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浅谈高中英语长难句的分析曾秀苗常会有同学抱怨说有的句子太长而看不懂,不知道如何分析,结果影响了文章的整体理解和细节把握。以我们广东题型为例,完形填空,语法填空和阅读理解等题目中经常会出现一些长难句。虽然三种题型所考查的侧重点各有不同,但其共同点而且也是最基本的要求就是要对文章的内容和结构要有整体的理解。因此,对于句子结构,特别是长难句的正确理解和分析,往往起着至关重要的作用。所以,要提高学生的阅读理解能力,我们首先要着重培养学生句子结构分析的能力。一、 英语长句、难句的判断以及它们特点和分析方法对于英语长句的判断一般认为有25-30以上词的句子为长句、难句,或者叫复杂句,是指包含各种语法关系、两个以上主谓结构和特殊句型的句子。一般来讲,英语中的长句多为复杂句。由于中文的修辞顺序都是前置,而英语中可以有后置定语,扩展的后置定语常常是带从句或长修饰语的复杂句,中国学生对此很不习惯,这就造成了理解上的困难。所以,英语中的长句对于中国学生来讲就是难句。英语长句和难句的特点往往是结构复杂,逻辑层次多;常须根据上下文作词义的引申;或须根据上下文对指代词的指代关系做出判断;并列成分和插入成分多;修饰语多,特别是后置定语很长。比如下面的一句:It is all exciting idea to send two robots driving over very different places of Mars at the same time, to be able to see what is on the other side of the hill.这句话中的It是形式主语,真正主语是后面的不定式to send two robots。而第二个不定式to be able to see what is on the other side of the hill.则是two robots的后置定语修饰robots,由于太长和结构上的困难,不能直接放在robots后面,所以用逗号隔开放在后面了。这句话意思是:把两个机器人同时发送到火星不同地区,而两个机器人可以观察到火星山两边的情况,这个想法真激动人心。 其次是各种从句多,从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、嵌套,也可能并列,平行,如,名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句; 定语从句和状语从句。又如:(A)The woman at the desk gave him a bright smile(B)as he entered and, (C)after Peter had explained what sort of room(D) he was looking for, (E)he paid two pounds for a list of about half a dozen landladies (F)who had rooms to let. 分析:这个句子共有6个主谓结构,and连接了两个并列句,而这两个并列句又都是复合句。A是第一个并列句的主句;B是第一个复合句中的时间状语从句。C则是第二个复合句中的时间状语从句;D是时间状语从句中的定语从句;E则是第二个并列句的主句,F则是第二个并列句的主句中的定语从句,修饰landladies。这句话意思是:当Peter进来时,坐在桌边的女士向他爽朗笑了笑。在Peter告诉她他在找什么房子后,她让Peter交了6磅买了一份大约有6个要出租房子的女房东的名单。最后一句中的let意为“出租”。 还有,省略和倒装经常出现;由于结构的需要,常见的搭配常常会颠倒或提前等。我们再来看以下的例子Decision-thinking is not unlike poker it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. 分析:这句话不长,但是由于有好几个从句,并且还有省略,所以难度很大。破折号后面是进一步说明前面的内容。这是英语中常用的修辞手段。在it often matters not only what you think中, it是形式主语,真正的主语是what you think,这是个主语从句。原句的顺序应是:not only what you think matters, 这里的 matter作动词,表示很重要。后面句子中省略了两个matter。原句的顺序应是:but also what others think you think (matters) and what you think they think you think (matters). 这句话意思是:人们在做决定时的思维和打牌时的思维完全一样- 做决定时,我们不仅仅要考虑到我们的想法,而且还要考虑到别人会如何想你的想法;还有你会如何考虑别人是会怎样想你的想法的。最后一句中的荡不安what you think 是主语从句,they think是主语从句的宾语从句,而you think 又是they think的宾语从句。从上面的例子可以看出,长难句的理解不但考查学生的语境分析能力,而且还考查到他们的语法分析能力,必须要求有扎实的语法基础。但是,无论多长的句子、多么复杂的句子结构,它们都是由一些基本的成分组成的。英语句子的基本成分就是主语、谓语和宾语。除了祈使句外,英语句子不可缺少的就是主、谓、宾部分,它们是句子的核心,其它都是附加的。因此,在分析英语长句结构时,首先要找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干结构;找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;分析各从句的作用以及它们之间的关系。例如,是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句,状语从句或强调句、感叹句等;以及词、短语和从句之间的关系;分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分;分析中心内容及其各层意思,然后再分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系,最后综合以上分析得出全句的整体意思。分析的顺序应是:找出核心(主谓宾)- 分析其它部分之间或与核心部分(主谓宾)的关系 - 整合全句的意思。依据这个思路,我们再来分析以下一些长难句。例1:I have been told that there are lots of uses that can _.A. make of this machine B. be made of this machineC. be made from this machine D. make from this machine 分析:这个句子不长,但是由于它有三个主谓结构,(第一个,I have been to told,这是主语从句;第二个,that there are lots of uses;这是宾语从句;第三个是第二个that后面的句子,这是个定语从句), 而且还有个次序颠倒。原定语从句中的make use of中的use被提到前面的宾语从句中做主语了,加上定语从句又是个被动句,增加了句子的难度,许多同学没能分析出来,认为是在考 make of 和 make from的区别,不敢选B。这句话意思是:我被告知这个机器有许多用处。例2:(A )The study also showed (B)that the most sought-after quality in a person (C)who was looking for a job was communication skills, (D)noted as very important by 92 percent of the companies. (2004年全国卷I 阅读E篇 ) 分析:A是第一个主谓结构,是全句的主句。B是第二个主谓结构,做show的宾语,是宾语从句。句中的most sought-after是个复合形容词,意为:最为人们所追求的。C是第三个主谓结构,做person的定语从句。D由于没有主语,所以它是个分词结构,修饰 communication skills。这句话意思是:研究表明,用人单位最希望他们雇员能够有与人交际的能力。这种能力被92%的公司认为是最重要的。例3:Finally,(A) although some social science majors may still find it more difficult than their technically trained classmates to land the first job,(B)recent graduates report that they (C) don t regret their choice of study. (2004年全国卷I 阅读E篇 )分析:A是第一个主谓结构,由于有although引导,所以它是个让步状语从句。B是第二个主谓结构,是全句的主句。C是第三个主谓结构,做宾语从句。这句话意思是:最终尽管有些社会学的学生在找第一份工作时比学工科的同学要困难些,但是一些刚刚大学毕业的社会学学生并不后悔他们专业选择。例4语法填空 It soon became clear to the family, and particularly to young Charles,_ he was not suitable for a medical career. 这句里面有一个干扰的插入语“and particularly to young Charles”,我们应该看句子主干,是一个“It” 充当形式主语, “ that”后面是逻辑主语的主语从句。所以,空格中应填上”that”.整句的意思是:不久他的家人特别是小查理都很清楚,他是不适合做医生的。例句5:完形填空But Birdie was so(1)_ all day, running about the house and garden, (2)_ he was always ready for HIS nest at night.(1) A. busy B. naughty C. tired D. happy(2) A. where B. that C. what D.which第1小题主要是考核短语固定搭配,”be busy (in) doing sth.” 后面是接“running”,所以应选A,但很多学生受 “all day”后面的逗号干扰,而忽略了整个搭配。而第2小题是固定句型“so that” 的考核,所以应选B。整句的意思是:Birdie 整天在房子和花园忙活,所以晚上他总能把他的住所(巢穴)弄得很好。由以上几个例子我们可以看出,要提高阅读能力,必须要学会分析句子结构,特别是长句、难句。所以我们要做到以下几点:二、 应对策略1 扎实的英语句子结构和语法知识扎实的英语句子结构知识是分析长句、难句的基本功。在英语学习中,常常会出现这种现象,即:英语教师认为学生在初中就学过英语句子结构知识了,所以在教学中往往会忽视这块知识的教学。而学生们又会简单认为英语句子结构和中文差不多,对这块知识又不重视。因此,英语学习和复习中应该重点有针对性地、有所侧重地夯实这块知识的基本功。首先要掌握英语中5个最基本的句型。(1、S+V2、S+V+P 3.S+V+O 4、S+V+O+o5、S+V+O+C) 其次是要弄清句子中各块结构之间、修饰词语之间的关系。如,从句与主句之间的关系;什么是补语,英语中补语和汉语中的补语有什么不同;英语中倒装是怎么回事;英语中的句子结构分析和中文的句子结构分析有什么不同,等等。当然,还要系统整理基本语法知识,归纳熟悉特殊语法现象。这和句子分析语理解有着密切的关系。如例2中的noted as very important by 92 percent of the companies,如果分词基础不好的话,也就会理解错了。2 广博的词汇知识这几年高考英语卷中的非考纲词汇出现的越来越多,虽然没有达到3%(考纲中规定高考英语试卷可以有3%的非考纲词汇),但这无疑给学生理解增加了难度。如例2中的noted;sought-after ;例3中的majors; land the first job。这肯定是今后的出题方向,尤其是在2005年新课程标准实施之后。新课程标准在英语八级的词汇要求(高考要求)中提出,达到八级的高中生英语词汇要求时3300个左右的单词和400-500个习惯用语或固定搭配。而九级要求则是 4500个左右的单词和一定数量的习惯用语或固定搭配。很明显我国对高中生的英语词汇要求越来越高,这也一定会在高考试卷中逐渐的体现出来。因此,作为英语复习的基础,复习我们不仅必须全面掌握考纲要求的词汇和词组,还要细致地了解词根、词缀、近义辨析、同义比较、一般用法、固定搭配等。3细致的做题后的处理工作在学习和复习阶段很多同学在做完阅读理解方面有个误区,他们只把注意力放在做题目上,只追求做题的数量和正确率,而忽视了作题后的处理。没有把题目再仔细的看看,检查一下自己在理解和句子分析上存在着什么问题,看看文章中有什么值得自己去记和复习的语言现象。对于在阅读上有困难的同学,一定要在阅读完后再把文章反复地看几遍。目的有几个:1.把在做题时由于时间限制而无法理解的句子分析分析,弄清句子结构。锻炼自己分析句子的能力。2. 努力扩大自己的词汇知识,尤其是老词新意或是老词新词性。如例3中的 majors、land和graduates. 这些例子在我们的练习中几乎是俯拾皆是,千万不可视而不见。3. 注意文章中对英语国家的文化或社会习俗的介绍。这也是我们很多同学比较弱的一面。而又恰恰是这几年来高考英语试卷中越来越关注的方面,也是我们同学有时在分析了句子后还无法理解句子意思的原因。阅读中如何分析长难句近几年来,英语教学对阅读能力的要求越来越高,除了阅读量加大,词汇、语法知识要求提高外,更为突出的是阅读材料中难句增多。而难句又难在句子结构复杂、修饰语叠缀且信息容量大,是一些并列句、复合句或多种形式的定语、状语、插入语。有时一句话占几行,甚至是一个段落。如果对句法掌握不好或没养成理清复杂句子结构的习惯,对阅读文章中的长难句就会顾此失彼,影响对文章的理解。 下面我们来考察一下长难句的多种特点,并提出相应的解决办法。 1、多层修饰,插入成分或者补充说明的简单句(其中多层修饰包括v-ing/ v-ed/ adj./甚至从句)。 e.g. The second kind, situational loneliness, is a natural result of a particular situationfor example, a family problem, the death of a loved one or moving to a new place.(上海2001,D) 方法:根据英语中的五种基本句型结构,找出句中的主语、谓语、宾语或表语,特别是先确定谓语动词,其他成分如定语、状语、补语等即可一目了然。 Practice1: 1)More married men than women named their wife/husband as best friend, most trusted person or the one they would turn to in time of emotional distress(感情危机).(NMET2001,E) 2)The standard $200 package for eight children includes a basket filled with invitations, gifts, games and prizes, paper goods, a party planner and the like. 2、一个长句由几个并列、转折、递进、对比关系的分句组成是阅读材料中常见的类型之一。主要的连词有:and, but, for, or, while等,然后又在各个分句中加上一个或一个以上的从句。 e.g. In the earliest known history the islands were considered part of Normandy, which was part of France, but the ruler of Normandy became king of England in 1066, and from then on the islands were looked upon as British island.(2000春季高考,A) 方法:找出句中连词或者分号等,理清分句之间的关系,再把各层分句的意思加以连贯就构成了长句的意思。 Practice2: 1)Ken knew that Katherine of Aragon had died at Kimbotton in Cambridgeshire in 1536 and thought that Williams had buried there. 2)Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; wood was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from worldlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word “conservation” had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today. 3、一些长句其实是由一个主句和几个状语从句构成多层次的主从复合句,常见的状语从句有: 时间状语从句:由when, before, as soon as, next time等引导。 地点状语从句:由where等引导。 目的状语从句:由so that, in order that等引导。 结果状语从句:由so, so/suchthat, as a result, therefore, thus等引导。 条件状语从句:由if, unless, on condition that等引导。 让步状语从句:由although, though, no matter how, whenever, whoever等引导。 e.g. Whereas a womans closet female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.(NMET2001,E) 方法:找出连词,分清主句和从句,理清主从句之间的逻辑关系。 Pratice3: 1)If we make the earth a poor place to live on because we are careless or greedy(贪婪)or quarrelsome, our grandchildren will not bother to think of excuses for us. (NMET2001,D) 2)Yet I did not know the real American society until I was injured in a car accident because after the accident I had to see a doctorand go to court. (shanghai2000, B) 4、一个长句由若干个名词性从句构成,如主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和定语从句,加深句子的理解难度。 e.g. Pasteur discover that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine. With the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer. 方法:剔出从句,单独理解,再拼凑大意,便可降低难度。注意:分析时,注意找准同位语从句所解释说明的名词和定语从句的先行词。 1) What Winter knows the 19-year-old who saved hid life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honour his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation. 2) Few realize that the English language is actually Germanic in its beginning and that the French influences are all the result of ones ambition. (NMET2001,D) 5、特殊句型,如强调句,倒装句,省略句等。 方法:根据上下文和句子结构,使句子恢复原状,降低理解难度。 e.g. 1. No longer will the public accept the old attitude of “Buy it, use it, throw it away, and forget it”. The public will no longer accept the old attitude of “Buy it, use it, throw it away, and forget it”. 2. It was only after he had spent several nights digging around the cross that he decided to write to Kit Williams to find out if he was wasting his time there. He decided to write to Kit Williams to find out if he was wasting his time there only after he had spent several nights digging around the cross. Only after he had spent several nights digging around the cross did he decide to write to Kit Williams to find out if he was wasting his time there.EXERCISES 近几年来高考英语阅读理解长难句选析 1. As I was not experienced in cooking, I thought if a dozen was good, two dozen would be better so I doubled everything. (NMET2000,B) 高考题:Why did the womans attempt at making the bread turn out to be unsuccessful? A. The canned orange had gone bad. B. She didnt use the right kind of flour. C. The cookbook was hard to understand. D. She did not follow the directions closely. 2. The hot sun had caused the dough to double in size and the fermenting yeast(酵母)made the surface shake and sigh as though it were breathing. (NMET2000, D) 高考题:What made the dough in the bin look frightening? A. The rising and falling movement. B. The strange-looking marks C. Its shape D. Its size 3. Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundels, or struggling with their ballalators through the cribe. These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for things and ideas that e simply cant think of. (NMET 2000, D) 高考题:Spundels and ballalators are used in the text to refer to . A. tools used in farming B. ideas about modern life C. unknown things in the future D. hunting skills in the Stone Age 4. At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute. (NMET2000, E) 高考题:Before drooping rubbish into the chute you have to . A. lock the other floors chute doors B. check if the container is full C. press the correct button D. break up the rubbish 5. A recent study showed that two out of five adults now consider the environment safety of a product before they buy it. (NMET2001, C) 高考题:It becomes clear from the text that the driving force(动力)behind green product is . A. public caring for the environment B. companies desire for bigger sales C, new ways of doing things D. rapid growth of supermarket 6. When Americans visit Europe for the first time, they usually find Germany more “foreign” than France because the German they see on signs and advertisements seems much more different from English than French does. (NMET 2001, D) 高考题:Why does France appear less foreign than Germany to Americans on their visit to Europe? A. Most advertisements in France appear in English ones. B. They know little of the history of the English language. C. Many French words are similar to English ones. D. They know French better than German. 7. Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business. (NMET2001, C) 高考题:What is the meaning of “the organic trend ” as the words are used in the text? A. growing interest in organic food B. better quality of organic food C. rising market for organic food D. higher prices of organic food名师指点GRE阅读理解中长难句的解析方法来源:考试大 2008年06月20日 13:48英语长句一般指的是各种复杂句,复杂句里可能有多个从句,从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、嵌套,也可能并列,平行。所以翻译长句,实际上我们的重点主要放在对各种从句的翻译上。从功能来说,英语有三大复合句,即:名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;形容词性从句,即我们平常所说的定语从句;状语从句。 一、什么是长难句,特点和分析方法 复合长句即包含各种语法关系和特殊句型的句子。英语多长句,这是因为英语可以有后置定语。扩展的后置定语可以是带从句或长修饰语的复杂句。这些句子结构复杂,逻辑性强。但是,无论多长的句子、多么复杂的结构,它们都是由一些基本的成分组成的。只要弄清英语原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思,然后分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系。下面我们从结构、逻辑以及GRE考试中的长难句(最有典型性)来解析长难句的翻译以及理解。 二、英语长句的特点是什么? 英语长句一般指的是各种复杂句,复杂句里可能有多个从句,从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、嵌套,也可能并列,平行。所以翻译长句,实际上我们的重点主要放在对各种从句的翻译上。从功能来说,英语有三大复合句,即:名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;形容词性从句,即我们平常所说的定语从句;状语从句。 一般说来,英语长句有如下几个特点: 1)结构复杂,逻辑层次多; 2)常须根据上下文作词义的引申; 3)常须根据上下文对指代词的指代关系做出判断; 4)并列成分多; 5)修饰语多,特别是后置定语很长; 6)习惯搭配和成语经常出现。 三、GRE难句分析分为四大类: 第一类:复杂修饰成分 句子本不难,但是修饰成分多且长。1、从句(定语、状语、同位语从句等等);2、介词短语修饰;3、分词修饰;4、不定式修饰。经常是在同一个句子里既有从句又有介词短语,且都不止一个。 例:The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. 翻译:一个社会设计出来保存自己的方法得以形成来保持那个社会认为最重要的一些方面。读法:初级:读出主谓宾来。分析:主语:The methods; 谓语:com into being;不定式to引导表示目的状语。高级:直接读,见后。考查能力:考查考生的大脑容量。 第二类:大段的插入与或同位语,打断读者的思路,割裂前后之间的语义,造成理解的困难。我们称之为“打岔”。 例:Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations,rather than representations, of reality.(LSAT) 读法:初级:跳过插入语; 高级:直接读;查查能力:大脑容量+抗干扰能力 第三类:倒装:由于应该放在句首的成分太长,因此倒装到句末。也是一种人为现象。 例:That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 读法:需要经过训练后才能按正常语序读。 正常语序:That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants that an individual will have and hence the sex ratio which maximize the number of gene copies transmitted will be favered。 高级读法:直接读,见后:考查能力:大脑的排序能力 第四类:省略:相对以上三种来讲比较简单,在短句中大家一般都可以看出。 但是如果在长句中出现,特别是如果与以上三种之一甚至几种同时出现,也会给同学们带来很大的困难。如上例原句中的省略,在第二个the number of 前省略了sex ration which maximizes.【方法】考研阅读-分析长难句的有效方法一、为什么英语会存在长难句? 这时同学们会思考,汉语为什么不存在读起来就想让人自杀的句子?这要从英语的基本句型开始。 1、名词惹的祸 有名词就会存在修饰成分。名词后可能是of 短语、介词短语、形容词短语、分词、不定式或从句,不管其后是哪种成分,一般情况下,名词后面有一堆东西,这一堆东西一定是修饰或解释这个名词的。 我们最常用的句型就是主谓宾结构。比如说 I love you. 这句话每个人都能读懂,巨简单无比,但是在考研英语中这种句子如果能存在,就说明出题人今年一定是更年期了。 首先,英语中只要存在名词,就会存在修饰名词或解释名词的东西。所以,I 后面可能跟有这些成分.比如 liuxiaoyan,这个东西也是名词,名词后面还可能有修饰或限定成分,比如 who comes from chongqing university. 这个句子中最后一个成分还是名词,又可能存在着修饰限定成分,于是又可能来对chongqing university 做解释,which is the most important universities in china; 这时同学们已经可以自己推出来了,china后面还可能有修饰限定成分。同样的道理,you 后面也可以跟修饰限定成分。这样,一个所谓的长难句就诞生了。 I, liuxiaoyan, who comes from chongqing university, which is the most important universities in china, who is my motherland, love you ,who can make everybody stop to look at you in the street in which there are so many people who ; 在这个句子当中,你还能找出I love you 吗? 所以有了名词的存在就有了这么复杂的限定成分。 2、动词惹的祸 说到动词,首先要明白动词能做什么成份?动词只能做谓语,谓语只能是动词,并且一个句子中谓语不能多,只能有一个,所以我们需要把不做谓语的动词变成不是动词,如何把一个动词变成不是动词呢?三种变法:A、变成to do(不定式);B、变成v-ing(现在分词);C、变成done(过去分词)。 比如说“他来看我”,不能翻译成“he comes see me”;因为这个句子中只有comes 是谓语,所以see,变成了 to see,这就是动词不定式了。再如这句话,beat you is my fault. 显然is 是句子的谓语,所以beat 这个动词就不能作为动词出现了,要把它变成beating或者是to beat。也就是说,由于以上原因,英语中就存在了分词或动词不定式了。也就是说分词和不定式可以做英语句子的任何成分,除了不能作谓语。这也就是英语长难句存在的依据之二。 3、逗号惹的祸 这就要从标点来说起了.在汉语中,逗号完全可以连接两个并列完整的句子。比若说,“我爱你,你爱那条狗”。显然,写到作文中,是没有任何问题的。但是,译成英语:I love you, you love that dog. 是显然存在问题的,因为逗号不能连接两个完全并列的句子。 所以正确说法如下: A、用连词连接两个并列的句子 I love you ,but you love that dog. 这样就有了英语的并列句,在考研英语中,并列句是个难点也是重点。因为一般来说,有并列的句子,就会考到代词指代或省略。 比如:2002年65题Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 主句是有一个连词and 连接的两个并列的句子,后面的句子就省略了will continue to be rejected. B、用主从句来解决 逗号不能连接两个并列的句子,那把两个句子变得不并列就可以了,所以两个句子中的一个变成从句也是解决办法。即是:although I love you, you love that dog. (状语从句) 或I love you ,who loves that dog. (定语从句) C、用分词做状语来解决 逗号不能连接两个并列的句子,那只需要把其中的一个句子变成不是句子就行了。如何把句子变成不是句子?如上所述,只需要把谓语动词变成不是动词就可以了。于是,把前面句子中的love 变成loving 就搞定了。即是:my loving you , you love that dog. 综上所述,由于逗号的原因,我们就有了并列句、从句和分词或动词不定式作状语。 二、如何分析长难句? 知道了为什么会有长难句,那么我们就要知道如何分析这些句子的成分。首先,纠正一下同学们分析长难句的误区。那就是拿到一个句子时不要上来就开始读,读完就开始一个一个词地来翻译,这不叫句子分析,而是字字对译。 根据上面第一部分的分析和总结,分析长难句首先需要寻找下面几个点: 1、寻找谓语动词 找到了谓语动词,就说明有句子存在。首先,如何寻找谓语动词呢?很简单,有时态的动词就一定是谓语。然后,顺着谓语动词往前找,如果有引导词存在,说明这个谓语动词所在的句子就是个从句,再根据引导词前的单词判定这是个什么从句: A、如果引导词前是个名词,那就根据情况区别是定语从句还是同位语从句; B、如果引导词前是实意动词,那就说明这个从句是宾语从句; C、如果引导词前面是系动词,那就说明这个从句是表语从句; D、如果其前面是状语从句的引导词,那就说明这是个状语从句; 如果顺着谓语动词往前找,却没有引导词存在,那说明这是主句的谓语动词,那它的前面就是主语,后面就应该是宾语或表语。 例如:2005年48题 This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. 该句中的谓语动词已经用蓝色体标出来。Demonstrates 前面没有引导词,它就是主句的谓语动词;is 前有引导词that,且that 前是实意动词,所以这是宾语从句;show前有引导词that,其前是

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