高考英语语法详解之介词.doc

第八章 介词一、概述介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词，在句子中不能单独使用。只能与名词、代词等构成介词短语，在句中作状语、后置定语、表语和补语等。介词的作用则是表明它后面的名词或代词（或相当于名词的其它词类、短语或从句）与其它句子成分的关系。单音节词一般不重读，具有两个或两个以上音节的介词有一个音节要重读。-What do you want with those old boxes? -你留着那些箱子干什么用？（作状语）-To put things in when I move to the new flat. -搬家时放东西用。I sat down on one of those modern chairs with holes in it and waited.我坐在一把有网眼的新式椅子上等候着。（作chairs的定语）She is among my most welcome visitors.她是我最欢迎的来访者之一。（作表语）I found myself in hospital when I came to myself.我醒来时发现自己躺在医院里。（作宾补）二、介词的位置1、介词通常位于名词或代词前 The sunlight came in through the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.阳光从天窗穿射入，照亮了整个房间。 This work is beyond my grasp.这件工作非我力所能及。 Shall we rest in the shade beneath these trees? 我们在树下阴凉处休息一下好吗？2、在某些结构中介词可以放在句尾（1）在特殊疑问句中 在特殊疑问句中，介词可以放在句尾，和宾语分开，但依然存在着介宾关系。 Who (m) were you speaking to just now? 你刚才在和谁说话？ Which desk did you put the book on? 你把书放在那个桌子上了？ Who is she talking with? 她在和谁说话？ 注意：介词也可放在句首疑问词之前连同疑问词一起引起疑问句。With whom did you go to the cinema? 你和谁一起去看电影的？Since when have you lived here? 从什么时候你住在这里？（2）在定语从句中 在定语从句中，位于关系代词之前的介词，可以放在句尾，这种情况下关系代词可以省略；也可以放在关系代词前引导定语从句，介词不可放在that之前。The room I live in is quite damp.我住的房子很潮湿。（关系代词which/that省略）= The room in which I live is quite damp. (但不能用in that)He is the man whom you can turn to for help.He is the man to whom you can turn for help.他是你可以求助的人。（3）某些wh-词引导的名词性从句中，关系代词为介词宾语位于句首时，介词后置 Money is what he is badly in need of at present.目前，钱是他最需要的。 I dont know what he looks like.我不知道他长什么样？（4）动词不定式作状语，需要介词同句中的主语构成动宾关系时，介词后置 The room is comfortable to live in.这间房子住起来和舒服。 The lake is safe to swim in.在这个湖里游泳很安全。 The man is hard to deal with.这个人很难对付。（5）动词不定式作定语，需要介词同不定式所修饰的名词构成动宾关系时，介词后置 Its a nice restaurant to eat at.在这家饭馆吃饭真好。 In those days he even had no money to buy food with.那时，他甚至连买饭的钱都没有。3、在某些“（不及物）动词+介词”结构中介词紧跟动词后面 The thief broke into the room.小偷闯入了哪个房间。 He had to look after his sister.他要照看他妹妹。三、介词短语在句中的作用1、介词的宾语（prepositional phrase） 介词后面的名词或相当于名词的词语叫做介词宾语，介词宾语不仅是名词和代词，还可以是其他词类或句子（1）名词 The word write has the same pronunciation as the word right. “write”这个单词与“right”这个词发音一样。 I have lived in Beijing since 1996.自1996年以来我就居住在北京。 The mayor intended to get to the bottom of the matter.市长打算将此事寻根究底。（2）代词Give the book to him. 把这本书给他。Wherever he went, he carried the camera with him.不论他到哪里，他都带着相机。（3）形容词In short, I have done my best. 简而言之，我已经尽力了。His pronunciation is far from perfect.他的发音远不是完美的。（4）副词Its far away from here.离这很远。Since then, he has developed another bad habit.自那以后,它养成了另一种坏习惯。（5）动词的-ing形式 Im looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation.我盼望今年暑假见到你。I insist on your being there. 我坚持要你在那里。（6）不定式 He had no other choice but to sleep. 除了睡觉他没有别的选择。 Ive done everything you wanted except make the bed.你要我干的是我全干了，只是没铺床。（7）介词短语 He lived from across the street.他从街对过住。 She pull him out from under the table.她从桌下把他拖出来。 He read till into the night.他一直读到深夜。（8）数词In nine out of ten he wont come.十之八九他不来。 The students are walking in the garden in twos or threes.学生三三两两的在公园里散步。 It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour.它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。 He left on Monday and returned after three days.他星期一走的，三天后回来的。（9）疑问词+不定式That depends on which method to take.这取决于采用那种方法。I have informed her of when to start.出发的时间，我已通知他了。（10）wh-词引导的从句I know nothing about it except what I have read in the papers.除了在报上读到的以外,我对这件事一无所知。I have no interest in what he said.我对他的话不感兴趣。 He has done everything except what I asked him to do.他什么都做了，就是没做我让他做的。That depends on whether he has his persistence.那要取决于他是否能坚持到底。（11）that引导的从句that引导的从句，除了in that, except that, save that, but that, notwithstanding that外，作其他介词宾语时，必须在介词和that之间架上先行词一般式it。His report is correct except that some details are omitted.除了有些细节未提到之外,他的报导是正确的。Man differs from other animals in that man can think and speak.任何其他动物的区别在于人能思维能讲话。比较：We may depend on that they will do as they have promised. (误)We may depend on it that they will do as they have promised.（正）我们可以相信他们按他们所许诺的那样去做。2、介词短语的功能（1）作主语From my home to the school is two hours walk.从我家到学校要走两个小时。On purpose or not on purpose is of great difference.故意的和无意的迥然不同。（2）作表语Mr. Smith is from America.史密斯先生是美国人。The stamp is of great value.这枚邮票很珍贵。He looks like his father.他像他爸爸。（3）作宾语Ill give you until tomorrow.我给你限期到明天。A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain.从帘子后面走出一位美女。She pulled him out from under the bed.她把他从床底下拉出来。（4）定语A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真知。The man with glasses on there is Mr. John.那边戴眼镜的男人是约翰。（5）状语Because of the warm and sunny weather oranges grow very well here.由于天气暖和，日光充足，这里的桔子生长良好。She sat in the shade under a tree. 她坐在树阴下。（6）补语We regard him as our friend.我们把他看作朋友。They found themselves in a dark wood.他们不觉走入一座黑暗的树林。四、介词的分类1、从构成上分（1） 单介词（simple preposition）in, at, from, on, since等，单一介词。（2） 复合介词（compound preposition）as for至于, as to关于，至于onto到上面去，within在之内，nearby在附近等，由两个介词组成。（3） 二重介词（double preposition）from behind从的后面until after直到之后from among从当中，等由两个介词搭配而成，但没有符合借此那样固定。（4） 短语介词（phrase preposition）owing to 由于，instead of 代替，而不in spite of，不顾、尽管，in favor of赞成by means of依靠in front of 在之前，according to按照、依靠in addition to加之于上，除外，等由短语构成。（5） 分词介词（participle preposition）。considering考虑到，regarding关于，including包括，等由动词的-ing形式转化而来。2、从词义上分（1）表示位置、地点、地方、距离等的介词。aboard, about, across, after, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beside, between, beyond, by, down, for ,from, in, inside, near, of, off, out of, through, under, up, with, without, within等。（2）表示钟点、日期、时间、时期等的介词。about, after, around, as, at, before, behind, between, by, during, for, from, in, into, of, over, past, since, through, throughout, till, until, towards, within等。（3）表示状态、形势、情况、境遇、形式、形状的介词。about, above, after, against, as, at, before, behind, below, beside, between, by, for, from, in, of, outside等。（4）表示方向、倾向、方法、途径、目的、对象等的介词。after, against, along, at, for, in, over, out of, to, up, with等。（6） 表示原因、理由、条件、影响、结果的介词。after, at, behind, between, by, for, from, into, of, through, to, towards, with, without等。（7） 表示方式、方法、手段、工具的介词。after, against, among, at, between, by, for, in, on, over, through, to, under, with等（8） 表示程度、水平、标准、等级、次序、选择、比较的介词。above, after, against, at, before, behind, below, beside, beyond, in, from等（9） 表示数量、量度、单位、价值、比率的介词。above, around, at, below, by, for, over, to, under等。（10） 表示归属、所有、含有等的介词。between, of, to, under, with等。（11） 表示规律、法则、合约、命令、习惯的介词。against, by, within等。（12） 表示根源、出处等的介词。among, from, in, of, out of等。（13） 表示分离、区分、排除、让步的介词。after, besides, between, beyond, but, except, from, off, outside等。（14） 表示转化、变化、代替的介词。for, from, into, of, to等。（15） 表示相互之间关系的介词。about, after, between, by, considering, for, in, of, on, regarding, to, with等。（16） 表示手段的介词。by, for, to, with等。五、使用介词注意的几点1、介词可兼作副词和连词介词“支配”着宾语，所以它总是与名词、名词短语、代词或动名词有关；而副词不“支配”宾语，因此它与动词的关系较为密切。（1）可以兼作副词的介词这样的词后面有宾语时，起介词作用。词后没有宾语时，它们则起副词的作用（甚至暗含有宾语时亦如此）。副词与介词不同，它在讲话中重读。最常见的可兼作副词的介词有：about, above, across, after, along, around, before, behind, below, beyond, by, down, in, inside, near, off, on, opposite, outside, over, past, round, through, under, up等。We drove round the city.我们开车在城里四处转。We drove round.我们开车兜风。A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.一个青年男子和一个青年女子坐在我的后面。A young man and a young woman were sitting behind.一个青年男子和一个青年女子坐在后面。（2）只能作介词的词against, beside, except, for, from, into, of, onto, to, per, till, until, towards, upon等，它们需要带宾语。We sailed against the wind. 我们逆风行船。She walked towards the door. 她向门口走去。（3）用作副词而不作介词的词away, back, backward(s), downward(s), forward(s), upward(s)以及out。As she walked away, I followed her out of the fair.我跟着她走出了集市。He put his tongue out. 他伸出舌头。（4）用作连词的介词有after, as, before, since, till, until等。He has been here since 2001 .自从2001年他就来到了这里。（since为介词）We havent seen each other since he left here.自从他离开这里，我们再未见面。（since为连词）Ive done everything you wanted except(but) make the beds.除了铺床外，你让我做的事我都做了。2、英语中的许多介词，往往要译成汉语中的动词英语中的许多介词在汉语中意思几乎相同，也就是说，汉语中的一个词或短语在英语中往往有多种表达。英语的表达更侧重事物内在的关系。汉语中“在上”，在英语中可为on, in, above，across, over等。He came back for his book.他回来取他的书。There is a hole in the wall.墙上有一个洞。They are building a bridge across the river.他们正在河上建一座桥。3、表示动态或静态的介词（1）一个介词可根据句中不同的动词而表动态（如pass，under）或表静态（如sit under）。有些介词既能与“动作动词”连用（如bring, fly, drive, go, come, move, rush, push, run, walk），又能与“位置动词”连用（如be, live ,keep, meet, stay, stop, work）。We live between two high buildings.我们住在两座高楼之间。He runs between his home and his company.他奔波于家与公司之间。（2）有些介词，如into,onto,out of, to等，一般都与“动作动词”连用。A cat rushed into my bedroom last night.昨天晚上一只猫窜到了我的卧室。I drove out of the car park.我把车开出停车场。（3）有些介词，at, in, on等，一般与“位置动词”连用。I waited in the hotel.我在旅馆等你。（4）那些表“有目的的动作”的动词，如lay, place, sit, stand等，不能与into, onto一类介词连用。He laid the box on the desk.他将盒子放在桌子上。六、常用介词的用法1、aboard（1）在（船舶、飞机、火车、公共汽车等）上（2）上（船舶、飞机、火车、公共汽车等）I have never been aboard an airplane.我从来没坐过飞机。The passengers went aboard the ship.乘客们上了船。2、about（1）在周围；在附近They planted trees about the house.他们植树于房屋四周。There is a tall tree about the house.房子旁边有一棵大树。（2）在各处Such posters are put up about the city.城市到处都贴了这种海报。（3）在身边；手头Have you got some money about you? 你身上有钱吗？注意：about用作“在周围、在四周”时，可以与round或around互相换用。（4）大约It is about eight oclock.大约八点了。The apple is about the size of ones fist.那苹果差不多和拳头一样大。The price is about 100 Yuan.价格约为一百元。（5）从事于What are you about? 你在干什么？He is going about his work.他正在工作。（6）即将She is about to be married.她就要结婚了。（7）关于I have heard a lot about you from my friends.我从朋友里听到很多有关你的事。What are you talking about? 你在说些什么？3、above（1）在上方A beautiful lamp hangs above the table.桌子上方挂着一盏漂亮的灯。The kite is far up above the tree.风筝高高飘在树上方。注意：above可以表示在正上方，也可以表示不是正上方，与它对应的是below。over表示正上方，与它对应的是under。（2）超过The meeting lasted above three hours会议开了三个多小时。Above all, we love truth.我们爱真理胜过一切。This problem is above my understanding.这个问题我不懂。Im above him by two grades in the school.我在学校里比他高两级。4、across（1）在另一边，在对过His shop is just across the street.他的商店就在街对面。（2）和交叉The two roads run across each other in the field.那两条路在田野里交叉通过。（3）横跨、横过The villagers built a bridge across the river.村民在河上架起了一座桥。The plane flew across the desert.那架收音机飞越了沙漠。5、after（1）（地点、位置）在后面Please close the door after you.请随手关门。Summer comes after spring.春天过后是夏天。注意：after指时间次序的“在后”。指“位置”的“在后”应该用behind，但是在表示含有次序在后意思的位置时，也可以after。如上例。（2）（时间）在之后He arrived there after three days.他三天之后到达那里。I shall go there after four oclock.四点以后我要去那里。注意：after用于指过去的某时间以后，一般不用于将来。但如指具体的某时刻、日期等以后，则可用于将来时。（3）依照、适合、仿照The house was built after the Chinese style.那房子是仿中国式样盖的。He was named after his uncle.他以叔叔之名为名。（4）追求，追寻Whom are you after? 你在找谁？The police were running after the thief.警察在追小偷。（5）因为He ought to succeed after such hard work.他如此努力应该成功。（6）关于She required after your health.她问起你的健康。6、against（1）反对、逆Im against your plan.我反对你的计划。Luck is against him.他运气不好。He is swimming against the river.他逆水游泳。He has sold his car against his will.他违背本意出售了自己的车。We must fight against pollution.我们必须同污染作斗争。（2）衬托，对照；以为背影The ship appeared against the sky.船出现在天际。against a dark black ground以暗黑色为背景（3）靠、依、接触He leaned against the wall.他依墙而立。Please hang this picture against the wall there.请将这幅画挂在墙上。（4）碰（撞）在The rain is beating against the window.雨敲打着窗子。The ship struck against the rock.船触礁了。（5）以防、以备Ants store food against the winter.蚂蚁贮存食物以备过冬。Protect the grain against rain.护好粮食以防雨淋。7、along沿着、顺着She looked out sadly at a gray cat walking along a gray fence in a gray backyard.她满面愁容地呆瞅着灰蒙蒙的后院里正沿着一道灰色的篱笆走着的一只灰色的猫。8、among（1）在当中This is a common mistake among students.这是在学生当中一个普遍的错误。That book is the best among modern novels.在近代小说中，那本书是最好的。（2）在所围绕之中They built a house among the trees.他们于树林之中建一屋。The town lies among the mountains.此镇位在群山环抱之中。注意：among与between 的区别：among.表示三者或三者以上的中间，between表两者之间或者三者以上的两者之间。There is a railway between the two cities.两城之间有一条铁路。There are so many desks in the classroom that there is hardly any room to move between them.教室里课桌是如此之多，以致桌与桌之间几乎没有走动的空间了。9、around（1）环绕，在.的周围She is going to travel around the world.她将作环球旅行。Trees lie around the house.房子的四周都是树木。The students sat around their teacher.学生坐在老师的周围。（2）在那一边，在转过的地方The company is just around the corner.拐弯过去就是那家公司。注意：around和round常可互换，英国英语中常用round和about,美国英语中常用around。round词性较多，可用作形容词、副词、介词等。around只作介词和副词。另外，表示“在附近”、“各处”等常用around，表示“圆周运动”、“测量”时用round。（3）大约The fighting began around eight oclock.战斗大约在八点开始。The trip cost me around 50 dollars.这次旅行花了我约五十美元。10、as充当，担任，作为Who will act as our maths teacher? 谁将做我们的教学老师？As a teacher, I must try my best.作为老师，我当尽力。11、at（1）在（小地方或地理上的一个点）Ill wait for you at the school gate.我在校门口等你。（2）在（时间上的点，常用于几点几分）We came here at half past nine.我们九点半到达这里。（3）在的旁边They were sitting at the desk.他们正坐在桌子边。（4）向、对准Dont laugh at me.别嘲笑我。The boy threw a stone at the dog.那男孩朝狗扔石块。（5）对（一般用于表示感情的动词之后）We are surprised at the news.听到这个消息，我们很惊讶。The father was angry at the boys laziness.父亲因那孩子的懒惰而生气。（6）正在，正处在（在名词前表状态）He is at school(work)now.现在他正在上学（工作）。（7）表示比率、速度、价格The car can go at 100 km an hour.这车速度可达每小时一百公里。I bought the picture at a high price.我花大价钱买下了那幅画。（8）依据，按照（请求、提议、吩咐、号召）At your request, I finished the job on time.接你的要求，我及时完成了工作。They went to Hangzhou at my suggestion.依我的建议，他们到杭州去了。（9）处于、达到（极点、顶点）They shouted at the top of his voice.他大声喊叫The coat doesnt fit me at all.这衣服我穿着一点也不合适。I suppose he is 25 at most.我以为他最多二十五岁。12、before（1）（位置）在前，在面前，当的面She sat before me in the classroom.在教室里她坐在我前面。They fought before the judge.当着法官的面，他们打了起来。注意：表示位置在前面时，before是正式用词，一般情况下可用in front of替代，与之对应的词是behind；表示建筑物的前面，用in front of不用before.（2）（时间、次序）在以前，先于Please come here before six oclock.请在六点以前到这里来。You should do thinking before act.你该三思而后行。His name comes before yours on the list.在名单上他的名字列在你的名字前面。13、behind（1）（位置）在后、在背后The boy hid behind the door.那男孩躲在门后。The village is behind the hill.村庄在山后面。（2）（遗、留）在身后He left his hat behind him in a hurry.仓促之间他把帽子丢下了。Martin Luther King left behind him a great thought for us .马丁路德金给我们留下了伟大的思想。注意：表示建筑物的后面用at the back of,但是和表示在建筑物前面不能用before不同，说在建筑物后面却可以用behind。（3）支持，作后盾Because you are behind us ,we are not afraid .有你支持，我们不害怕。（4）落后于，不如Im behind Xiao Liu in English.我英语不如小刘学得好。We are still behind some advanced countries in some fields.在一些领域里我们仍落后于一些发达国家。14、below（1）在下面、低于（等级、职务、程度、水平）He went below the deck.他到甲板下面去了。The temperature drops to below zero.气温降到零度以下。He is very kind to those below his rank.他对下级很和善。Im below him in English.我英语不如他。（2）不足（数量、价值等）The number of students in our class is below sixty.我们班学生不足六十人。They will not sell it below the price of 100 dollars.价格低于一百元他们不卖。15、beside（1）在的旁边Come and sit beside me.过来坐在我身边（2）离开（范围），与无关The discussion is beside the question.讨论离题了。They agreed beside the point.他们议论得不贴题。（3）与相比Beside his efforts ours seem small.与他们的努力相比，我们的努力微不足道。16、besides除之外Besides English, he would like to study German and Japanese.除了英语他还想学德语和日语。Besides giving the patients medical treatment, the doctor also made scientific.医生除了给病人治病以外还从事科学研究。注意：besides与except同可译为“除以外”。Besides有“包括在内”之意，而except则无。17、between（1）在两者之间（时间、距离、情感等）Do you know the differences between American English and British English? 你知道美国英语和英国美语的不同吗？We have our breakfast between seven and half past seven.我们在七点到七点半之间吃早饭。between five and six km五、六公里之间（2）在（两人）之间A look passed between them.他们彼此递了个眼色。the relation between teachers and students师生关系18、beyond（1）越过，在之较远的一边He lives three doors beyond this place.他住在过此三家之处。They live beyond the river .他们住在河那边。（2）为所不能及，出乎之外What you did is beyond my imagination.你的行为出乎我的想象。The dying boy is beyond help.这个将夭折的孩子无法挽救。This book is beyond me.这本书我看不懂。（3）高于，超出He is far beyond me in maths.他的数学比我强多了。He asked a price beyond what I can pay.他所要的价，我付不起。（4）除之外Ill pay nothing beyond this.我只付这些。（5）较更远His home is beyond the station.他的家比到车站还远。19、but（1）除之外（=except）He works everyday but Sunday.除星期天外，他每天都工作。Who but a fool do such a thing? 除了傻瓜谁还去做这种事呢？20、by（1）被，由，为The fish was eaten by the cat.鱼让猫吃了。Have you read Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare? 你读过莎士比亚的威尼斯商人吗？（2）在旁，在手头The village lies by the river.村子在小河旁。I have no money by me.我手头上没有钱。注意：by表示位置在旁边、靠近的意思时和beside互用；作“在手头”讲时，与about互用。（3）（时间）到以前，不迟于Please go to his office by two oclock.请在二点以前到他的办公室去。We work by day and sleep by night.我们白天工作，夜里睡觉。（4）支持Dont worry .We are standing by you.不用担心，我们支持你。（5）从旁经过I saw him run by the house.我见他从房子旁边跑过。（6）由于I took his pen by mistake.我错拿了他的笔。（7）依照，按照What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了？Never judge a person by his appearance.不要以貌取人。They are paid by the hour.他们的报酬以小时计算。Do you know the person by the name of Smith? 你认识名叫史密斯的那个人吗？（8）以，用，靠，借（方式，方法，手段）They took the enemy by surprise.他们突然袭击了敌人。We traveled by land.我们由陆路旅行。I caught him by the arm.我抓住了他的胳膊。We express our feeling by words.我们通过语言表达感情。He succeeded by working hard.他由于努力工作而获得成功。（9）逐个，一个一个地The students entered the classroom one by one.学生们一个一个地进入教室。Progress is made step by step.成绩是一步步取得的。（10）相差The price of medicine was reduced by 15%.药品价格降低了15%。He is older than me by three years.他比我大三岁。21、down（1）在下方Shanghai lies down the Changjiang River.上海位于长江的下游。My home is far down the street.我的家在这条街的尽头。（2）向.而下,沿着He was coming down the stairs when I came in.我进去的时候,他正在下楼。（3）沿而下，沿着Tears poured down her face.她泪如雨下。Go down the street and soon you will see the post office.沿着街向前走，很快你就会看到邮局。（4）（从住宅区或郊区）向（城内繁华区）Ill go down town to do some shopping.我要去城里买东西。22、during在期间，当之际He came to call on me during my absence.我不在的时候他来看我。They worked during