钻井液技术英文手册(Drilling Fluid Technical Manual).doc

Drilling Fluid Technical Manual Drilling Mud Company Shengli Oil Field Add No 8 Kan Tan Road Dongying city Shan Dong Province PRC Tel 86 546 8627961 Fax 86 546 8627552 E Mail zjlibo Henrylb DRILLING FLUID TECHNICAL MANUAL PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS A TESTING PROCEDURE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FLUIDS 1 WATER BASE DRILLING FLUIDS 1 1 DENSITY 1 1 1 Mud scale calibration 1 1 2 Measuring Procedure 1 1 3 Conversion 1 2 MARSH FUNNEL VISCOSITY 1 2 1 Marsh funnel and calibration 1 2 2 Test procedure 1 3 MEASUREMENT OF PLASTIC VICOSITY APPARENT AND YIELD POINT 1 3 1 6 speed viscometer 1 3 2 PV YP and AP measurement 1 4 GEL STRENGTH 1 5 API FILTRATION TEST 1 6 HTHP FILTRATION TEST 1 6 1 HTHP Filter press assembly 1 6 2 HTHP Filtration test beneath 300 149 1 6 3 HTHP Filtration test between 300and 450 149and 232 1 7 SAND CONTENT 1 8 MUD SOLID AND LIQUID CONTENT DETERMINATION 1 8 1 Retort with heating jacket 1 8 2 Retort with healing bar 1 9 METHYLENE BLUE TEST AND CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY 1 9 1 Equipment and Reagents 1 9 2 Procedure 1 9 3 Bentonite content of mud 1 10 PH DETERMINATION 1 1 1 Method of pH paper test strips 1 10 2 Method of Glass Electrode PH Meter 1 11 MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES OF RESISTIVITY 1 12 STICKDMETER 1 12 1 Procedure 1 12 2 Clean up 1 12 3 Calculation of Sticking Coefficients 1 13 MUD LUBRICITY AND E P TESTER 1 13 1 Test Procedure 1 13 2 Data Calculation 1 13 3 Care of Equipment DRILLING FLUID TECHNICAL MANUAL PAGE 1 14 DETERMINATION OF CL CONCENTRATION 1 14 1 Apparatus 1 14 2 Procedure 1 15 DETERMINATION OF K CONCENTRATION 1 15 1 Apparatus 1 15 2 Preparation of Standard Curve for Potassium Chloride 1 15 3 Field Procedure 1 15 4 Determination of Potassium Concentration in Drilling Fluid Filtrate STPB Method 1 15 4 1 Apparatus 1 15 4 2 Procedure 1 16 DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY 1 16 1 Determination of Filtrate Alkalinity 1 16 2 Determination of Mud Alkalinity 1 17 ETERMINATION OF MUD LIME CONTENT 1 18 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN MUD FILTRATE 1 18 1 Method 1 1 18 2 Method 2 1 19 ETERMINATION OF Ca2 IN MUD FILTRATE 1 19 1 Apparatus 1 19 2 Procedure 1 19 3 Calculation 1 19 4 Qualitative Method 1 20 ETERMINATION OF Mg2 IN MUD FILTRATE 1 20 1 Procedure 1 20 2 Calculation 1 21 DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM SULFATE 1 21 1 Apparatus 1 21 2 Procedure 1 22 DETERMINATION OF SULFIDE CONTENT IN DRILLING MUD FILTRATE 1 22 1 Apparatus 1 22 2 Procedure 1 22 3 Calculation 1 23 DETERMINATION OF SULFITE IN MUD FILTRATE 1 23 1 Apparatus 1 23 2 Procedure 1 23 3 Calculation 1 24 DETERMINATION OF CHROMATE CONCENTRATION IN MUD FILTRATE 1 24 1 Apparatus 1 24 2 Procedure 1 25 DETERMINATION OF POLY PLUS IN DRILLING FLUID 1 25 1 Equipment DRILLING FLUID TECHNICAL MANUAL PAGE 1 25 2 Procedure 1 25 3 Additional Guidelines and trouble shooting 2 OIL BASE DRILLING FLUIDS 2 1 ELECTRICAL STABILITY 2 1 1 Equipment 2 1 2 Procedure 2 2 CHEMICAL ACTIVITY 2 2 1 Hygrometer calibration 2 2 2 Activity Testing Procedure 2 3 SALINITY OF WATER PHASE 2 3 1 Chlorides in the whole Drilling Fluid System 2 3 2 Two Salt Systems CaCl2 NaCl 2 4 DETERMINATION OF ANILINE POINT 2 4 1 Apparatus 2 4 2 Procedure B DRILLING FLUID SYSTEMS 1 BENTONITE SLURRY 1 1 Formulation 1 2 Mud properties 1 3 Application 2 FCLS Mud 2 1 Formulation 2 2 Mud properties 2 3 Application 3 CALCIUM BASE MUD 3 1 Classification 3 2 Formulation 3 3 Application 3 4 Lime and Gypsium content of mud 3 5 Conversion 4 SALT WATER MUD 4 1 Classification 4 2 Formulation 4 3 Application 5 KCL POLYMER MUD 5 1 Formulation 5 2 Application 6 POLYMER MUD 6 1 Classification of polymer mud 6 2 Formulation 6 3 Application DRILLING FLUID TECHNICAL MANUAL PAGE 7 POLYMER SULFONATES MMH MUDS 7 1 Formulation 7 2 Application 8 POLYGLYCOL MUDS 8 1 Polyglycols 8 2 Formulation 8 3 Application 9 ORGANOSILICON BASE MUD 9 1 Organosilicon base mud 9 2 Formulation 10 W O EMULSION DRILLING FLUIDS 10 1 Application range and Advantages 10 2 Formulations 10 3 Properties 10 4 Preparation 10 5 Maintenance and Treatments 11 OIL BASE DRILLING FLUID 11 1 Application Range 11 2 Formulation 11 3 Properties 11 4 Maintenance and Treatments 12 RE CIRCULATING STIFF FOAM C DRILLING FLUID ADDITIVES Remove the finger from the outlet and carefully observe the time required in seconds for one quart of mud to flow out of the funnel The number of seconds is reported as the funnel viscosity Report the temperature of the sample in degrees F or 1 3 PLASTIC VICOSITY APPARENT AND YIELD POINT 1 3 1 6 Speed Viscometer The 6 speed viscometer is a motor driven rotational type viscometer For measurements a mud is contained in the annular space between two cylinders The outer cylinder or rotor sleeve are driven by the motor at a designed constant rpm The rotation of the rotor sleeve in the mud produces a torque on the inner cylinder or bob A torsion spring restrains the movement of the bob and an attached graduated dial indicates its displacement The viscometer had 6 rotational speeds 3 6 100 200 300 and 600 rpm Using a set of six speeds reading a rheological curve of rpm versus dial reading or shear rate versus shear strain of the mud tested can be obtained 1 3 2 PV YP AND AP Measurement 1 3 2 1 Stir the mud sample with high speed mixer for 1 minute and pour the sample into the viscometer measuring cup till the scribed line so that the mud surface and the surface of the rotor get leveled exactly 1 3 2 2 Turn on the viscometer sleeve to rotate at 600 rpm and wait for the dial disc to DRILLING FLUID TECHNICAL MANUAL PAGE reach a steady reading Record 600 rpm reading 1 3 2 3 Shift to 300 rpm and wait for the dial disc to get into a steady value Record 300 rpm reading 1 3 2 4 Bingham Model PV 600rpm reading 300rpm reading or 600 300 cp YP 2 300 600 lb 100ft2 2 300 600 2 Pa AP 600 2 CP Power Law Model N 3 32 log 600 300 dimensionless K 600 1022 n lb 100ft2 1 4 GEL STRENGTH Gel strength at 10 second G10 and that at 10 minutes G10 can be measured by the following steps 1 4 1 Using the same sample in the viscometer cup as in PV and YP measurements stir the sample at 600 rpm for 10 seconds 1 4 2 Let the sample to stand undisturbed for 10 sec turn on the viscometer at 3 rpm and take the maximum reading attained as initial gel strength G10 in lb 100ft2 1 4 3 Re stir the mud sample for 10 sec at 600 rpm and wait for 10 min Start the viscometer at 3 rpm and record the maximum reading attained as final gel strength G10 in lb 100ft2 1 5 API FILTRATION TEST API Filtration test can be measured using API filtration press under a pressure of 100 1 0 psi 690 6 9Kpa applied with nitrogen gas and a proper 9cm filter paper whatman NO 50 S AND S NO 576 or equivalent The measurement procedure can be done as follows 1 5 1 Be sure that each part of the cell is clean and dry and that the gaskets are not distorted or worn Pour the sample of mud into the cell and complete the assembly with the filter paper in place 1 5 2 Place a dry graduated cylinder under the drain tube to receive the filtrate Close the relief valve and adjust the regulator so that a pressure of 100 1 0psi 690 6 9kPa is applied in 30 seconds or less The test period begins at the time of pressure application 1 5 3 At the end of 30 minutes measure the volume of filtrate Shut off the flow through the pressure regulator and open the relief valve carefully The time interval if other than 30 minutes shall be reported 1 5 4 Report the volume of filtrate in cubic centimeters to 0 1 cm3 as the API filtrate Report the mud temperature in degrees F C at the start of the test Save the filtrate for appropriate chemical testing 1 5 5 Disassemble the cell discard the mud and use extreme care to save the filter paper with a minimum of disturbance to the cake Wash the filter cake on the paper DRILLING FLUID TECHNICAL MANUAL PAGE with a gentle stream of water or with diesel oil in the case of oil mud Measure the thickness of the filter cake and report the thickness in 32nds of an inch or in millimeters 1 5 6 Although standard descriptions are virtually impossible such notations as hard soft tough rubbery firm ect may convey some idea of cake consistency 1 6 HTHP FILTRATION TEST 1 6 1 HTHP Filter press assembly Figure HTHP Filter Press Assembly For filtration test at temperature to 400 240 use filter paper whatman NO 50 or equivalent For filtration test at temperature above 400 240 use a new porous stainless steel disc Dynalloy X 5 or equivalent for each test A non hazardous gas such as nitrogen the first selective or carbon dioxide should be used for the pressure source CAUTION Carefully observe the recommended limitations on sample volume and pressure for the test temperature to be used by the manufacturer 1 6 2 HTHP Filtration test beneath 300 149 1 6 2 1 Connect the heating jacket to the correct voltage Place a thermometer in the thermometer well Preheat the heating jacket to 10 6 above selected test temperature DRILLING FLUID TECHNICAL MANUAL PAGE 1 6 2 2 Stir the mud sample for 10 minutes 1 6 2 3 Load the cell with the mud sample taking care not to fill the cell closer than 1 2in 1 3 cm from the top Place the filter paper and close the cell 1 6 2 4 place the cell into the heating jacket with both top and bottom valves closed Transfer the thermometer into the thermometer well 1 6 2 5 Place the pressure units on the valves and lock in place Apply 100 psi 690 kPa to both pressure units with the valves closed Open the top valve and apply pressure to the mud while heating to the selected temperature 1 6 2 6 When the sample reaches temperature increase the pressure of the top pressure unit to 600 psi 4 137 kPa Open the bottom valve During the test release the pressure by drawing off the filtrate Record the total volume 1 6 2 7 If the filter area is 3 5 in2 22 6cm2 report the double filtrate volume 1 6 2 8 At the end of the test close both valves back the T screw off and bleed pressure from both regulators NOTE Filter cell will still contain approximately 500 psi 3 448 kPa Maintain cell in upright position and cool to room temperature 1 6 3 HTHP Filtration test between 300and 450 149and 232 1 6 3 1 Connect the heating jacket to the correct voltage Place a thermometer in the thermometer well Preheat the heating jacket to 10 6 above the selected test temperature 1 6 3 2 Stir the mud sample for 10 minutes 1 6 3 3 Prepare the cell with the appropriate filtration medium and load it taking care not to fill the cell closer than 1 5 in 3 7 cm from the top 1 6 3 4 place the cell into the heating jacket with both top and bottom valves closed Transfer the thermometer into the thermometer well 1 6 3 5 Place the pressure units on the valves and lock in place Apply 450 psi 3103 kPa to both pressure units with the valves closed Open the top valve slowly and apply 450 psi 3103kPa to mud while heating 1 6 3 6When the temperature of the sample reaches the selected test temperature increase the pressure of the top pressure unit to 950 psi 6 550 kPa and open the bottom valve to start filtration Collect the filtrate for 30 minutes maintaining the test temperature at 5 Maintain a back pressure of 450 psi 3 103 kPa during the test Record the total volume of filtrate temperature and pressure Time of heating of the sample in the filter cell should not exceed one hour CAUTION Testing at high temperatures and pressures will call for added safety precautions Pressuring systems and filtrate receiving cells should be equipped with suitable safety relief valves Heating jackets should be equipped with both an overheat safety fuse and thermostatic cut off Vapor Pressure of the liquid phase of both water base and oil mud becomes an increasingly critical design factor as test temperatures are raised DRILLING FLUID TECHNICAL MANUAL PAGE 1 7 SAND CONTENT Sand content of mud is measured with sand content set composed of a 200 mesh sieve 2 1 2 63 5mm in diameter a funnel that can fit the screen sieve and a graduated glass tube The procedure of mud sand content measuring is as follows 1 7 1 Fill the graduated tube to the graduated mark line Mud to Here with mud and then add water to the graduated mark line Water to Here Cover the mouth of the tube with thumb and shake hardly 1 7 2 Pure this mixture onto the clean wet screen Wash the tube with clear water and pure the residue of the mud in the tube onto the screen 1 7 3 Wash the sand retained on the screen with a stream of flowing water to remove all silt and shale particles contained in the mud sample out through the screen 1 7 4 Take off the funnel from the sieve and put it over the top of the sieve Invert the sieve and the funnel and put the tip of the funnel unto the graduated tube Wash the sand back on the back side of the screen with a fine spray of clear water and make all sand particles into the tube to settle at the bottom of the tube 1 7 5 Read the sand content in the graduated tube in percent by volume as mud sand content PRECAUTIONS 1 The screen funnel and tube should be carefully cleaned from any dirt and particles with water and dry them after each measurement 2 When wash the mud sample on the screen contents retained on the screen should not be mashed stirred or forced through the screen with a finger or any tool like pencil or spatula as this may cause erroneous reading and damage the screen DRILLING FLUID TECHNICAL MANUAL PAGE 1 8 MUD SOLID AND LIQUID CONTENT DETERMINATION Mud solid and liquid content can be determined by using a mud retort assembly composed of a retort heated by a heating bar or a heating jacket a condenser and a liquid receiver The testing procedure of the two kinds of retorts is as follows 1 8 1 Retort with heating jacket 1 8 1 1 Check all components of the retort if they are clean and dry If not clean and dry then again 1 8 1 2 Take a representative mud sample and pour it through a 12 Mesh Marsh funnel screen into a container Mix the sample thoroughly to avoid entrapment of any air in it and ensure homogeneity of the mud 1 8 1 3 Using a clean syringe fill the retort cup with the prepared mud sample slowly so that no any air be brought and entrapped in the sample Place the cover of the cup and rotate it carefully down to the cup to get a proper fit Scrap the excess mud overflowed from the cover hole off the cover with a finger and wipe the cover clean with a wet cloth 1 8 1 4 Pack the retort body with a proper amount of steel wool Apply some lubricant sealant to the threads on the retort stem and attach the retort cup to the condenser Place the retort assembly into the heating jacket Close the insulating lid 1 8 1 5 Place a clean dry receiver below the condenser outlet 1 8 1 6 Plug in the heating jacket and allow it to run at least 40 minutes 1 8 1 7 Wait for the liquid receiver to be cooled down Read and record total liquid volume VL oil volume VO and water volume VW in the receiver If the oil water interface is not clearly readable put 2 3 drops of demulsifier 1 8 1 8 Unplug the retort Clean and dry retort cup and liquid receiver after full cooling 1 8 2 Retort with healing bar 1 8 2 1 Check all components of the retort if they are clean and dry If not clean and dry them again 1 8 2 2 Take a representative mud sample and pour it through a 12 Mesh Marsh funnel screen into a container Mix the sample thoroughly to avoid entrapment of any air in it and ensure homogeneity of the mud 1 8 2 3 Use a clean syringe or pour directly to fill the retort cup with the prepared mud sample slowly so that there is no any air be brought and entrapped in the sample Scrap the mud sample surface with a ruler so that the surface of the sample be leveled with the top edge of the cup and the volume of the sample taken be exactly 20 ml Drip 5 10 drops of the liquid steel wool on the top of the mud 1 8 2 4 Wipe out the mud sample with a wet cloth from the threads of the cup Twist the expansion chamber on the cup tightly apply some lubricant sealant on the threads for a good seal Hold the cup and twisted expansion chamber vertically and put the heating bar into and twist it on the expansion chamber apply some lubricant sealant on the threads also 1 8 2 5 Insert the drain tube of the expansion chamber firmly into the hole of the condenser Seat the percentage graduated cylinder under the drain spout tube of the condenser DRILLING FLUID TECHNICAL MANUAL PAGE 1 8 2 6 Plug in the cord of the heating bar to the electric power supply and keep heating on until no more condensed liquid come out usually 15 25 minutes depending on the oil content and the ambient temperature Unplug the heating bar 1 8 2 7 Allow the distillate to cool to room temperature and read the total liquid oil and water volume percentage content of the sample VL VO and VW if the interface of the oil and water is not clear put 2 3 drops of demulsifier 1 8 2 8 Disassemble the mud retort assembly in components Clean wash and dry them for next measurement A short length of pipe cleaner can be run through condenser hole and drain tube of the expansion chamber for clean out of oil residue remained in them 1 8 2 9 The mud solid volume percentage content can be obtained by calculation using the retort test data There are two basic classes of mud fresh water mud and salt water mud of which calculation methods are different 1 8 2 10 Calculations of solid liquid contents of a fresh water mud Total solid volume content Vs 100 ows vvv Where Vs Total solid content of mud including low gravity solid content clay and shale cuttings and high gravity solid content weighting materials most cases barite of a fresh water mud oil content of mud read from retort test o v water content of mud read from retort test w v Average specific gravity of mud solids s g ml s oowmm S v vv 100 Where average specific gravity of mud solids g ml s mud specific gravity g ml m water volume content of mud read from retort test w v water specific gravity usually as equal to 1 0 g ml w oil volume content of mud o v oil specific gravity usually as equal to 0 84 g ml o solid volume content S V 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