自考英语语法总复习.doc

（2）主语从句 1 定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。2 构成：关联词+简单句3 引导主语从句的关联词有三类：(1) 从属连词that。 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。(2) 从属连词whether。如：Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。Wherever you are is my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。解释：1 主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如：Its a pity that we cant go. 很遗憾我们不能去。Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如：It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。E. It+doesnt matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！2注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。（16）被动语态 (I)被动语态的概念 语态也是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，如：People grew rice in this area some years ago.被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，如：A new swimming pool will be built on our school.(II)被动语态的构成 被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称，数，时态和语气的不同而变化。各种时态的被动语态形式如下：1.一般现在时 am/is/are+V(p.p)人们利用电能运转机器。People use electricity to run machines. Electricity is used to run machines.Is electricity used to run machines? Yes, it is . / No, it isnt.2.一般过去时 was/were + V(p.p)昨天我们在山坡上种了许多树。We planted many trees on the hill yesterday.Many trees were planted on the hill yesterday.Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday? Yes, they were. / No, they were not.3.一般将来时 will/shall +be+V(p.p)下星期我们将举行一场运动会。We will hold a sports meeting next week.A sports meeting will be held next week. Will a sports meeting be held next week? Yes, it will. / No, it wont.4.过去将来时 should/would +be+V(p.p)他告诉我们人们将在他家乡建一个大水坝。He told us that people would build a big reservoir in hishometown. We were told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown.Were you told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown? Yes, we were./No, we werent.5.现在进行时 am/is/are +being+V(p.p) 他正在油漆房子。He is painting the house. A house is being painted.Is the house being painted? Yes, it is. / No, it isnt .6.过去进行时 was/were +being+V(p.p)当我进厨房时，她正在做蛋糕。She was making a cake when I came into the kitchen.A cake was being made when I came into the kitchen.Was a cake being made when I came into the kitchen? Yes, it was./ No, it wasnt.7.现在完成时 have/has +been+V(p.p)他已经结束工作了。He has finished his work. His work has been finished.Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasnt.8.过去完成时 had +been+V(p.p)到上个月为止，他们已经把这本书翻译成了英语。They had translated the book into English by the end of last month.The book had been translated into English by the end of last month.Had the book been translated into English by the end of last month? Yes, it had./ No, it hadnt.9.将来完成时will have +been+V(p.p) The students will have learned 2,000 words by the end of next year.2,000 words will have been learned by the end of next year.Will 2,000 words have been learned by the end of next year? Yes, they will./No, they wont.10. 过去将来完成时would have +been+V(p.p)He told me that Mr. Brown would have taught them for two years by the next summer.I was told that they would have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by the next summer.注：1.含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+be+V(p.p)”构成。如：You must operate the machine with care. The machine must be operated with care.Must the machine be operated with care? Yes, it must. / No, it mustnt.2.含有“be going to”, “be to”等结构的谓语，变成被动语态时，分别用“be going to +be +V(p.p)”和“be to+be+V(p.p)”。如：We are going to discuss the problem at the meeting.The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.Is the problem going to be discussed at the meeting? Yes, it is. / No, it isnt.3.被动语态除常用be加过去分词构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中。如：The boy got hurt when he was riding to school.4.被动语态没有完成进行时态，也没有将来进行时态，如果要将这些时态的主动结构变为被动结构，可以用完成时态或一般将来时态来表示。如：他已被检查过了。He had been being examined.通常用He has been examined.来代替。 当我们到那儿时他将正被检查。He will be being examined when we get there.通常用He will be examined when we get there.(III)被动语态的几种句型将主动语态转换成被动语态，通常分以下四步进行：1.将主动语态中的宾语转换成被动语态的主语。2.将主动语态中的动词改为“be+V(p.p)”3.原来主动语态中的主语，如果需要，放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现，如没有必要，可以省略。4.主动语态中的其他句子成分不变。由于主动语态结构的不同，因而转换成被动语态的方式也各有不同，现分类说明如下：a.由及物动词形成的被动语态：(1)S+V+O 主语+动词+宾语People grow rice in the south. Rice is grown in the south.注：带有宾语从句的句子转换成被动语态时，需要将宾语从句变为主语从句，通常用形式主语来代替，而将主语从句后置。They said that he would come back soon. It was said that he would come back soon.类似的还有：It is reported / believed /hoped /supposed that (2)S+V+O+C 主语+动词+宾语+宾补We elected Li Ming monitor of our class. Li Ming was elected monitor of our class.注：在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾补变为被动结构时应加上to作主语补足语。奴隶们被奴隶主强迫整日整夜工作。Slave-owners made slaves work all day and all night.Slaves were made to work all day and all night by slave-owners.(3)S+V+Oi+Od 主语+动词+间宾+直宾 昨天他给了我一件漂亮的生日卡。He gave me a beautiful birthday card yesterday. I was given a beautiful birthday card yesterday.A beautiful birthday card was given to me yesterday.注：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词。如：to, for, of等，以加强间接宾语的语气。b.由动词短语形成的被动语态： 一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动词不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，就可以形成被动语态。约翰打开了收音机。John turned on the radio. The radio was turned on.奶奶照看我姐姐。Grandma takes care of my sister. My sister is taken care of by Grandma.注：千万不要遗漏介词或副词。c.祈使句的被动语态通常借助let句式请把窗户关上。Please close the window. Let the window be closed.(IV)被动语态的使用时机 被动语态的使用往往不是任意的，而是按照表达思想，描述事物的需要，通常在下列情况下使用被动语态。1.不知道或不必说出动作的执行者。这本书已被翻译成许多种语言。This book has been translated into many languages.2.动作的对象是谈话的中心。我们家乡将建一条新铁路。A new railway will be built in our hometown.3.修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练匀称：他出现在舞台上受到了观众的热烈欢迎。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.注：被动语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章，新闻报道，书刊介绍及景物描写。(I)被动语态与系表结构的区别：所谓系表结构，在此指“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。1.被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用by+人或by+抽象名词表动作的执行者，而后者则一般用by+物或不用。如：The tree was uprooted by the wind.（被动结构）那棵树被风连根拔起。 The tree was uprooted when we saw it.（系表结构）当我们看到那棵树时，它已经被连根拔起了。2.系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时这四种时态；而被动语态除了不用于完成时态外，可用于其它任何时态。The composition has been written.这篇作文已写完了。（系表结构）The composition is being written.这篇作文正在写。（被动语态）3.系表结构中的过去分词可被very修饰，被动语态中的过去分词须用much修饰。He was very agitated.他很激动。（系表结构）He was much agitated by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。（被动结构）4.be+不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构，如：be gone, be learned, be ashamed这些动词通常是表示状态，智力活动或心态的动词。be+延续性动词的过去分词通常是被动语态，如：be loved, be encouraged, be praised 等。(II)主动形式表被动意义 在下列情况中，谓语形式是主动的，但具有被动的含义。1.转化为系动词的感官动词+表语The food tastes delicious.这种食物尝起来很可口。The idea sounds good.这个主意听起来不错。2.有少数及物动词转化而来的不及物动词，常见的有：cut, lock, open, read, sell, shut, wash,wear, write等。此时句子的主语一般是物，而且这些动词常和表示行为的状语，如：well, easily或与否定词连用构成否定句。如：The apples sell well.这些苹果很好卖。The door wont shut.这门关不上。注：含有这类动词的句子也可写成被动语态的句子，但含义不同。主动语态表示现状，被动语态则侧重某一动作的发生。The clothes wash well.这些衣服很好洗。The clothes arent well washed.这些衣服没好好洗。3. 某些动词以物作主语时，其进行时也可表被动意义。The dinner is cooking. 正在烧饭。The book is printing.书正在印刷中。4.一些固定句型表示被动含义 a. be worth doing sthThe film is well worth seeing.这部电影很值得一看。b. have/ get sb/sth done have作使役动词没有被动语态，但可用这种结构表被动或使役。I had my watch stolen.我的手表被偷了。c. sth need/want/require doing=sth need /want/require to be doneThe room needs cleaning.=The room needs to be cleaned.这间房屋需要打扫。d. to be under/in +抽象名词 The railway is under construction.这条铁路正在被修建。e.一些不定式 （1）There be There are a lot of things to do.有许多工作要做。(2)不定式修饰want, have等动词的宾语，且句子主语是不定式动作的执行者。I have a lot of things to do.我有许多事情要做。(3)动词不定式前有表性质的形容词，且动词不定式中的动词与句子主语有动宾关系。The question is easy to answer.这个问题很容易回答。(4)当不定式修饰buy, get, give等动词的直接宾语，而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时 I bought him a story-book to read.我给他买了本故事书看看。(5)在 “This(that) is +名词”的句型中，修饰表语的不定式用主动形式表被动。This is a hard question to answer.这是个很难回答的问题。(III)主动语态不能改成被动语态的情况1.有些动词虽是及物动词，但由于表示的是状态或关系，通常不用于被动语态，常见的这类动词有leave, enter, reach, resemble, suit, lack, benefit等。这男孩像他爸爸。The boy resembles his father.2.不可拆开的短语动词如：take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等短语动词。台湾属于中国。Taiwan Island belongs to China.3.宾语是a.反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，动名词等。b.虚词it,如foot it, cab it等。 c.身体的某一部分如shake ones head等。d.某些抽象名词等，如：interest等。I. Multiple choice1. No permission has _ for anybody to enter the building.(MET 88) A. been given B. given C. to give D. be giving2. I _ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.(MET 89) A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given3. The police found that the house _ and a lot of things _.(MET90) A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen4. -Have you moved into the new house? - Not yet, the rooms _.(MET 91) A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painted5. As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends.(NMET 2001) A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed6. Cleaning women in big cities usually get _ by the hour.(NMET 98) A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay7. Great changes _ in the city, and a lot of factories _. A. have been taken place, have been set up B. have taken place, have been set up C. have taken place, have set up D. were taken place, were set up8. The suits finished, _ it? A. doesnt B. isnt C. hasnt D. has9. The surface of the table _ smooth enough. A. hasnt felt B. doesnt feel C. isnt feeling D. isnt felt10. Such plants never _ in this part of the world. A. have grown B. are growing C. grow D. are grown11. These kinds of shoes _ well. A. were not sold B. wont be sold C. are not sold D. dont sell12. Text books _ to come in time. A. require B. required C. are required D. are requiring13. When the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners _. A. had seated B. were seated C. seated D. were seating14. Dont get that ink on your shirt, for it _. A. wont wash out B. wont be washing C. isnt washing out D. doesnt wash out15. Tom _ to work in the office though he didnt like serving there. A. wanted B. was wanted C. was wanting D. had wanted16. He said he wouldnt mind _ at home. A. leaving alone B. being left alone C. to be left lonely D. to leave alone17. Tom was said to _ Mary for 40 years. A. have been married to B. have married withC. has bee n married D. had married with18. The TV play _ last night. A. was tired out me B. tired out me C. was tired me out D. tired me out 19. I remember _ for the job, but I forget the exact amount. A. to be paid B. being paid C. to pay D. paying20. In front of the hall color flags were _. A. hunged B. hanged C. hang D. hanging答案：15 ABDAA 610 CBBBC 1115 DCBAB 1620 BADBD 二 翻译下列句子1据说她能讲几种外国语。2城里的大部分街道都拓宽了。3我们不太可能被邀请参加这个聚会。4他应该为他做的是受到惩罚。5这些书是为儿童写的吗？6这本书在他的学校里正在被用作教科书。7更多的人将被派到那儿去帮助工作。（1）表语从句1 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。2 构成：关联词+简单句3 引导表语从句的关联词的种类：(1) 从属连词that。如：The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday.这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如：It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。解释：1 连词because可引导表语从句。如：I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。2 在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。（3）宾语从句 1 定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。2 构成：关联词+简单句3 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：(1) 从属连词that。如：He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。注： that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。1 Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。)大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。2I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。)对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。3That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe. (that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。)我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。4 We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。)鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。(2)从属连词if/whether。如：I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。I dont know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：Who or what he was, Martin never learned.他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。I wonder what hes writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。Ill tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。(1) 介词宾语从句宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他对那天发生的事感到很不快。I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。有时介词可以省略。如：I dont care (for) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。解释：1如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已表明他不会屈服。2作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如：Are you sorry for what youve done?你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？3某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。如：I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能确定我该做什么。Im afraid you dont understand what I said.恐怕你没领会我说的意思。Im surprised that I didnt see all that before.我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。4连词whether (or not)或if引导的宾语从句if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如：I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用wheter。试比较：Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。5宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：I dont think you are right. 我认为你错了。I dont believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。I dont suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是吗？6 宾语从句的时态变化规律：(1) 当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。(2) 当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳运行。（6）不定式的构成1. 不定式的构成不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）： 主动式被动式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing/完成进行式to have been doing/1) 不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。如：They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。2) 不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之后发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。如：She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do. 我本来想告诉你这件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country. 对我来说，在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。3) 不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如：Its nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，这些天一直帮我们。He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地听老师讲课。We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here. 我