CX-11-无损检测人员培训大纲.doc

NDE Personnel Training Program无损检测人员培训大纲0REV.NO. 修订号Prepared By编 制Date日 期Reviewed By审 核Date日 期Approved By批 准Date日 期Training Program for NDE Personnel无损检测人员NDE培训大纲Radiographic Testing Method (RT)射线照相检测方法（RT）(RT-Training Course Outline-Tc-1) (RT NDE培训大纲 -TC-1)For Level RTRT 级人员A、 Radiographic Equipment Operating and Emergency Instructions Course射线设备操作和防护措施1 Personnel Monitoring人员受照剂量监控1.1 Wearing of Monitoring Badges佩带剂量计1.2 Reading of Pocket Dosimeters袖珍剂量计测读1.3 Recording of Daily Dosimeter Readings日常剂量计测读记录1.4 “Off-scale” Dosimeter-Action Required“标度”剂量仪实际要求1.5 Permissible Exposure Limits受照容许限值2 Survey Instruments 监测仪器2.1 Type of Radiation Instruments辐射计测仪类型 2.2 Reading and Interpreting Meter Indications仪器指示值读评2.3 Calibration Frequency 校验频率2.4 Calibration Expiration-Action 期后校准-作用2.5 Battery Check-Importance 电池校准- 重要性3 Leak Testing of Sealed Radioactive Sources 密封放射源的泄漏试验3.1 Requirements for Leak Testing 泄漏检查要求3.2 Purpose of Leak Testing 泄漏检查目的3.3 Performance of Leak Testing泄漏检查操作4 Radiation Survey Reports 辐射监测报告4.1 Requirements for Completion 完成监测工作的要求4.2 Description of Report Format 报告格式说明5 Radiographic Work Practices 射线照相操作5.1 Establishment of Restricted Areas 禁区的设定5.2 Posting and Surveillance of restricted Areas 禁区的标志和监测5.3 Use of Time, Distance, and Shielding to Reduce Personnel Radiation Exposure 用时间、距离及屏蔽法减少人员照射量5.4 Applicable Regulatory Requirements for Surveys, Posting, and Control of Radiation and High Radiation Areas. 辐射和强辐射区的监测标志和控制的管理制度6 Exposure Devices 辐射设备6.1 Daily Inspection and Maintenance 辐射设备的日常检查和维护6.2 The radiation and exposure limitation of the Gamma-Ray exposure device 源曝光装置的辐射曝光限制6.3 Identification of the exposure device 曝光装置的标识6.4 Use of Collimators to Reduce Personnel Exposure 用准直器减少人员受辐照量7 Regulations 辐射防护法规7.1 License Reciprocity 放射工作许可证7.2 Qualification Requirements for Radiography Personnel 射线照相人员的资格评定要求7.3 Regulatory Requirements for X-Ray Machines (State & Federal as Applicable) X射线机管理要求1 * 2 *Total Hours of Instruction this Course (A) 5hr 5hr大纲 A 培训学时 5 小时 5 小时B、Basic Radiographic Physics Course 射线照相物理基础1 Introduction 引言1.1 History and Discovery of Radioactive Materials放射性材料的发现和简史1.2 Definition of Industrial Radiography工业射线照相的定义1.3 Radiation Protection辐射保护为什么?1.4 Basic Math Review, Exponents, Square Root, Etc 基本数学复习:指数、平方根等。2 Fundamental Properties of Matter. 物质的基本性质2.1 Elements and Atoms 元素和原子2.2 Molecules and Compounds 分子和化合物2.3 Atomic Particles-Properties of Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons 原子粒子-质子、电子和核子的性质2.4 Atomic Structure 原子结构2.5 Atomic Number and Weight原子序数和重量2.6 Isotope VS. Radioisotope 同位素及放射性同位素的比较3 Radioactive Materials 放射性材料3.1 Production放射性的产生3.1.1 Neutron activation 中子活性3.1.2 Nuclear fission 核裂变3.2 Stable VS Unstable (Radioactive) Atoms 稳态与非稳态放射性的原子比较3.3 Curie-the Unit of Activity 居里:放射性单位3.4 Half-life of Radioactive Materials 放射性材料的半衰期3.5 Plotting of Radioactive Decay 放射线衰变曲线3.6Specific Activity-Curies/Gram 放射性比活度 ：Ci/g4 Types of Radiation 辐射类型4.1 Particulate Radiation-Properties: Alpha, Beta, Neutron 微粒辐射性能：、中子4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation-X-Ray, Gamma-Ray 电磁辐射：X射线、射线4.3 X-Ray Production X射线产生4.4 Gamma-Ray Production 射线产生4.5 Gamma-Ray Energy 射线能量4.6 Energy Characteristics of Common Radioisotope Sources 常用放射性同位素源的能量特征4.7 Energy Characteristics of X-Ray Machines X射线机的能量特性5 Interaction of Radiation with matter 辐射与物质的相互作用5.1 Ionization 电离作用5.2 Radiation Interaction with Matter 射线与物质的相互作用5.2.1 Photoelectric effect 光电效应5.2.2 Compton scattering 康普顿散射5.2.3 Pair production电子对产生5.3 Unit of Radiation Exposure-the Roentgen 辐射曝光单位：伦琴5.4 Emissivity of Commonly used Radiographic Sources 常用射线照相源的辐射能力5.5 Emissivity of X-Ray Exposure Devices X射线曝光装置的辐射能力5.6 Attenuation and Shielding of Electromagnetic Radiation 电磁辐射衰减与屏蔽5.7 Half Value Layers; Tenth Value Layers 半值层；1/10值层5.8 Inverse-Square Law 平方反比律6 Biological Effects of Radiation 辐射生物效应6.1 “Natural” Background Radiation “天然”背景辐射6.2 The Unit of Radiation Dose-Rem 辐射剂量单位雷姆6.3 The Difference between Radiation and Contamination 辐射与污染间的差异6.4 Allowable Personnel-Exposure Limits and the Accumulated Dose 人体允许的辐射剂量与累积剂量6.5 Theory of Allowable Dose 允许剂量的理论6.6 Radiation Damage-Repair Concept 辐射损伤：恢复原理6.7 Symptoms of Radiation Injury 辐射损伤的症状6.8 Acute Radiation Exposure and Somatic Injury 强烈的照射量和身体损伤6.9 Personnel Monitoring for Tracking Exposure人体受辐射的监查6.10 Organ Radiosensitivity 器官的放射敏感度7 Radiation Detection 辐射检测7.1 The Pocket Dosimeter袖珍剂量仪7.2 Difference Between Dose and Dose Rate 剂量和剂量率的差别7.3 Survey Instruments 测量仪器7.3.1 Geiger-Muller tube盖革-米勒管7.3.2 Ionization chambers 电离室7.3.3 Scintillation chambers, counters闪烁室,计数器7.4 Film Badge 胶片剂量计7.5 TLD (Thermoluminescent Dosimeters)热致发光剂量计（TLD）7.6 Calibration 校准8 Exposure Devices and Radiation Sources曝光装置和辐射源8.1 Radioisotope Source 放射性同位素源8.1.1 Sealed-source Design and Fabrication密封源的设计和制造8.1.2 Gamma-ray sources射线源8.1.3 Beta-ray and Bremsstrahlung sources射线和韧致辐射源8.1.4 Netron sources中子源8.2 Radioisotope Exposure Device Characteriatics放射性同位素曝光装置特性8.3 Electronic Radiation Sources-500 keV and less Low Energy 能量 500 keV的电子辐射源8.3.1 Generator-high-voltage Rectifiers高压整流发生器8.3.2 X-ray tube design and fabricationX射线管的设计和制造8.3.3 X-ray control circuitsX射线控制电路8.3.4 Accelerating potential加速电压8.3.5 Target Material and Fabrication靶的材料和结构8.3.6 Heat dissipation device散热装置8.3.7 Duty cycle负载周期8.3.8 Beam Filtration射线束的过滤2* 3*Total Hours of Instruction this Course (B) 20hr 15hr大纲 B 培训学时 20小时 15小时C、Radiographic Technique Course射线照相技术1 Introduction 引言1.1 The Process of Radiography射线照相过程1.2 Type of Electromagnetic Radiation Sources电磁辐射源的种类1.3 Electromagnetic Spectrum 电磁频谱1.4 Penetrating Ability or “Quality” of X-Rays and Gamma Rays X射线、射线的穿透或“线质”1.5 Spectrum of X-Ray Tube Sources X射线管源的频谱1.6 Spectrum of Gamma-Radioisotope Source 放射线射线的频谱1.7 X-Ray Tube-Change of mA or kV, Effect on “Quality” and Intensity X射线管毫安值或千伏值变化对线质和强度的影响2 Basic Principles of Radiography 射线照相的基本原理2.1 Geometric Exposure Principles 几何曝光原理2.1.1 “Shadow” Formation and Distortion “阴影”成像和畸变2.1.2 Shadow Enlargement Calculation阴影放大计算2.1.3 Shadow sharpness阴影清晰度2.1.4 Geometric Unsharpness几何不清晰度2.1.5 Finding Defect Depth缺陷深度测定2.2 Radiographic Screens 射线照相增感屏2.2.1 Lead foil Intensifying screens铅箔增感屏2.2.2 Fluorescent Intensifying screens荧光增感屏2.2.3 Intensifying Factors增感系数2.2.4 Importance of screen-to-Film contact屏片紧贴的重要性2.2.5 Importance of Screen cleanliness and care屏的清洁度和保洁重要性2.2.6 Techniques for cleaning screens屏的清洁方法2.3 Radiographic Cassettes胶片暗盒2.4 Composition of Industrial Radiographic Film 工业射线胶片的比较2.5 The “Heel Effect” with X-Ray TubesX射线管靶倾斜效应3 Radiographs 射线照相3.1 Formation of the Latent Image on Film胶片潜像的形成3.2 Inherent Unsharpness 固有不清晰度3.3 Arithmetic of Radiograph Exposure射线曝光量的计算3.3.1 Milliampere-distance-time Relationship毫安-距离-时间三者关系3.3.2 Reciprocity law曝光互易律3.3.3 Photographic Density底片黑度3.3.4 X-Ray Exposure charts-material Thickness, KV and ExposureX射线曝光曲线(材料厚度,千伏值和曝光量)3.3.5 Gamma-Ray Exposure chart射线曝光曲线3.3.6 Inverse-square-law considerations平方反比律3.3.7 Calculation of Exposure Time for Gamma-Ray and X-Ray SourcesX射线源和射线源,曝光时间的计算3.4 The Characteristic Hurter and Driffield (H and D) Curve 胶片特性曲线( H-D曲线 )3.5 Film Speed and Class Descriptions 胶片速度和等级3.6Selection of Film for Particular Purpose 特殊目用途的胶片选择4 Radiographic Image Quality 射线照相影像质量4.1 Radiographic Sensitivity射线胶片的感光度4.2 Radiographic Contrast 射线照相对比度4.3 Film Contrast 胶片对比度4.4 Subject Contrast 主因对比度4.5 Definition清晰度4.6 Film Graininess and Screen Mottle Effects胶片颗粒性和屏斑效应4.7 Penetrometers or Image Quality Indicators 透度计或像质计5 Film Handling, Loading, and Processing 胶片操作、装卸及冲洗5.1 Safe Light and Darkroom Practices 安全灯及暗室操作5.2 Loading Bench and Cleanliness 装片台和清洁性5.3 Opening of Film Boxes and Packets 胶片暗盒或暗袋的打开5.4 Loading of Film for Sealing Cassettes 密封暗盒装片5.5 Handling Techniques for “Green Film” “绿片”操作技术5.6 Elements of Manual Film Processing 手工洗片要领6 Exposure Techniques of Radiography 射线照相曝光技术6.1 Single-Wall Radiography 单壁透照6.2 Double-Wall Radiography双壁透照6.2.1 Viewing Two walls simultaneously双壁双影6.2.2 Offset double-wall Exposure single-wall Viewing双壁单影6.2.3 Elliptical Techniques椭圆投影6.3 Panoramic Radiography 全景曝光6.4 Use of Multiple-Film Loading 多胶片法6.5 Specimen Configuration 试件布置7 Fluoroscopic Techniques射线荧屏观测法7.1 Dark Adaptation and Eye Sensitivity 暗适应及眼睛的敏感度7.2 Special Scattered Radiation Techniques 特殊的散射线检测法7.3 Personnel Protection 人体防护7.4 Sensitivity 灵敏度7.5 Limitations 局限性7.6 Direct Screen Viewing 直接屏观察7.7 Indirect and Remote Screen Viewing 间接或远距离屏观察1* 2*Total Hours of Instruction this Course（c） 15hr 10hrTotal Hours of RT LEVEL 40hr 30hr大纲 C 培训学时 15小时 10小时RT 级培训总学时 40小时 30小时Note: 1* High school graduate or equivalent 2* Completion with passing grades of at least two years of engineering or science study at a university, college, or technical school.注: 1* 高中毕业或相当于高中毕业的学历2* 至少二年理工科大学、学院或技术学校毕业FOR LEVEL RT RT 级人员A、Film Quality and Manufacturing Processes Course 底片质量及制作工艺1 Review of Basic Radiographic Principles射线照相基本原理概述1.1 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 射线与物质和相互作用1.2 Math Review 数学复习1.3 Exposure Calculations曝光计算1.4 Geometric Exposure Principles 几何曝光原理1.5 Radiographic-Image Quality Parameters射线照相像质参数2 Darkroom Facilities, Techniques, and Processing暗室设施、技术和处理2.1 Facilities and Equipment 装置和设备2.1.1 Automatic Film Processor Vs. Manual Processing 自动洗片机与手工洗片2.1.2 Safe Lights 安全灯2.1.3 Viewer Lights 观察灯2.1.4 Loading Bench 装片台2.1.5 Miscellaneous Equipment 其它设备2.2 Film Loading 装卸片2.2.1 General Rules for Handling Unprocessed Film 胶片取放原则2.2.2 Type of Film Packaging 胶片包装类型2.2.3 Cassette-Loading Techniques for Film 胶片装卸方法2.3 Protection of Radiographic Film in Storage 射线胶片贮存中的防护2.4 Manual Processing of Film 胶片的手工处理2.4.1 Developer and Replenishment 显影剂和补充剂2.4.2 Stop Bath 停显槽2.4.3 Fixer and Replenishment 定影剂和补充剂2.4.4 Washing 水洗2.4.5 Prevention of water spots 防止水渍2.4.6 Drying 干燥2.5 Automatic Film Processing 胶片自动冲洗2.6 Film Filing and Storage 胶片归档和保存2.6.1 Retention Period 保存期限2.6.2 Long-Term Storage长期贮藏2.6.3 Filing and Separation Techniques 归档和分类技术2.7 Unsatisfactory Radiographs-Causes and Cures 不合格底片产生的原因及处理方法2.7.1 High Film Density 底片黑度过高2.7.2 Insufficient Film Density 底片黑度不足2.7.3 High Contrast 高对比度2.7.4 Low Contrast 低对比度2.7.5 Poor Definition 不清晰2.7.6 Fog 灰雾2.7.7 Light leaks 漏光2.7.8 Artificial Defect 人为缺陷2.8 Film Density 底片黑度2.8.1 Step-wedge comparison Film 阶梯黑度比较片2.8.2 Densitometers 黑度计3 Indications, Discontinuities and Defects显示、不连续性和缺陷3.1 Indications 显示3.2 Discontinuities 不连续性3.2.1 Inherent 固有不连续性3.2.2 Processing 加工引起的3.2.3 Service 使用中产生的3.3 Defects 缺陷4 Manufacturing Processes and Associated Discontinuities制造过程及相关不连续性4.1 Casting Processes and Associated Discontinuities 铸造过程及相关不连续性4.1.1 Ingots, Blooms, and billets 铸铁、轧钢、挤压钢锭4.1.2 Sand Casting 砂型铸造4.1.3 Centrifugal Casting 离心铸造4.1.4 Investment Casting 熔模铸造4.2 Wrought Processes and Associated Discontinuities 锻件过程及相关不连续性4.2.1 Forgings 锻造4.2.2 Rolled Products 滚轧产品4.2.3 Extruded products 挤压产品4.3 Welding Processes and Associated Discontinuities 焊接过程相关不连续性4.3.1 Submerged arc welding (SAW)埋弧焊 (SAW)4.3.2 Shielded Metal arc welding (SMAW) 手工电弧焊 (SMAW)4.3.3 Gas Metal arc welding (GMAW)熔化极气体保护电弧焊(GMAW)4.3.4 Flux-corded wire arc welding (FCAW)药芯焊丝电弧焊(FCAW)4.3.5 Gas Tungsten arc welding (GTAW) 钨极气体保护焊 (GTAW)4.3.6 Electric resistance welding 电阻焊4.3.7 Special welding Processes-Electron Beam Welding, Electroslag Welding, Electrogas Welding, etc. 特殊焊接方法：电子束焊，电渣焊，气电焊等5 Radiological Safety Principles Review射线安全防护原理复习5.1 Controlling Personnel Exposure 控制人员受辐射量5.2 Time, Distance, Shielding Concepts 时间、距离、屏蔽原理5.3 ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) concept ALARA（合理低辐射量）概念5.4 Radiation-Detection Equipment 辐射探测设备5.5 Exposure-Device Operating Characteristics 曝光装置操作特点1* 2*Total Hours of Instruction this Course (A) 20hr 15hr大纲 A 培训学时共计 20小时 15小时B、Radiographic Evaluation and Interpretation Course射线底片评定和解释1 Radiographic Viewing射线底片评定1.1 Film Illuminator Requirements 观片灯要求1.2 Background Lighting背景光1.3 Multiple-Composite Viewing多片叠加观察1.4 Penetrameter Placement 透度计的放置1.5 Personnel Dark Adaptation and Visual Acuity工作人员的暗适应性及目视能力1.6 Film Identification底片识别1.7 Location Markers定位标记1.8 Film-Density Measurement底片黑度测量1.9 Artificial Defects on the Film 底片上的人工缺陷2 Application Techniques 应用技术2.1 Multiple Film Techniques 多胶片技术2.1.1 Thickness-Variation Parameters 厚度变化参数2.1.2 Film speed 胶片感光速度2.1.3 Film Iatitude 胶片宽容度2.2 Enlargement and Projection 放大及投影2.3 Geometrical Relationships 几何关系2.3.1 Geometrical Unsharpness 几何不清晰度2.3.2 Penetrameter sensitivity 透度计灵敏度2.3.3 Source-to-Film Distance源到胶片距离2.3.4 Focal-spot size 焦点尺寸2.4 Triangulation Methods for Discontinuity Location 不连续性位置的三角测量法2.5 Localized Magnification 局部放大2.6 Film Handling Techniques 底片处理技术3 Evaluation of Castings 铸件评定3.1 Casting method Review 铸造方法概述3.2 Casting Discontinuities 铸件不连续3.3 Origin and Typical Orientation of Discontinuities 不连续性起因及典型方位3.4 Radiographic Appearance 射线照相显示3.5 Casting Codes/Standards-Applicable Acceptance Criteria 铸件规范/标准 适用的验收条件3.6 Reference Radiographs 射线照相参考照片4 Evaluation of Weldments 焊件评定4.1 Welding-Method Review 焊接方法概述4.2 Welding Defects 焊接缺陷4.3 Origin and Typical Orientation of Discontinuities 不连续性起因及典型方位4.4 Radiographic Appearance 射线照相显示4.5 Welding Codes and Standards-Applicable Acceptance Criteria 焊接规范和标准 适用的验收条件4.6 Reference Radiographs or Pictograms 参考底片及图片5 Standards, Codes, and Procedures for Radiography 标准、规范及射线照相工艺5.1 ASTM E 94/E142 ASTM E 94 / E1425.2 Acceptable Radiographic Techniques and Equipment 合格的射线照相技术和装备5.3 Applicable Employer Procedures 适用的厂方规程5.4 Procedure for Radiograph Parameter Verification 射线照相规程中透照参数的确认5.5 Radiographic Reports 射线照相报告1* 2*Total Hours of Instruction this Course(B) 20hr 20hrTotal Hours of RT Level 40hr 35hr大纲 B 培训学时 20小时 20小时RT级 总培训学时 40小时 35小时Note: 1* High School Graduate or Equivalent. 2* Completion with passing grades of at least Two years of engineering or science study at a university college, or technical school.注: 1* 为高中毕业生或相当于高中毕业的学历。2* 至少两年以上理工科大学、学院或技术学校毕业生。For Level RTRT 级人员1 Principles/Theory射线检测原理与基础1.1 Nature of penetrating radiation 穿透辐射性质1.2 Interaction between penetrating radiation and matter 穿透射线与物质的相互作用1.3 Radiography 射线照相方法1.3.1 Imaging by film 胶片成像1.3.2 Imaging by fluorescent materials 荧光物质成像1.3.3 Imaging by electronic devices 电子设备成像1.4 Radiometry 辐射测量方法2 Equipment/Materials 射线检测设备与器材2.1 Electrically generated sources 电子产生源2.1.1 X-ray sources X射线源2.1.1.1 Generators and tubes as an integrated system 发生器和管子作为一个系统2.1.1.2 Sources of electrons 电子源2.1.1.3 Electron accelerating methods 电子加速方法2.1.1.4 Target materials and characteristics 靶材和特性2.1.1.5 Equipment design considerations 设备设计的考虑因素2.2 Particulate radiation sources 特殊放射源2.3 Radiation detectors 射线探测器2.3.1 Imaging 成像2.3.1.1 Film imaging principles and properties 胶片成像原理和特性2.3.1.2 Fluoroscopy 荧光屏成像2.3.1.3 TV and optical systems电视和光学系统2.3.1.4 Other nonfilm imaging devices其它非胶片成像装置2.3.2 Nonimaging devices 非成像装置2.3.2.1 Solid state detectors固态探测器2.3.2.2 Gaseous ionization detectors 气体电离探测器2.3.2.3 Instrumentation 仪器2.3.2.4 Gaging and control processes测量和控制过程3 Techniques/Calibrations射线检测技术3.1 Imaging considerations 成像要素3.1.1 Sensitivity 灵敏度3.1.2 Contrast and definition 对比度和清晰度3.1.3 Geometric factors 几何因素3.1.4 Intensifying radiation 增感屏3.1.5 Scattered radiation散射线3.1.6 Source factors 源因子3.1.7 Detection media 检测介质3.1.8 Exposures curves 曝光曲线3.2 Film Processing 胶片处理3.2.1 Darkroom Procedures 暗室工作程序3.2.2 Darkroom equipment and chemicals 暗室设备和化学药品3.2.3 Film processing 胶片处理3.3 Viewing of Radiographs 射线底片观察3.3.1 Illuminator requirements 观片灯要求3.3.2 Background lighting 背景光3.