Studies Show US Spending Doesnt Get Best Health-英语阅读.doc

studiesshowusspendingdoesntgetbesthealth第一篇 研究表明美国在医疗卫生方面的花销没有使它成为最好的the united states may spend twice as much on health care as other rich countries but it is not getting results to match, according to three studies released on tuesday.根据星期二发布的研究结果，美国在卫生保健方面的花费是其他富裕国家的两倍，但并设有得到相应的结果。but in the studies of five wealthy countries, published in the journal health affairs, researchers found no single nation had clearly the worst or best health care system.在(医疗事件杂志上发表的对五个富有国家的研究中，研究者们发现没有哪个国家有明显的最坏或最好的医疗体系。 gerard anderson at johns hopkins universitys school of public health and colleagues came up with a list of 21 health fields they could evenly compare across the five countries - australia, canada, britain, new zealand and the united states.约翰霍普金斯大学的公共卫生学院的gerard arderson及其同事制定出一个21个医疗领域的名单，他们将横向地比较五个国家澳大利亚、加拿大、英国、新西兰和美国。 none of the five countries . is consistently the best or the worst on all 21 indicators, anderson told a telephone briefing for reporters.安德森在对记者的电话简报中说：“在这所有的2l项指标里，这五个国家中没有一个始终保持是最好的或最坏的。”if you are looking for the place to get the best care, there isnt a single place . every country has at least one indicator where it scores the best of the five countries (and) each country has at least one indicator where it scores the worst of the five countries.“如果你正在寻找一个能够得到最好的医疗的地方，没有这个地方。每个国家至少有一个指标是排在第一位的，也至少有一个指标排在最后。”but, he said, the united states is not getting value for money.但是，他说美国的钱花得不值。the united states should be particularly concerned about these results, given that we spend twice as much on health care as any other country. so spending more doesnt necessarily result in better outcomes.“鉴于我们比别的国家多花一倍的钱，美国应该尤其关心这些结果。花的钱多并不一定就会有好的结果。”andersons group of international health experts sponsored by the commonwealth fund spent five years working on the study, getting the latest-possible data from the five countries on areas such as breast cancer and leukemia survival, suicide rates, death rates from asthma, vaccination rates and cancer screening.由联邦基金资助的anderson的国际卫生专家团花了五年的时间做这个研究，从五个国家得到如乳腺癌、自血病存活率、自杀率、哮喘死亡率、接种率和癌症检查等领域的尽可能新的数据。35most adults in u.s. have low risk of heart disease在美国大多数成年人有低风险的心脏疾病more than 80 percent of us adults have a less than 10-percent risk of developing heart disease in the next 10 years, according to a report in the journal of the american college of cardiology. just 3 percent have a risk that exceeds 20 percent. 根据美国心脏病学杂志上的报告，80%以上的美国成年人在今后十年内患心脏病的风险不到10%。只有3%的人患心脏病的风险超过了20%。 “i hope that these numbers will give physicians, researchers. health policy analysts, and others a better idea of how coronary heart disease is distributed in the us population.” lead author dr. earl s. ford. from the centers for disease control and prevention in atlanta, said in a statement. 来自美国疾病控制中心的第一作者earl s. ford博士在一次报告中说：“我希望这些数字能够使外科医生、研究者、卫生政策分析家和其他人更好地了解冠心病在美国人口中的分布状况。”the findings are based on analysis of data from 13,769 subjects, between 20 and 79 years of age, who participated in the third national health and nutrition examination survey from 1988 to 1994. 这些研究结果基于对13769个20岁至79岁的实验对象的数据分析得到的，他们参与了1988年到1994年的第三次全国卫生和营养普查。overall, 82 percent of adults had a risk of less than 10 percent, 15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent, and 3 percent, and 3 percent had a risk above 20 percent. 总的来说，82%的成年人患心脏病的风险低于10%，15%的人风险在10%-20%之间，3%的人风险高于20%。the proportion of subjects in the highest risk group increased with advancing age, and me were more likely than women to be in this group. by contrast, race or ethnicity had little effect on risk distributions. 实验对象年龄越大，在最高风险组中所占的比例越大；男人进入该组的可能性亦大于女人。对比之下，种族对心脏病风险的分布没有什么作用。although the report suggests that most adults have a low 10year risk of heart disease, a large proportion have a high or immediate risk, dr. daniel s. berman, from cedars-sinai medical center in los angeles, and dr. nathan d. wong, from the university of california at irvine, note in a related editorial. 来自洛杉矶的西达西奈医学中心的daniel s. berman博士和来自加利福尼亚大学的nathan d. wang博士在一个相关的评论中说道，尽管报告显示大多数成年人十年内患心脏病的风险较低，但是在有风险者中，很大一部分所面临的风险却是很高的或是刻不容缓的。aggressive treatment measures and public health strategies are needed to shift the overall population risk downward, they add. 他们补充说，需要积极的治疗措施和公共卫生政策来使整体人口的患病的风险降低smoking吸烟 since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. the trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy. 自1939年以来，许多研究已经进行，以确定是否吸烟危害健康。证据的趋势是一致的，表明存在严重的健康风险。研究小组进行研究，显示无可置疑的是吸烟与寿命缩短有关。 cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply. 吸烟，相信大多数研究人员在这一领域成为在肺部和咽喉癌的发生发展的重要因素，被认为是关系到身体的其他器官癌症。男性吸烟者有心脏病比不吸烟的男性的死亡率更高。女性吸烟者被认为是受影响较小，因为他们没有在烟雾吸入如此之深。 apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what tobacco does to the human body. smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. there is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. as smoke is breathed in, all those components from deposits on the membranes of the lungs. one point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. most lung cancer begins at this point. 除了统计数字，可能会有所帮助烟草是否对人体。烟是一种混合气体，蒸发化学品，火山灰和其他固体颗粒分钟。也有尼古丁，这是强大的毒药，和黑色焦油。由于烟雾吸入，所有这些组件对肺膜的存款。一个集中点是在空气管和支气管分歧。大多数肺癌开始在这一点上。 filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards 滤波器和低焦油香烟是表示要争取在一定程度上吸烟，更安全，但只能略为减少，不能排除的危险。一些睡眠药物不只让你睡着the united states food and drug administration has ordered companies to place strong new warnings on thirteen drugs that treat sleep disorders. it also ordered the makers of the sleeping pills to provide information for patients explaining how to safely use the drugs.last wednesday, the fda announced that some of these drugs can have unexpected and dangerous effects. these include the risk of life-threatening allergic reactions. they also include rare incidents of strange behavior. these include people cooking food, eating and even driving while asleep. the patients later had no memory of doing these activities while asleep.last year, a member of the united states congress said he had a sleep-driving incident. patrick kennedy, a representative from rhode island, crashed his car into a security barrier near the building where lawmakers meet. the accident happened in the middle of the night and no one was hurt. mr. kennedy said he had earlier taken a sleep medicine. he said he was also being treated with a stomach sickness drug that can cause sleepiness.the food and drug administration did not say in its announcement how many cases of sleep-driving it has documented. however, the new york times reported last year about people who said they had strange sleep events after taking the drug ambien. some reported sleep-driving and sleep-walking. others said they found evidence after waking in the morning that they had cooked food or eaten in their sleep. but they had no memory of carrying out the activities.a food and drug administration official says that these serious side effects of sleep disorder drugs appear to be rare. but, he also said there are probably more cases than are reported. he said the agency believes the risk of such behaviors could be reduced if people take the drugs as directed and do not drink alcohol while taking the drugs. the food and drug administration has advised drug companies to carry out studies to investigate the problem.and thats the voa special english health report, written by caty weaver. our reports and audio links can be found at . you can send a health question to . please remember to include your name and country. im steve ember. 美国食品和药物管理局已经命令公司在新的警告在十三治疗睡眠紊乱的药物。还要求安眠药生产商为病人提供信息，解释如何安全使用药物。上周三，fda宣布这些药物会产生意想不到的危险。这些包括危及生命的过敏性反应。他们还包括奇怪行为。这些人们做饭，吃饭甚至开车时睡着了。之后病人没有记忆，他做了些什么。去年，美国国会的一名成员说他有一个睡眠驾车事件。帕特里克甘乃迪，一个来自罗德岛的代表，把车撞到立法会大楼附近的安全护栏。事故发生在半夜，没有人受伤。甘乃迪先生说他之前吃了安眠药。他说他也有胃痛的药可引起嗜睡的治疗。美国食品和药物管理局的公告中没有说有多少例睡眠驾驶记录。然而，在纽约时报去年报导了一些人说他们吃过药后有奇怪的睡眠事件。一些报道说睡眠驾驶和步行。其他人说，早晨起床后，他们在睡梦中做饭和吃饭他们发现的证据。但他们没有记忆开展活动。食品与药品管理局的官员说，这些严重的睡眠障碍的药物的副作用很少出现。但是，他也说可能会有比报道的要多。他说，该机构认为这种行为的风险可能是如果人们服用的药物直接和不喝酒而服用药物降低。美国食品与药品管理局建议药物公司进行的研究调查这个问题。这就是今天的美国之音特别英语健康报道，由caty韦弗写的。我们的报告和音频链接可以在。你可以把一个健康问题。请记住，包括您的姓名和国家。我是史提夫恩伯。dangers await babies with altitude 高海拔的婴儿有危险 women who live in the worlds highest communities tend to give birth to under-weight babies, a new study suggests. these babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes. research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. but it wasnt clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down. to find out more, dino giussani and his team at cambridge university studied the records of 400 births in bolivia during 1976 and 1998. the babies were born in both rich and poor areas of two cities: la paz and santa cruz. l paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while santa cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers. sure enough, giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in la paz was significantly lower than in santa cruz. this was true in both high and low-income families. even babies born to poor families in santa cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty la paz. we were very surprised by this result, says giussani. the results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth. this may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child, says giussani. his team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies. this is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to rest of the body. giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. people born in la paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. low birthweight is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. and newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.一个新的研究表明住在世界高海拔地区的女人通常生下体重不足的婴儿。这些婴儿在长大成人后得心脏病和中风的风险很大。研究暗示在山区出生的新生儿低于平均体重。但是还不清楚这是由于在高海拔的地方氧气不足，还是由于他们的母亲没有获得足够的营养许多住在高海拔地方的人相对都比住在低处的人穷。为了了解更多的情况，剑桥大学的迪诺吉萨尼和他的团队研究了1997年到1998年玻利维亚的400个新生儿的记录。这些婴儿出生于两个城市的富有和贫困地区：拉帕兹和散塔克鲁兹。拉帕兹是世界上最高的城市，海拔3.65千米，而散塔克鲁兹低很多，海拔440米。当然，吉萨尼发现拉帕兹的新生儿的平均出生体重明显低于散塔克鲁兹的新生儿。无论高收入家庭还是低收人家庭都是如此。甚至散塔克鲁兹的贫穷家庭的婴儿比拉帕兹的富有家庭的婴儿平均体重还要重。吉萨尼说：“我们对这个结果感到吃惊。”这个结果表明在高海拔出生的婴儿出生前就缺氧了。吉萨尼说：“这可能会触发调节未出生儿成长的荷尔蒙的释放或抑制。”他的团队还发现高海拔的婴儿通常有相对身体来说较大的头部。这可能是因为一个缺乏氧的胚胎会首先把充氧的血液输送到脑部，然后才送到身体的其他部位。吉萨尼想要查出这样的婴儿在今后的生活中是不是更容易得病。例如在拉帕兹出生的人在成年之后更可能得心脏病。低出生体重是得冠心病的一个危险因素。头部相对身体较大的新生儿在今后的生活中通常更容易得高血压和中风。us signs global tobacco treaty美国签署全球烟草条约1. the united states has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. health and human services secretary tommy thompson signed the framework convention on tobacco control (fctc) this week at the united nations. the senate must still approve the treaty before the us can implement its provisions. 美国已经迈出，批准全球烟草公约，承诺帮助控制烟草使用世界各地的致命影响的第一步。卫生与公众服务部长汤米汤普森签署了烟草控制（烟草控制框架公约）框架公约本周在联合国。参议院还必须批准该条约之前，美国可以执行其条款。2. the fctc was developed by the world health organization and approved by members of the world health assembly, including the united states, last year. countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies. 烟草控制框架公约是由世界卫生组织和世界卫生大会，包括美国在内的成员批准，于去年。批准该公约的国家将需要制定严格的烟草控制政策。3. for instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. the treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes. restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs. it also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the united states, where the constitution prohibits such an outright ban. 例如，销售的卷烟，在这些国家就必须拥有至少30的健康警语前面和后面每包。该条约要求较高的烟草税。限制吸烟的公共场所，更是烟草预防和戒烟计划推广。这还要求禁止烟草广告，虽然有像美国，那里的宪法禁止这种全面禁止一些国家例外。4. the impact of the treaty could be huge. the world health organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide very year. in the us alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of al cancers in the us are caused by tobacco use, if current trends continue, who estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year. 该条约的影响可能是巨大的。据世界卫生组织估计，烟草使用造成约500万人在全球非常一年。仅在美国，大约有44万人死于与烟草每年有关的疾病，约三分之一的美国基地三分之一癌症是由吸烟引起的，如果目前的趋势继续下去，世卫组织估计，到2025年的烟草，将杀死1000万人每年。5. the treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. so far, 109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it. 该条约必须在批准至少40个国家，才可以生效。到目前为止，109个国家已经签署，12个已批准。napping to a healthier heart?午睡使心脏更健康？researchers think a protein level can tell if a person with heart disease is likely to suffer a heart attack. also, a study says afternoon sleep may cut the risk of dying from a heart attack.研究人员认为，蛋白质水平可以判断一个人是否与心脏疾病是可能患上心脏病。同时，一项研究说，下午睡可能减少死于心脏病的风险。researchers say they have developed a simple test that can tell if a person with heart disease is likely to suffer a heart attack. the test measures levels of a protein in the blood. the researchers say people with high levels of this protein are at high risk of heart attack, heart failure or stroke.研究人员说，他们已经开发了一个简单的测试，可以判断一个人是否与心脏疾病是可能患上心脏病。血液中的蛋白质水平的测试方法。研究人员说，人与高水平的这种蛋白质是高危险性心脏病，心脏衰竭或中风。kirsten bibbins-domingo of the university of california in san francisco led the team. for about four years, they studied almost one thousand patients with heart disease.克尔斯滕比宾斯位于三藩的加利福尼亚大学的多明戈领导的团队。大约四年来，他们已经研究了一千例心脏病。the researchers tested the heart disease patients for a protein called nt-probnp. patients with the highest levels were nearly eight times more likely than those with the lowest levels to have a heart attack, heart failure or stroke.研究人员测试了心脏病患者为nt probnp蛋白。患者的最高水平的近八倍更有可能比那些与最低水平有心脏病，心脏衰竭或中风。the researchers say the presence of high levels of the protein in the blood shows that the heart muscle is under pressure in some way. the study involved mostly men, so the researchers could not say for sure that the results are also true for women.研究人员说，高水平的血液中的蛋白质的存在显示心脏肌肉的压力下。参与研究的大多数是男性，所以研究者不能肯定地说，结果也适用于妇女。they say the patients with the highest levels of nt-probnp were older and had other problems like diabetes or high blood pressure.他们说，与nt probnp水平最高的患者，老年人和有其他问题，如糖尿病或高血压。other researchers say more studies are needed to confirm if knowing the protein levels of a heart patient should affect that persons treatment. they also would like to know if more aggressive treatment could reduce the patients chance of a heart attack or stroke.其他研究人员说需要更多的研究来确认是否知道蛋白质水平的心脏病病人应影响人的治疗。他们还想知道如果更积极的治疗可能降低病人的心脏病发作或中风的机会。the study appeared in the journal of the american medical association.这项研究发表在美国医学协会杂志。could a little sleep during the middle of the day reduce the risk of a heart attack? an unrelated study earlier this month in the archives of internal medicine suggests that the answer may be yes.这项研究发表在美国医学协会杂志。in countries like the united states, afternoon naps are mostly for children. but they are common for adults in mediterranean countries. and these countries generally have lower rates of heart disease. so scientists in the united states and greece wondered if naps could play a part.在像美国这样的国家，只有孩子才会睡午觉。但他们是常见的成年人在地中海国家。这些国家一般有较低的心脏病发病率。所以美国和希腊的科学家想小睡是否发挥了作用。twenty-three thousand healthy adults took part in the study by harvard university and the university of athens. those who took thirty-minute naps three times a week had a thirty-seven percent lower risk of death from heart problems than people who did not take naps.二零三名健康的成年人参加了在哈佛大学和雅典大学的研究。那些花了三十分钟的小睡三倍一个星期有百分之一三七的死亡风险降低心脏疾病的人比不打盹。the researchers say napping may improve heart health by reducing stress. they say the research suggests that naps are especially good for working men. but they say not enough female subjects died during the study to judge the benefits for women.研究人员说，午睡可以减少压力，改善心脏健康。他们说，研究表明，小睡特别适合工作的人。但是他们说，在判断妇女的利益的研究没有足够的女性受试者。 many benefits from cancer organization 1.do you know a child who survived leukemia? do you have a mother, sister or aunt whose breast cancer was found early thanks to a mammogram? do you have a friend or coworker who quit smoking to reduce their risk of lung cancer? each of these individuals benefited from the american cancer societys research program. 2.each day scientists supported by the american cancer society work to find breakthroughs that will take us one step closer to a cure. the american cancer society has long recognized that research holds the ultimate answers to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. 3.as the largest source of nonprofit cancer research funds in the united states, the american cancer society devotes over$1