Word版可编辑-汽车理论课程设计说明书精心整理.doc

汽车理论课程设计说明书 汽车理论课程设计说明书目 录1.车 辆 参 数.21.1车型一 .21.2车型五.22.车型一动力性能计算 .42.1发动机外特性功率与转矩曲线.32.2驱动力-行驶阻力平衡图.62.3最高车速amax.9 2.4汽车加速度和加速度倒数图.102.5加速时间t .14 2.6汽车爬坡度.142.7汽车动力特性图. .162.8汽车百公里耗油曲线图.192.9综合分析.213.车型五动力性能计算. 223.1发动机外特性功率与转矩曲线.223.2驱动力-行驶阻力平衡图.243.3最高车速amax.273.4汽车加速度和加速度倒数图.283.5加速时间.313.6汽车爬坡度.323.7汽车动力特性图.333.8汽车百公里油耗曲线图.353.9综合分析.374.心得体会.395.参考文献.40 一车 辆 参 数车型一：解放CA1091载货汽车一、发动机CA6102（附表一） Nmax=99kw(相应转速3000r/min) Mmax=373N.m(相应转速1400r/min)二、整车参数：1.尺寸参数：全长L=7205mm，全宽B=2476mm，全高H=2436mm，轴距L1=4050mm,前轮距B1=1850mm，后轮距B2=1740mm.2.重量参数（附表二）3.性能参数：变速箱传动比i1=7.64,i2=4.835,i3=2.856,i4=1.895,i5=1.377,i6=1,i倒=7.66。主减速器比io=6.33。车轮：9.00-20。 三、使用数据：滚动阻力系数f=0.03；道路阻力系数：强度计算用=1性能计算用=0.8空气阻力系数：Cd=0.8；迎风面积：A=0.78X宽X高；最大速度：Vmax=90km/h；最大爬坡度：28%；传动系效率：=0.9 表一：发动机参数转速n（r/min）10001200130014001600有效扭矩Tq(N.m)368.96370.12373.00366.12352.29耗油率b（g/(kw.h)）315.50306.79306.12305.90305.51转速n（r/min）18002000240028003000有效扭矩Tq(N.m)347.81342.32332.25319.44308.45耗油率b（g/(kw.h)）303.04306.34311.65322.34320.53表二：重量参数：空载满载车重（kg）42509445前桥（kg）20302485后桥（kg）22206960车型五：BJ122轻型载货汽车一、发动机475Q（附表一） Nmax=66马力(相应转速4500r/min) Mmax=11Kg.m(相应转速3000r/min)二、整车参数：1.尺寸参数：全长L=4425mm，全宽B=1695mm，全高H=1795mm，轴距L1=2400mm,前轮距B1=1440mm，后轮距B2=1260mm.2.重量参数（附表二）3.性能参数： 变速箱传动比i1=5.03,i2=2.73,i3=1.60,i4=1,i倒=5.46。主减速器比io=4.625。车轮：175R12子午线轻卡轮胎，滚动半径261mm。 三、使用数据： 滚动阻力系数f=0.0165（v50km/h)； 道路阻力系数：强度计算用=1；性能计算用=0.8； 空气阻力系数：Cd=0.05公斤.秒/(米)；迎风面积：A=0.77X宽X高； 最大速度：Vmax=90km/h； 最大爬坡度：28%； 传动系效率：=0.9表一：发动机参数转速n（r/min）10001500200025003000350040004500耗油率b（g/(kw.h)）272268258252256266270275表二：重量参数空载满载车重（kg）12502445前桥（kg）7631091.5后桥（kg）4871353.5二、车型一动力性能计算2.1发动机外特性功率与转矩曲线取发动机参数如表2.1所示： 表2.1 发动机参数转速n（r/min）10001200130014001600耗油率b（g/(kw.h)）315.50306.79306.12305.90303.51转速n（r/min）18002000240028003000耗油率b（g/(kw.h)）303.04306.34311.65322.34320.53根据发动机转矩经验公式得到相应转速下的转矩和功率如表2-1-2所示：表2.2对应转速下的转矩和功率转速n（r/min）10001200130014001600转矩Ttq（N.m）369.38372.10372.77373372.10功率Pe（Kw）38.6946.7650.7454.6862.34转速n（r/min）18002000240028003000转矩Ttq（N.m）369.38364.87350.40328.71315.15功率Pe（Kw）69.62764188.0696.3899用c语言编程，得到发动机的外特性曲线如下：double Tq(double n)double t=n/1000;return 328.5987+63.5247*t-22.8209*pow(t,2)+0.0975*pow(t,3)-0.0211*pow(t,4)+0.0018*pow(t,5);/ TODO: add draw code for native data heredouble n,Pe,Ua,TQ;int x,y;/x轴的绘图坐标值等于Ua*5，y轴的绘图坐标值是Ft/100;int i;int t;/画刻度用/绘图坐标占据空间是500*500像素pDC-MoveTo(40,500);pDC-LineTo(500,500);/x轴pDC-MoveTo(40,500);pDC-LineTo(40,100);/y1轴 pDC-MoveTo(500,500);pDC-LineTo(500,100);/y2轴/箭头 pDC-TextOut(50,90,Pe/kw);pDC-MoveTo(40,100);pDC-LineTo(36,110);/y1轴箭头左半部分pDC-MoveTo(40,100);pDC-LineTo(44,110);/y1轴箭头右半部分 pDC-TextOut(500,90,Ttq/(N.m);pDC-MoveTo(500,100);pDC-LineTo(496,110);/y2轴箭头左半部分pDC-MoveTo(500,100);pDC-LineTo(504,110);/y2轴箭头右半部分pDC-TextOut(400,510,n/(r/min); /画y1轴刻度t=20;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,10);t=40;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,20);t=60;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,30);t=80;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,40);t=100;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,50);t=120;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,60);t=140;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,70);t=160;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,80);t=180;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,90);t=200;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,100)/画y2轴的刻度t=50;pDC-MoveTo(500,500-t);pDC-LineTo(500-7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(510,492-t,100);t=100;pDC-MoveTo(500,500-t);pDC-LineTo(500-7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(510,492-t,150);t=150;pDC-MoveTo(500,500-t);pDC-LineTo(500-7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(510,492-t,200);t=200;pDC-MoveTo(500,500-t);pDC-LineTo(500-7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(510,492-t,250);t=250;pDC-MoveTo(500,500-t);pDC-LineTo(500-7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(510,492-t,300);t=300;pDC-MoveTo(500,500-t);pDC-LineTo(500-7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(510,492-t,350);t=350;pDC-MoveTo(500,500-t);pDC-LineTo(500-7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(510,492-t,400); for(n=600;nMoveTo(40+n/10,500-Pe*2);elsepDC-LineTo(40+n/10,500-Pe*2); for(n=600;nMoveTo(40+n/10,500-TQ/1.1);else pDC-LineTo(40+n/10,500-TQ/1.1);/作标志线 pDC-TextOut(300,280,功率Pe); pDC-TextOut(200,120,转矩Ttq); 图2.1 发动机外特性中的功率和转矩曲线2.2驱动力-行驶阻力平衡图1）汽车的驱动力（单位为N）为：Ft=t (2-1)其中车速ua（km/h）与发动机转速n (r/min)之间的关系为Ua=0.377 (2-2)代入数据,解得结果如表2.3所示：2.3 转速与车速及驱动力的关系转 速一 挡二 挡三 挡uaFtuaFtuaFt10003.8432611.146.0720638.0710.2812190.7612004.6132851.287.2920790.0512.3412280.5313005.0032910.437.9020827.4813.3712302.6414005.3832930.748.5020840.3814.3912310.2316006.1532851.289.7220790.0516.4512280.5318006.9232611.1410.9320638.0718.5112190.7620007.6932212.9712.1520386.0920.5612041.9224009.2230935.4714.5819577.6224.6711564.36280010.7629020.5517.0018365.7528.7910848.52300011.5327823.3918.2217608.1230.8410400.99转 速四 挡五 挡六 挡uaFtuaFtuaFt100015.498088.7621.325877.6929.364268.47120018.598148.3225.595920.9735.234299.91130020.148162.9927.725931.6338.174307.65140021.698168.0329.855935.2942.114310.31160024.798148.3234.125920.9746.984299.91180027.898088.7638.385877.6952.854268.47200030.997990.0042.655805.9358.724216.36240037.197673.1351.185575.6770.474049.15280043.387198.1659.715230.5482.213798.50300046.486901.2263.975014.7788.093641.802) 汽车在良好路面上行驶时经常遇到的滚动阻力Ff和空气阻力Fw为Ff+Fw=Gf+ (2-3)其中取g=9.8，G=92561，f=0.03，Cd=0.8，A=4.7046，结果如表2.4所示。表2.4 转速与行驶阻力的关系ua424446484Ff+Fw2779.682879.333121.353505.724032.463) 代入以上数据用计算机绘制驱动力-行驶阻力平衡图double Tq(double n)double t=n/1000;return 328.5987+63.5247*t-22.8209*pow(t,2)+0.0975*pow(t,3)-0.0211*pow(t,4)+0.0018*pow(t,5);/ TODO: add draw code for native data heredouble n=1000,Ig,Ft,Ua,TQ;int x,y;/x轴的绘图坐标值等于Ua*4，y轴的绘图坐标值是Ft/100;int i;int t;/画刻度用double IG6=7.64,4.835,2.856,1.895,1.377,1.0;/绘图坐标占据空间是560*500像素pDC-MoveTo(40,500);pDC-LineTo(560,500);/x轴pDC-MoveTo(40,500);pDC-LineTo(40,100);/y轴/画x轴刻度pDC-TextOut(35,505,0);t=50;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,10);t=100;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,20);t=150;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,30);t=200;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,40);t=250;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,50);t=300;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,60);t=350;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,70);t=400;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,80);t=450;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,90);/画y轴的刻度t=50;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,5000);t=100;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,10000);t=150;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,15000);t=200;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,20000);t=250;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,25000);t=300;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,30000);t=350;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,35000);/箭头pDC-MoveTo(40,100);pDC-LineTo(36,110);/y轴箭头左半部分pDC-MoveTo(40,100);pDC-LineTo(44,110);/y轴箭头右半部分pDC-TextOut(50,90,F/N);pDC-MoveTo(560,500);pDC-LineTo(550,496);/x轴箭头左半部分pDC-MoveTo(560,500);pDC-LineTo(550,504);/x轴箭头右半部分pDC-TextOut(560,505,ua/(km/h);for(i=0;i6;i+)Ig=IGi;for(n=1000;nMoveTo(40+Ua*5,500-Ft/100);elsepDC-LineTo(40+Ua*5,500-Ft/100);for(Ua=0;UaMoveTo(40+Ua*5,500-Ft/100);elsepDC-LineTo(40+Ua*5,500-Ft/100); 图2.2汽车驱动力-行驶阻力平衡图2.3确定最高车速图2.2是车型一驱动力-行驶阻力平衡图。由上图可以清晰的看出不同车速的时候驱动力和行驶阻力之间的关系。汽车以最高档行驶时的最高车速，可以直接由Ft6与F的交点取得。因为此时驱动力和行驶阻力相等，汽车处于稳定的平衡状态。用c语言编程，求出最高车速.#includeint main()long double n，x,y,a,b=1.0,c=6.33,d=0.9,e,t;for(n=0.01;n=10000.0L;n+=0.01)t=n/1000,a=328.5987+63.5247*pow(t,1)-22.8209*pow(t,2)+0.0975*pow(t,3)-0.0211*pow(t,4)+0.0018* pow(t,5);x=a*b*c*d/0.493;e=0.377*0.493*n/6.33;y=0.03*92561+0.8*4.7046*e*e/21.15;if(x-y) MoveTo(40,500);pDC-LineTo(560,500);/x轴pDC-MoveTo(40,500);pDC-LineTo(40,100);/y轴 /画x轴刻度pDC-TextOut(40,505,0);t=50;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,10);t=100;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,20);t=150;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,30);t=200;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,40);t=250;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,50);t=300;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,60);t=350;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,70);t=400;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,80);t=450;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,90);/画y轴的刻度t=50;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,0.5);t=100;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,1);t=150;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,1.5);t=200;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,2);t=250;pDC-MoveTo(40,500-t);pDC-LineTo(40+7,500-t);pDC-TextOut(0,492-t,2.5);/箭头pDC-MoveTo(40,100);pDC-LineTo(36,110);/y轴箭头左半部分pDC-MoveTo(40,100);pDC-LineTo(44,110);/y轴箭头右半部分pDC-TextOut(50,90,a);pDC-MoveTo(560,500);pDC-LineTo(550,496);/x轴箭头左半部分pDC-MoveTo(560,500);pDC-LineTo(550,504);/x轴箭头右半部分pDC-TextOut(560,505,ua/(km/h);for(j=0;j6;j+)Kg=KGj; for(i=0;i6;i+) if(i=j) Ig=IGi;for(n=1000;nMoveTo(40+Ua*5,500-a/95);elsepDC-LineTo(40+Ua*5,500-a/95); 图2.3汽车加速度曲线图由图2.3可知加速度曲线图没有交点,则加速时间为各挡加速行驶至发动机的最高转速换入下一挡的时间。2.4.2汽车的加速度倒数曲线图double Tq(double n)double t=n/1000;return 328.5987+63.5247*t-22.8209*pow(t,2)+0.0975*pow(t,3)-0.0211*pow(t,4)+ 0.0018*pow(t,5);/ TODO: add draw code for native data here double n=1000,Ig,Kg,Ft,Ua,a,b,TQ;int x,y;/x轴的绘图坐标值等于Ua*5，y轴的绘图坐标值是b*30;int i,j; int t;/画刻度用double IG6=7.64,4.835,2.856,1.895,1.377,1.0;double KG6=1.41,1.21,1.09,1.06,1.04,1.03 ;/绘图坐标占据空间是560*500像素pDC-MoveTo(40,500);pDC-LineTo(560,500);/x轴pDC-MoveTo(40,500);pDC-LineTo(40,100);/y轴/画x轴刻度pDC-TextOut(40,505,0);t=50;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,10);t=100;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,20);t=150;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,30);t=200;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,40);t=250;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,50);t=300;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,60);t=350;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,70);t=400;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,80);t=450;pDC-MoveTo(40+t,500);pDC-LineTo(40+t,500-7);pDC-TextOut(35+t,505,90);/箭头pDC-MoveTo(40,100);pDC-LineTo(36,110);/y轴箭头左半部分pDC-MoveTo(40,100);pDC-LineTo(44,110);/y轴箭头右半部分pDC-TextOut(50,90,1/a);pDC-MoveTo(560,500);pDC-LineTo(550,496);/x轴箭头左半部分pDC-MoveTo(560,500);pDC-LineTo(550,504);/x轴箭头右半部分pDC-TextOut(560,505,ua/(km/h);for(j=0;j6;j+) Kg=KGj; for(i=0;i6;i+) if(i=j) Ig=IGi; for(n=1000;nMoveTo(40+Ua*5,500-b*30); elsepDC-LineTo(40+Ua*5,500-b*30); 图2.4汽车加速度倒数曲线图2.5加速时间t数学表达式：dt= du (2-4)a=du/dt=m/Ft-(Ff+Fw (2-5)其中ua=0.377 用c语言编程,分别求满载和空载时各个挡的加速时间.满载时车型一的加速时间：一挡：#include#includemain()long double ua,n,Ttq,Ft,Fw,r=0.493,m=9445,a,b,A,sum=0;for(ua=0.00;ua=13.451106;ua+=0.000001) n=ua*7.64*6.33/0.377/r;Ttq=328.5987+63.5247*pow(n/1000,1)-22.8209*pow(n/1000,2)+0.0975* pow(n/1000,3)-0.0211*pow(n/1000,4)+0.0018*pow(n/1000,5); Ft=Ttq*7.64*6.33*0.9/0.493; Ff=0.03*m*9.8; Fw=0.8*0.78*2.476*2.436*ua*ua/21.15; a=(Ft-Ff-Fw)/1.41/m; b= 1/a; A=b*0.000001; sum+=A;printf(起步加速到一档最高车速时间t=%Lfn,sum);运行结果起步加速到一挡最高车速时间t=6.479146s同理得:二挡加速时间t=5.937872s三挡加速时间t=19.643612s四挡加速时间t=48.864927s五挡加速时间t=330.396912s所以此车型满载时从0起步加速挂上6挡的时间为t=6.479+5.937+19.644+48.865+330.397=411.322s.空载时加速时间t=1.560+1.350+1.818+8.108+23.287+55.369=91.492.s2.6汽车爬坡度1）汽车爬坡度的定义汽车的爬坡能力是指汽车在良好路面上克服Ft+Fw后的余力全部用来克服坡度阻力时能爬上的坡度。2）数学表达式 Ft=Ff + Fi+Fw+Fj （2-6） = （2-7）在求最大爬坡度时，=0，所以D=f+i。一挡时，坡度较大，此时=-f之误差较大。则用=f+sin计算，将=代入上式，整理后得 =arcsin （2-8） =tana （2-9）汽车一挡时的爬坡能力较强，此时ig1=7.64.用c语言编程，先求出坡度角的正弦值sinA=0.327371.#include#include main()long double n，x,y,p,b,c,d,h,t,k,t,j=0.0;for(n=0.0;n=0) j=t; printf (坡度角的正弦值sinA=%lfn,j);运行结果坡度角的正弦值sinA=0.327371所以汽车的爬坡度=0.346462.7动力特性图2.7.1动力特性图定义汽车在各档下的动力因数与车速的关系称为动力特性图，在图上，滚动阻力系数f-ua与直接挡D-ua曲线的交点即为汽车的最高车速。2.7.2数学公式动力因数：D= （2-10）其中G=92561N，Fw= 代入数据，结果如表2.5所示： 表2.5 转速与车速及动力因数的关系转 速一 挡二 挡三 挡uaDuaDuaD10003.840.352296.070.2229010.280.1315012004.610.354877.290.2245112.340.1328313005.000.355517.900.2248913.370.1325714005.380.355728.500.2250114.3