学习高级英语

UnitTenStraight AIlliteracy LearningobjectivesLearntowriteinaconciseandclearway Developfullconsciousnessofstyle Teachingprocedures DictionaryandLibraryworkComprehensivequestionsDetailedlearningofthetextTextanalysis plight condition state orsituation esp aserious sad difficultorunfavorableoneasoftenasnot atleasthalfthetime frequentlyarticulate usinglanguageeasilyandfluently havingfacilitywithwordsacovetedfellowship afellowship i e themoneygiventopostgraduatestudentstoallowthemtocontinuetheirstudiesatanadvancedlevel thateveryonelongsjealouslytopossessallegorically figuratively gibberish talkorwritingcontainingmanyobscure pretentious ortechnicalwords meaninglessorunintelligibletalkorwritingprovidentially fortunately luckilyinexorably inescapablyprofundity profoundordeepmattersE g ascholarofgreatprofundity grapplewith trytodealwith 1 Allegory2 Pleasureprinciple3 Bright sdisease 1 Allegoryaformofimaginativeliteratureconstructedinsuchawaythattheirreadersareencouragedtolookformeaningshiddenbeneaththeliteralsurfaceofthefiction anarrativeinwhichthecharacters eventsandsettingrepresentdeepertruthsorgeneralizationsthanthosesuggestedbythesurfacestory abroadtermcoveringanypieceofwritingorimagewhichhasmeaningsadditionaltotheliteralsense Greekwordallegoria whichmeans speakingotherwise Allegoryisastoryeitherinverseorinprosewithadoublemeaning surfacemeaning astory andunder the surfacemeaning ahiddentruth Allegoryareeffectiveinteachingorexplainingsomeabstractidea Theyarefavorablyusedinmoralteaching 讽喻 文学体裁的一种 含有讽喻或明显教训意义的故事 它的结构简短 主人公可以是人 可以是动物 也可以是无生物 多用借喻手法 使富有教训意义的主题或深刻的道理在简单的故事中体现 寓言式文学作品这种体裁 常带有讽刺或劝戒的性质 用假托的故事或拟人手法说明某个道理或教训 寓 有 寄托 的意思 最早见于 庄子 寓言 篇 有同名歌曲和音乐专辑 Allegoryisastoryorvisualimagewithaseconddistinctmeaningpartiallyhiddenbehinditsliteralorvisiblemeaning Theprincipaltechniqueofallegoryispersonification wherebyabstractqualitiesaregivenhumanshape asinpublicstatueofLibertyorJustice ThemostfamousreligiousallegoryinEnglishisBunyan sThePilgrim sProgress Inallegories namesofthecharactersandplacesareoftensymbolsofcertainqualities InBanyan sPilgrim sProgress fromthenamesofthecharacters Christian 基督徒 信徒 Mr Blind man Mr No good thenamesofplaces VanityFair 浮华世界 CelestialCity 天国 wecaneasilyunderstandthemeaningbehindthesenames ThePilgrim sProgressAreligiousallegory 这部英国古典文学名著被誉为 英国文学中最著名的寓言 十七世纪英国清教徒约翰 班扬因不信奉国教 被关押在狱十二年之久 天路历程 作为他狱中心血凝成的杰作 被译成多种文字 在世界各地不断再版 家喻户晓的程度仅次于 圣经 本书讲述了一个坚韧的基督徒为寻求永生而踏上荆棘遍布的漫漫长旅 充满危险 诱惑与灾难的尘世被他一步步抛弃 只为负罪的灵魂在高天之上得到迎接 小说人物形象丰满 想像奇特 故事生活化 对人性弱点的观照尖锐而深刻 理想主义的热情震撼人心 因而超越了时间和宗教的局限 在成书三百多年后的今天依然光彩夺目 Allegory Fable和Parable 相同点 不直接说明一个道理 不同点 1 寓言 Allegory 是建立在假借过去或别处的事例与对象之上 传达暗示 影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义 2 言浅意深的寓言 Fable 是大师级的儿童文学家李欧 李奥尼最惯用的创作语言 是 隐喻 却浅显得连幼儿都看得懂的手法 3 指 道德说教性的 犹指圣经中的 寓言 比较简洁 2 Pleasureprinciple Manisbothabiologicalanimalandsocialbeing Inkeepingwithhisbiologicalendowment mantendstoseekpleasureandtoavoidpain Thistruismisknownasthe pleasureprinciple InFreudianpsychology thepleasureprincipleisthepsychoanalyticconceptdescribingpeopleseekingpleasureandavoidingsuffering pain inordertosatisfytheirbiologicalandpsychologicalneeds Specifically pleasureprincipleisadrivenforceofid Furthermore thecounterpartconcept therealityprinciple describespeoplechoosingtodefergratificationofadesirewhencircumstantialrealitydisallowsitsimmediategratification Ininfancyandearlychildhood theidrulesbehaviorbyobeyingonlythepleasureprinciple Peopleinthatagewouldonlyseekforimmediategratificationinordertoreducetheirurgessuchashunger thirstorevensex Maturityislearningtoendurethepainofdeferredgratification whenrealityrequiresit thus thePsychoanalystSigmundFreudproposesthat anegothuseducatedhasbecome reasonable itnolongerletsitselfbegovernedbythepleasureprinciple butobeystherealityprinciple whichalso atbottom seekstoobtainpleasure butpleasurewhichisassuredthroughtakingaccountofreality eventhoughitispleasurepostponedanddiminished SigmundFreuddiscussesthisidea pleasureprinciple anditslimitsinmoredetailsinhisbook BeyondthePleasurePrinciple publishedin1921 InhisdiscussionoftheoppositionbetweenEros thelifeinstinct andtheThanatos thedeathinstinct heexaminestheroleoftherepetitioncompulsioncausedbythepleasureprincipleandofthesexualinstincts 3 Bright sDisease ahistoricalclassificationofkidneydiseases namedafterDr RichardBright Englishphysicianwhoisfamousfordescribinganddefiningseverekidneyfailure 布赖特氏病亦称肾小球肾炎 肾炎 由于英国医师理查 布赖特 1789一1858 首次描述了这种疾病的临床表现 如脊背疼 眼睛发亮 大都是酗酒所致 而得名 1 Understandingthetitle 2 Whatisthewritingpurpose 3 Howdidtheauthororganizethewriting Whatkindofstudentisastraight Astudent Isastraight Astudentadmired Forwhat Whydoestheauthorrefertoastraight Astudentasilliterate Explaintheparadox 1 Understandingthetitle Straight Astudent Theilliterate Ordinaryilliterate lowbrows Specialilliterate highbrows welleducatedbutcannotexpressthemselvesclearlyinsimpleEnglish moreinfluentialtothesociety Thisspecialgroupofilliteratepeopleincludesstraight Astudentsincollege Ph D candidates andevencertainhighlysuccessfulprofessors Theyareilliteratenotintheordinarysenseoftheword butinthesensethattheycannotsayorwriteinplain simpleEnglish Oxymoron Throughdescriptionofhisownteachingexperiences thewriterexposesthephenomenonof straight Ailliteracy andexplainsitscause Throughyearsofhighereducation straight Astudentsareforcedtoreadthetextbooksandmaterialswhicharefilledwithprofessionaljargonsandgibberishwriting 2 Thewritingpurpose 3 OrganizationandDevelopment Part1 Para 1 Straight Ailliteracyismoreinfluentialthanordinaryilliteracy Part2 Para 2 3 Analysisbasedonhisownexperienceandobservation A Hisstudent Mr BrightB Bright sdiseasePart3 Para 4 conclusion thetextbookandprofessionaljournalsarethecauseofstraight Ailliteracy Para1 Inthe1stparagraph theauthorcomparestwokindsofilliteracy whatarethey Explainthecharacteristicsofeach Whydoestheauthorregardthesecondtypeasmoreinfectiousandthereforeharmful Whatdoestheauthordointhefirstparagraph Ishejustifiedindoingso Explainthelastsentence fuss unnecessaryorunwelcomeattention excitement oranxiety etc makeafussaboutsth E g Theywantedaquietweddingwithoutanyfuss 他们想要一个平淡的婚礼 不想弄得沸沸扬扬 Therehasbeengreatconcernoverourschoolsbeingcrowdedwithsomanypupilswhocannotreadorwrite However wetendtoforgetthatthereisanotherkindofilliterateandgivelessattentiontotheirdifficultywithreadingandwritingthanthepreviouskind Butweshouldgivemoreattentiontothiskind becausethesepeoplebelongtothosewhoexertinfluenceonothers 尽管我们学校为数众多的普通文盲目前得到极大的关注 但是 我们却忽略了另一类文盲 这类文盲的困境 从很多方面来讲 更加事关重大 因为他们更具有影响力 Whyinfluential Heisusuallyonewhooccupiesapositionatthetopoftheacademichierarchy thewayhewritesisconsideredexemplary andhisjudgmentofwhatisappropriateisdirective Publicize makesthwidelyknowntothepublicCounterpart anotherpersonorthingthathasasimilarfunctionorpositioninadifferentplace Iamwritingtheessaytogivethisspecialgroupofilliteratesasmuchattentionashasbeenpaidtoordinaryilliterateswhoarewidelyknowntothepublic Thepurposeofthiswritingistoletpeoplepaythesameattentiontothestraight Ailliteratesastheyhavepaidtotheordinaryilliterates ordinaryilliterateTheIlliteratestraight AilliterateWho DefinitionWhy ThewritingpurposeSupportingevidences Para2 Whatdoestheauthordointhisparagraph Whydoestheauthorinserttheword allegorically in whomIshallcall allegorically Mr Bright WhatrhetoricalandlinguisticdevicesdoestheauthorusetohighlighttheextremedifficultyinunderstandingMr Bright spaper Inwhatwayistheparagraphconnectedwiththe1st Exogenous introducedfromorproducedoutsidetheorganismorsystem外生的Contingent Ifsomethingiscontingentonsomethingelse thefirstthingdependsonthesecondinordertohappenorexist E g Ineffect growthiscontingentonimprovedincomesforthemassofthelow incomepopulation 事实上 发展有赖于大量低收入人群收入的增长 Iaminterrogating Iamcross examining Iampryingandprobingforthemeaningofastudent spaper Iamaskingquestionsthoroughly foralongtimeandindetailinordertofindoutthemeaningofastudent spaper Withhisbrowfurrowed Mr Brighttriesveryhardtoexplainwhathisownwritingmeant Webothuseallourgrammaticalknowledgeandimagination tryingtofigureouttheactualmeaning andafterpracticallyonewholehour weeventuallyareabletounderstandit 聪明先生锁着眉头苦思 最终 结合了我们的语言学知识和想象力 用了好像又一个小时 我们终于破译了这句话 Rhetoricalandlinguisticdevices Repetitionofthesamestructuretoemphasizethedifficultyofthetask useofaperiodicalsentence 圆周句 尾重句 Finally withbothofus wedecodeit useofcleft sentence 分裂句 强调句 structure Wedecidewhatexactlyitisthat e g 1 ItwasadressthatMrs SmithgavetoMary italicizingtheword wants 补充 PeriodicSentenceAperiodicsentenceputsthemainideaafterallsupplementaryinformation Itisnotgrammaticallycompleteuntiltheendisreached Theendingofaperiodicsentenceisusuallyemphaticasthekeywordorwordsdonotappearuntilthesentencecomestoanend Thewriterusesperiodicsentenceswhenhewantstoachieveclimax Why allegorically Mr Bright Literal brightwhenjudgedbyacademicachievementsFigurative ThestudentgiventhenameofMr Brightthusbecomesasymbol WhentheauthorcallshisstudentMr Brightallegorically hedoesnotmeantorefertothisparticularstraight Astudentonly Heisusingthetermtocoverallthosestudents collegeseniors andPh D swhomayseembrightwhenjudgedbytheiracademicrecords butwhoneverthelessfailtoexpresstheirideasinplainandclearEnglishinwritingorspeaking Inwhatwayistheparagraphconnectedwiththe1st Althoughthereseemtobenoobviouscohesivetiesbetweenthefirstandthesecondparagraph theyarecloselyconnectedinthesensethatinthesecondparagraphtheauthoruseshispersonalexperienceasanexampletoillustratethedefinitionhehasgiveninthefirstparagraph Para3 TheimpliedmeaningofBright sdisease Doyouthinkthiscomparisonofstraight Ailliteracytoadiseaseisappropriate Why Comparethedifferencesbetweenthetwokindsofilliterate Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthat theordinaryilliteratesareluckilyprotectedfromcollegeandgraduateschool Whatdoes Notourman mean Likeadisease itvictimizeshealthypersons ithasitssymptoms anditsagent Itattacksthebestminds andgraduallydestroysthecriticalfaculties makingitimpossibleforthesufferertodetectgibberishinhisownwritingorinthatofothers Itdoesharmtothemostintelligentindividualand byandby wearsawayhisabilitytojudge eventuallymakinghimunabletodetectnonsenseeitherinhisownwritingorinthatofothers Straight Ailliteracyasadisease Gibberish talkorwritingcontainingmanyobscure pretentious ortechnicalwords meaninglessorunintelligibletalkorwritingE gs Hewastalkinggibberish Couldthetheorybesheergibberish ThedifferencesbetweenthetwokindsofilliteratesOrdinary misspellings errorsinpunctuation wordsmisspeltlike irregardless ungrammatical doublenegative Straight A intheworstway incapableofsayingsimplyandclearly gibberish TheegsentencesfromthewritingsofthetwogroupsOrdinaryilliterate Thosepeopleintheshophadbetterstopenoughgoodstomeettheneedsofourcustomers otherwisewearenottobeingoodbusiness Straight Ailliterate theshopkeepermustknowwhatthecustomersneedsothathecantellwhattheyreallywantfromwhattheydon twhengettingnewsuppliesofgoods stockupon withsth buyalotofsth incaseyoucannotgetitlater Entrepreneurial havingthequalitiesthatareneededforpeopletosucceedasentrepreneurs E g Yearsofexperienceinbusinessmadehimacompetitiveandentrepreneurialexecutivedirect Filter N adevicethroughwhichasubstanceispassedwhenitisbeingfiltered V topasssththroughadevicewhichisdesignedtoremovecertainparticlescontainedinitfilteroutsthfromasubstanceorfromlight toremoveitbypassingthesubstanceorlightthroughsomethingactingasafilter Doublenegative InoldEnglishdoublenegativeisacceptable ShakespearewroteinHamlet Itisnot noritcannotcometogood 不是好事 更绝不会有好的结果 ButinmodernEnglishsomedoublenegativepatternsarewidelyusedtolayemphasisorreachthegoalofeuphemism E gsofdoublenegative Nothingischangeless 一成不变的东西是没有的 Nothingisimpossibletoawillingmind 世上无难事 只怕有心人 Nolaw noliberty 没有法律则没有自由 What sdonecannotbeundone 已经做了的事 后悔也没有用 Nothingventure nothinghave 不入虎穴 焉得虎子 Nosweetwithoutsweat 不尝辛苦 不知甜 Providentially fortunately luckily accordingtoGod splan happenwhendesiredE gs Shewasprovidentiallyelsewherewhentheearthquakehappened Protect tokeepsb orsth safefrominjury damage lossorotherunpleasanteffectsorevents Providentiallyprotectedfrom Theordinaryilliteratesareunfortunatelypreventedfromstudyingatcollegesandgraduateschools But inthissentence itironicallyindicatesthattheyarefortunatelykeptoutofinstitutionsofhigherlearning Notourman OurmanThecompletesentenceis Thisisnotwhatourmanwouldsay Thisellipsiscontraststhetwotypesofilliteracy Straight Aandordinaryilliteracy andwithittheauthorturnsbackfromonetypetotheother Cue hintIfyoutakeyourcuefromsomeone youusetheirbehaviorasanindicationofwhatyoushoulddoorhowyoushouldbehaveinaparticularsituation E g MichaeltookhiscuefromtheDuke stoneInthissentence theauthorrevealsthatthestraight Ailliteratemechanicallycopieswhathehasswallowedfromthebookshehadreadforyears Para3 Whatconclusiondoestheauthordraw Howdoestheauthorconcludetheessay Howdoyouaccountfortheeffect Stuff thingssuchasasubstance acollectionofthings events orideas orthecontentsofsomethi