件事。This problem is far from being settled 这问题远远没有解决。He hated being laughed at 他不喜欢被人笑话。He narrowly missed being seriously injured 他差点受了重伤。Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere 你会发现到处都在讨论这个话题。完成时的被动式v.-ing形式的完成时被动式由“having been + v.-ed形式”构成，表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。Having been given such a good chance，how could you not cherish it at all? 别人给你这么好的机会，你怎么能一点儿不珍惜?Having been invited，he went to Japan to attend the conference 受到邀请，他去日本出席了这次会议。The decision having been made，the next problem was how to make a good plan决定已作出，下一个问题是如何制订一个好计划了。v.-ing形式的否定式v.-ing形式的否定形式由not加v.-ing形式构成。The boy made his father angry by not taking his medicine 那男孩没吃药，使他父亲生气了。I regret not being able to help you 没能帮助你我很遗憾。Not having received an answer，he decided to write again 由于没接到回信，他决定再写一封信。Not knowing his address and telephone number，we couldnt get in touch with him 由于不知道他的地址和电话号码，我们无法和他取得联系。Im sorry for not being present at your party in time 我很抱歉，没能按时参加你的聚会。I felt sorry for not having done the work well 我为没有把工作做好而感到很难过。Im sorry for not having telephoned you before 很抱歉，没有早给你打电话。She hated herself for not having worked hard 她悔恨自己没有用功。Trying without success is better than not trying at all 实验没有成功也比不实验好。动词-ing形式的主要句法功能一、v.-ing形式作主语，谓语动词用单数Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见(眼见为实)。(谚语)Playing table tennis is his favourite sport. 打乒乓球是他最喜欢的体育运动。Crossing the Atlantic by plane takes only a few hours. 坐飞机横越大西洋只需要几个钟头。Talking is easier than doing. 说比做容易。下面句型中it是形式主语，v.-ing形式短语是真正主语。Its no use talking about it 谈论这件事是没有用的。I dont think its much good writing to him 我想写信给他不太好.Its no use crying over spilt milk 事已至此，难过也无益。(牛奶倒翻了哭也没用)(谚语)注：v.-ing形式作主语通常表示抽象动作或泛指一般情况。不定式作主语通常表示具体动作或某个特定的情况。拓展延伸: v.-ing形式作主语的用法1）v.-ing形式作主语还可用于“There be no + v.-ing形式”结构中和布告形式的省略结构中Theres no joking about such matters这种事开不得玩笑。Theres no telling what hes going to do. 没有人能说出他将要干什么。No smoking禁止吸烟。No parking禁止停车。2）v.-ing形式作主语可以带有逻辑主语。这种逻辑主语不论是名词还是代词通常用所有格。Toms marrying Jenny made his father angry 汤姆和珍妮结婚使他的父亲很生气。Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules 你假装不知道这些规定是没用的。Her going there wont do any harm 她去那里并不碍事。二、v.-ing形式作宾语：v.-ing形式可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。1、作动词宾语能带v.-ing形式作宾语的动词有两类：A只能带v.-ing形式作宾语；B. 既能带v.-ing形式又能带不定式作宾语。A类动词：avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，give up，cannot help，imagineincludekeep(on)，mind，miss，practise，put offsuggest等。He enjoys listening to light music 他喜欢听轻音乐。The young man is considering changing his job 这位年轻人在考虑调换工作。Mother suggested going to Beijing by air 妈妈建议乘飞机去北京。B类动词：begin，cannot bear，cease，continue，forget，hate，like，love，mean，plan，prefer，propose，regret，remember，start，stop，try等。The students began writing / to write compositions. 学生们开始写作文。She cannot bear to be laughed at. /being laughed at. 她不能容忍别人嘲笑她。The boys love to play/ playing football.那些男孩喜欢踢足球。注意：在remember，forget，regret后用v.-ing形式或不定式结构在意义上有明显差别。v.-ing形式结构指动作先于谓语动词的动作发生，不定式结构指后于谓语动词的动作发生。I remember _ (post) the letter我记得把信寄了。(“寄信”发生在“记得”之前，即已寄过信)I must remember_ (post) the letter我必须记住要去寄信。(“寄信”发生在“记得之后，即尚未寄信)Ive forgotten_ (return) the book to the library我忘记了曾经把那本书还给图书馆了。(“归还”的动作在前)Ive forgotten _ (return) the book to the library我忘记了要把那本书归还给图书馆。(“忘记”的动作在前)在try，cannot help, mean, stop，go on后用v.-ing形式还是用不定式结构，取决于它们本身的含义和用法。They stopped _ (talk). 他们(停止原来做的事)开始谈话。(不定式作目的状语)They stopped_ (talk) 他们停止了谈话。He tried_ (do) the work better. 他设法把那项工作做得更好。He tried _ (do) the work in another way. 他试着用另外的方法做那项工作。Do you mean _ (tell) me that? 你打算把那件事告诉我吗?Thatll mean _ (wait) for some more time 那将意味着再等些时候。I couldnt help _(finish) that job. 我不能帮助完成那项工作。I couldnt help _ (laugh) when I heard the news.听到那个消息，我情不自禁地笑了。He went on to point out mistakes in the paper.他接着开始指出论文中的错误。(指放下原来做的事，转而指出论文中错误)He went on pointing out mistakes in the paper.他继续指出论文中的错误。(指同一动作的继续)注意：(1)在少数句型中，可用it代表v.-ing形式做形式宾语，把v.-ing形式短语放到句子后部去。She found it no use arguing with him。 她发现和他争辩没有用。Do you consider it any good trying again? 你觉得再试一试会有好处吗?(2)其v.-ing形式可作动词宾语的大多数动词(除finish，practise等外)都可以根据需要在v.-ing形式前加上逻辑主语。逻辑主语(尤其在口语中)通常用名词或代词的宾格表示，也可用所有格表示。Do you mind _ (我) smoking? 我抽烟你介意吗?We are considering_ (他) going there 我们正在考虑他去那里的事。2、v.-ing形式作介词宾语。After _(win) the competition，she was ranked first in the world in womens figure skating赢了这场比赛后，她在世界女子花样滑冰界名列第一。At last he succeeded in _(perform) his task 最后他成功地执行了他的任务。His Job consists of _(gather) information and writing articles 他的任务包括收集资料和写文章。Im surprised at _(find) the house empty 发现房子里空无一人，我感到惊讶。Im sorry for _(give) you so much trouble 对不起，给你添了这么多麻烦。HowWhat about _(go) to the cinema? 去看电影怎么样?Nothing can stop them from _(fall) in love with each other 什么也无法阻止他们相爱。Tom is angry about _(not invite) to the party 汤姆因未被邀请参加晚会而生气。We had no trouble in _ (find) his house我们毫不费力地找到了他的家。Im glad to have this opportunity of _(come) to visit your country 我很高兴能有这个机会访问贵国。Everyone thinks of _(change) the world，but no one thinks of _(change) himself 人人都想改变世界，却没有人想改变自己。三、v.-ing形式作宾语补足语 用于主+谓+宾+补结构I heard him singing a popular song in the next room 我听到他在隔壁房间里唱流行歌曲。 We can see steam rising from the wet clothes 我们可以看到水蒸气从湿衣服中冒出来。注意：1可以带这种复合宾语的动词主要有fee，find，get，hear，keep，see，watch，notice等。上述句子若变为被动语态，v.-ing形式短语就成了主语补足语。He was heard singing a popular song in the next roomSteam can be seen rising from the wet clothes2复合宾语中用v.-ing形式和用不定式在意义上稍有不同。不定式表示动作发生了，指动作的全过程；v.-ing形式则表示动作正在进行。试比较：I saw her come in。我看见她进来了。(说明“进来了”这件事)I saw her coming in。我看见她走进来。(说明“她进来时的情景”)四、v.-ing形式作表语My favourite sport is playing table tennis. 我最喜欢的运动是打乒乓球。What interests me is living and dying for what one loves 我所感兴趣的是：为所爱而生，为所爱而死。Reading is learning. 读书就是学习。注意：v.-inlg形式和不定式都可以作表语。一般说来，在表示比较抽象的一般行为时，多用v.-ing形式；在表示具体的某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式(这一点，与v.-ing形式或不定式作主语在意义上的差别相同)。Their job is building houses. 他们的工作是盖房子。Our task now is to build a house我们现在的任务是盖一幢房子。五、v.-ing形式作定语，说明名词的功能用途或所处的状态Theres a swimming pool in our school 我们学校有游泳池。(a swimming pool相当于a pool for swimming)He is in the reading room. 他在阅览室里。(the reading room相当于the room for reading)a typing paper = a paper for typing 复印纸 a writing desk = a desk for writing 写字桌a cleaning woman 女清洁工 a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping 一个正在熟睡的婴儿a running river = a river that is running 一条奔流的小河a waiting car 等待的汽车 a flying fish 飞鱼a barking dog 一条爱叫的狗 rolling waves 翻滚的浪头 falling leaves 落叶touching story 动人的故事 rising sun 朝阳 作定语用的v.-ing形式如果是单个的词，一般放在名词的前面；如果是v.-ing形式短语，则放在名词的后面。此时，它的功能相当于一个定语从句。Caring mothers know that brain needs extra nutrition 爱心妈妈知道大脑需要补充营养。A diet lacking in nutritional value wont keep a person healthy 缺乏营养价值的饮食不能维持人的健康。There were a lot of boy students playing football on the football field 有许多男生在足球场上踢足球。六、 v.-ing形式作状语He sat there smoking 他坐在那里抽着烟。(表示伴随情况或方式)She stood on the beach，gazing at the ocean 她伫立海滩上，凝视着大海。(表示伴随情况)Watching ( = When he watched) an apple falling down from the tree， Newton had an inspiration 看见一个苹果从树上落下来，牛顿突然得到一个启示。(表示时间)Looking down from the top of a cliff，you will feel dizzy 从悬崖上往下看你会觉得头晕。(表示条件)Not having received an answer，he decided to write again 由于没接到回信，他决定再写一封信。(表示原因)The dangerous can eat up a person in a few minutes, leaving only the bones. (表示结果)成果测评1Peter received a letter just now _ his grandma would come to see him soon Asaid B says Csaying D. to say2. Come on，please give me some ideas about the project. SorryWith so much work _ my mind，I almost break down. Afilled B filling Cto fill D being filled3. Do you think that housing price will keep _ in the years to come? Sorry，I have no idea A. lifting up Bgoing up Cbringing up Dgrowing up4As the light turned green，I stood for a moment，not _, and asked myself what I was going to do Amoved B moving Cto move Dbeing moved5. We often provide our children with toys，footballs or basketballs，_ that all children like these things Athinking Bthink Cto think Dthought6The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket _ the desert Acovering Bcovered Ccover Dto cover7If you think that treating a woman well means always _ her permission for things，think again Ag