定语的翻译技巧.doc

定语的翻译技巧I、 是名词还是形容词 环境意识 environment awareness or environmental awareness？ 地球表面(地表) Earth surface; global surface 校历 school calendar； academic calendar 国际政治 world politics； global/international politics 粮食危机 a food crisis 经济危机 an economic crisis 农产品 farm produce； agricultural products 人口爆炸 population explosion 商品经济 commodity economy 计划生育 family planning; 医 birth control 计划经济 planned economy 市场调控 market regulation and control 人才外流 brain drain组织机构可用“s”的形式 中国政府 Chinas government ； the Chinese government 中国的人权纪录 Chinas human rights records; the Chinese human rights records 日本楼市的泡沫 Bubbles in Japans housing market； bubbles in the Japanese housing market 欧盟的共同农业政策 European Unions Common Agricultural Policy例外 联合国宪章 the UN charter 一份最近的世卫组织报告 a recent WHO report （WHO: World Health Organization ） 美国政府 the US governmentII、前置性多字修饰语A）名词-名词 制定减排目标 to set emission-reduction targets 温室气体效应 greenhouse-gas effect 一家垃圾处理公司 a waste-disposal companyB）形容词-名词 外交委员会 foreign-relations committee 高科技产业 high-tech industries; hi-tech industries 短期解决方案 a short-term solution 一家生态服务公司 an ecological-service company 远程导弹 long-range missilesIII、后置性多字修饰语A）名词 + 介词短语/to-不定式修饰语 美国国务院的高级官员们 high-ranking officials from the State Department 美朝核危机 the unclear crisis between America and North Korea 正在建设中的网站 a website under construction 中东的和平进程 peace progress in the Middle East 解决该问题的方法 a solution to the problem 对健康的影响 effect on health 战争的结束 the end of the war 结束一切战争的战争 the war to end all wars 刺激消费的经济举措 the economic measures to stimulate consumption 增加出口的需要 the need to increase output/export 学好英语的愿望 the wish to learn English well 从“非典”中存活的可能性 the possibility/chance to survive SARS 出国深造的决定 the decision to go abroad for more advanced/further study 关停5000万千瓦小火发电站 to close down small thermal power plant with the total power-generating capacity of 50 million kilowatts； to close down 50-million-kilowatt-capacity small thermal power plant 淘汰3000万吨炼钢产能炼钢厂 to shut down steel mills with the total production capacity of 30 million tons； to shut down 30-million-ton-production-capacity steel mills B）名词 + 分词短语修饰语 为社区服务的志愿者 volunteers serving the community 受美国控制的政治党派 political parties controlled by the USA； the US-controlled political parties Question: 如何判断是US-controlled 还是US-controlling？Question: 如何判断是US-controlled 还是US-controlling？注： US-controlled political parties = US + control + political parties 如果逻辑关系成立，用done；否则用doing。Eg：machine-made shoes = machine + make + shoes sun-dried grapes = sun + dry + grapes energy-saving industry energy + save + industry 以知识为基础的经济 the economy based on knowledge； the knowledge-based economy 在美国留学的中国学生 the Chinese students studying in America 会上提出的建议 the proposals put forward at the meetingC）名词 + that/which/who/whose/when/where从句修饰语 等待即将把她送往澳洲的国际班机 to await/wait for the international flight that will take her to Australia 他受伤的那天 the day when he was injured/wounded 他母亲遇害的地点 the place where his mother was killed/murdered句子翻译练习 在国家关系上，我们主张，避免因无知和偏见引起的冲突。 In terms of international/state relations, we propose avoiding ignorance- and prejudice-induced conflicts/clashes. . . propose/claim to avoid conflicts/clashes induced by ignorance and prejudice. 为我们所赖以生存的地球尽到我们应有的责任和义务。 We must perform our duties/responsibilities and fulfill our obligations for the Earth on which we survive/exist. (survive/exist on 靠生存；靠生活) upon which we depend for survival. 杜邦中国集团有限公司总经理李江表示：“我们认为企业社会责任是企业与利益相关人之间的关系，它包括与世界各地的客户、供应商、员工、社会和股东之间的关系”。 “Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), we believe, is the relationship between the corporate and its interested parties, covering the relationship with its clients all over the world, suppliers, staff, communities as well as shareholders,” said Li Jiang, President of China Dupont Group Ltd. interested parties 广义有关各方；利益相关团体 (interested groups 利益集团) stakeholder 狭义利益相关者，(大)股东，享有股份或利润的人 shareholder (小)股东，股民 president, chairman等词用作职务（职衔）称呼时，大写，不用冠词；用作名词指代某一个人时（一般后面不再写出人名），小写，必须用冠词。 The president cannot yet be described as a failure. Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, was not very handsome. IV、with-structure表示“具有、拥有”时可作定语 今天，把中国的事情办好对中国人民和世界人民都具有特别重要的意义，因为我们是一个13亿人口的大国，客观条件要求我们走出一条节约资源、注重生态、可持续发展的工业化之路。 Today, properly handling/dealing with Chinas affairs is of particularly great significance for the peoples of China and even the world because China is a large country with a population of 1.3 billion/with 1.3 billion population. The reality requires us to blaze a resources-conserving/saving, eco-friendly, sustainable-development trail toward industrialization. 节约资源 save/conserve/economize (on) resources 资源节约的 resources-saving/conserving (time/labor-saving) 注重生态的，环境友好的 eco-friendly (an environmentally friendly company) (a user-friendly interface) 具体来说，它意味着北京奥运会是历史悠久的奥林匹克与源远流长的中华文明的一次亲密接触。 To be specific, it means that Beijing Olympiad/Beijing Olympic Games/Beijing Olympics is a close contact between the Olympiad with a long history and the Chinese civilization with an ancient origin. 遍地商机的上海再次吸引着敢于冒险的外国人，不同肤色、不同语言的人们纷至沓来。 Shanghai with numerous business opportunities has once more been attracting from abroad an endless trail/a continuous stream of adventurous people with/in/of different colors and languages. once more 再一次 adventurous adj. 敢于冒险的；adventurer n. 冒险家 从9月20日起，奶站就不再收购鲜奶，因此，他自己经营的牛奶公司每天都要倒掉将近1000多斤的牛奶，按每吨鲜奶2600元钱算，差不多每天就要损失将近1500元钱。对依靠养牛为主的小公司来说，这些牛奶就是全部收益。参考译文： From September 20th on, the milk station stopped purchasing raw milk, so that the dairy firm run by himself had to dump about 1000 jin (500 kg/kilograms) of milk each day. At the price of 2600 yuan per ton, it almost lost up to 1500 yuan daily. For a small firm that lives/relies solely on cows, all its income comes from the milk it produces/milk is the sole source of its income. (raw milk 原料乳；生牛奶；未消毒牛奶 )中译外结构分析第一步：确立主语。第二步：选择动词。 以及物动词为主，通常根据宾语选择动词。第三步：确立逻辑关系。 根据上下文，确立小句之间的逻辑关系，并增加适当的逻辑关系词，如连词、介词、过渡词、分词等。如 therefore, hence, thus, however, though, meanwhile, at the same time 等。1) 陈水扁被起诉振奋全台。（2008.12.14，凤凰卫视） Chen Shuibians being prosecuted inspired the whole Taiwan/Taiwan as a whole/the people across Taiwan. The prosecution of Chen Shuibian inspired the whole Taiwan. It inspired the whole Taiwan that Chen Shuibian was prosecuted. The fact that Chen Shuibian was prosecuted inspired the whole Taiwan.2) 北京老城本身就是一个文物应该完整保存。 inner city literal meaning市中心 文物 a cultural relic, an antique heritage legacy 多指“祖先传/留下来的”，如Maos Legacy毛泽东思想 inheritance 侧重“继承，遗传” ，如inheritance tax 遗产税、继承税；inheritance law 继承法 保护文物 to preserve/protect cultural relics (节能 to conserve/save energy, energy conservation/saving) The inner city of Beijing itself is a cultural relic/an antique heritage that needs to be well preserved/protected. .kept(maintained) completely intact.3) 摄影师威廉林赛说，在阅读威廉盖洛所写的中国长城时，发现两个人曾在同一个地方拍摄过一段长城，而那段长城在1908年还存在的烽火台现在已经消失了，所以产生了重摄长城、记录长城百年巨大变化的想法。 拍摄 photograph/shoot to photograph/shoot sb from various angles 从不同角度给某人拍摄 take a picture/photo of the Wall film 拍电影: to film a rocket launch 拍摄火箭发射 烽火台 smoke platform 消失 a lost/vanished city 消失的城池； 物种消失 die out (= become extinct)； 声音消失 die off 颜色消失 fade 人消失不见 disappear 产生想法 It occurred to sb. to do sth./that-clause When he was reading The Great Wall of China by William Gallow, said photographer William Lindsay, he discovered that they had photographed a section of the Wall in the same place. (怎么修改？) they had both photographed/shooted the same section of the Wall. However, the smoke platform there that still existed in 1908 had vanished, so it occurred to him to document/record the Walls great changes in a century by re-photographing it. (document 用电影、电视、报纸、文学等形式作记述性报道、纪实性描述)4) “看到病人受到伤害或是死亡，那是我最痛苦的时候。这种煎熬像小虫子在咬心，睡不着觉，吃不下饭，闭上眼睛就是这些病人，这种感觉我觉得是最最难受的。” It is the most painful/anguishing/miserable moment for me to see patients suffer or die. It pains me most to see patients suffer or die. The great pain/anguish keeps gnawing at my heart like a worm, leaving me awake and spoiling my appetite for food. My mind is filled with patients with my eyes closed. What a painful feeling I ever have! 1. leave + 宾语 + 宾补 2. the appetite for 食欲；对的欲望 3. spoil my fun 毁坏兴致, so that I cant go to sleep and have no appetite for food. . It has been the most painful feeling I ever have!5) 如果奥运会的规模越来越大，花费越来越多，那么以后将只有少数大国才能承办奥运会。 奥运会 Olympic Games; Olympics; Olympiad 规模 scale: on a large scale 大规模地 size(可观的范围、数量或大小): a gathering of unprecedented size 规模空前的盛会 scope (活动、能力)范围，(影响波及)面: beyond ones scope 非某人所能及 花费：expenses 个人花费 expenditure/spending 国家、政府、机构花费 educational spending/expenditure 教育经费 backdoor spending (政府的)不合法开支 If the scale/size of the Olympic Games/Olympics/Olympiad becomes increasingly large and spending keeps rising, then only a few large countries will be able to afford to host the Olympiad of the future/of tomorrow. If the Olympic Games/Olympics/Olympiad keep increasing in size/scale and spending, then they can only be hosted by a few large countries in the future.6) 自改革开放以来，中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。 改革开放 reform and opening up to the outside world 翻天覆地的变化 great/significant/dramatic changes earthshaking 口语惊天动地的，翻天覆地的，震撼世界的，影响深远的 It is an earthshaking era. 这是一个翻天覆地的时代。 Great/significant/dramatic changes have taken place in China since the reform and opening up to the outside world. China has witnessed radical changes(巨变) since the reform and opening up to the outside world. The reform and opening up to the outside world has brought about great changes in China.7) 岁月是一位无形的艺术家，风雨的侵蚀、历史的划痕给古建筑增添了无穷的魅力。嗅不出历史味道的门楼建筑，谁还承认它的古老？ 无形的艺术家 an invisible artist/sculptor 无形资产 intangible assets 无穷的魅力 infinite fascination, great/enormous charm 古建筑 ancient/antique/historic building 风雨的侵蚀 the erosion of wind and rain wind erosion 风蚀; water erosion 水侵蚀; soil erosion 水土流失, 土壤侵蚀 corrosion 化学反应引起的腐蚀。 This metal resists corrosion. 划痕 scrape 刮擦；scratch 抓挠 承认 recognize 认可，认同 admit 承认(事实、错误等): She admitted her guilt. 她认罪了。 acknowledge 承认的权威、主张、权利、要求、功绩等 He is acknowledged to be confess 坦白, 忏悔: confess (to sb.) that-clause，confess sth.，confess to having done sth. 门楼 gate tower Time is an invisible artist/sculptor(雕刻家) who added great/enormous charm to antique buildings with the erosion of wind and rain and the scrapes/scratches of history. Who would recognize the antiquity of gate towers that smell of no history? smell vt. & vi.发出的气味: to smell of blood 有血腥味 The book smelled printing ink. 这本书散发着油墨味。8) 再比如东便门发现了古城墙，保护是对的，但是将砖表面的斑迹清刷干净，然后再砌，就不好了。 古城墙 old city wall 砌砖 to lay bricks；砌墙 to build a wall 斑迹：stain 污点，污迹 fleck/fleckle (皮肤的)斑，斑点，雀斑 spot （圆形）斑点；污点 For another example, it was right to preserve/protect the old city wall located/discovered in Dongbianmen(the East Gate), but it was wrong to re-lay the cleaned bricks on the wall. , but it was wrong to re-lay the old bricks on the wall after the stains were scraped off them. scrape sth. off sth. 刮掉, 擦去：to scrape the rust off the pipe 刮去管子上的铁锈 9) 总之，神舟五号上天意味着，中国人民不必“缩紧腰带”也能送人上太空不仅大大提高了中国的国际威望，而且还有利于开发利用空间产业，带动科学技术特别是空间科学技术的发展。 宇航员 astronaut(美)，cosmonaut(俄) 提高国际威望 to enhance/raise the international prestige 国际声誉 the international fame/reputation 空间科学技术 Space Science and Technology In short, the launch of Shenzhou-5 means that the Chinese being able to send astronauts into space without tightening their belts not only greatly enhanced/raised Chinas international prestige, but also benefited/facilitated/promoted the exploitation and utilization of space, giving a boost to the development of science and technology, particularly of space. give a boost to sth. 促进，发展 In short, the launch of Shenzhou-5 suggests that the fact that the Chinese people were able to send astronauts into space without tightening their belts not only ., but also In short, the launch of Shenzhou-5 implies that the Chinese peoples success in sending astronauts into space without tightening their belts not only ., but also 10) 首都机场的主要竞争对手是韩国首尔仁川(Incheon)机场和日本东京成田(Narita)机场，目前，每年中国至北美的旅客有30%左右通过仁川、成田两大机场中转。与竞争对手相比，首都机场还需要进一步增强国际航线网络。据透露，从收益角度来讲，每一位国际航班离港旅客为首都机场所带来的收入比国内航班离港旅客要多出两倍以上。 首都机场 Capital Airport 主要竞争对手 archrival (竞争对手 rival, competitor) (bishop 主教；archbishop 大主教) 换车/船, 转机 transfer: At Birmingham I transferred to another coach.我在伯明翰换乘另一辆大客车。 国际航线 international airline; 国际航班 international flight 据透露 its revealed/reported/said that 收益 profits, economic returns 收入: income/earings 指个人、企业的收入; profits 指企业的盈利; revenue 指国家的收入（如税收） Chinas Capital Airport, whose archrivals are South Koreas Seoul Incheon International Airport and Japans Tokyo Narita International Airport where 30% of the Chinese passengers make their transfers on their way to North America each year now, needs to further increase its international airlines, compared with its competitors. Its revealed/said/reported that, in terms of profits/economic returns, each departure on international flights brings/creates twice more income than one on domestic flights. Chinas Capital Airports archrivals are South Koreas Seoul Incheon International Airport and Japans Tokyo Narita International Airport where 30% of the Chinese passengers make their transfers on their way to North America each year now. Compared with its competitors, it needs to further expand its network of international airlines. Financially, its revealed/reported, Capital Airport makes twice more money from each departure by international flights than one by domestic flights.中译外词义选择 TIPS: Translating is rewriting. flexible sentence patterns Dont translate according to the word literal meanings given by dictionary. Back-translation(BT) 检查1) 历史的道路不会是平坦的。（艰难的国运与雄健的国民，李大钊，张培基译） The course of history is never smooth.2) 一个残疾人的艰难的成功之路（无足行天下记黄建明） a disabled/handicapped mans hard road to successDisabled: sb. who is disabled cannot use a part of their body properlyHandicapped: physically or mentally disabled3) 2000年，西藏全区各族人民已基本摆脱贫困，实现温饱。（2005年5月三级） 民族 ethnic group 少数民族 ethnic minorities 摆脱贫困 shake off poverty become financially better off lift sb out of poverty lift sb from poverty In 2000, the people of all/various ethnic groups in Tibet basically shook off poverty, and had enough to eat and wear. In 2000, the people of all/various ethnic groups in Tibet basically became financially better off, and had enough to eat and wear.4) 据统计，20012003年，陕西共解决109万农村贫困人口的温饱问题，帮助161万低收入人口实现了脱贫。（光明日报，2004/10/18） 据统计 according to the statistics/figures 解决温饱问题 to solve the problem of food and clothing to solve the subsistence(生存,生活)problem to provide sb with adequate food and clothing to feed and clothe oneself 农村人口 rural population 城市人口 urban population 贫困人口 impoverished people；people in poverty 农村贫困人口 impoverished rural population 帮助实现脱贫 to raise sb above the poverty line to lift sb out of/from poverty to help sb shake off poverty 低收入人群 low-income people (medium/high-income household 中等/高收入家庭) According to the statistics/figures, between 2001 and 2003, Shanxi Province solved the problem of food and clothing for 1.09 million impoverished rural population, meanwhile/at the same time lifted 1.61 million low-income people out of/from poverty. Shanxi Province helped 1.09 million impoverished rural population solve the problem of food and clothing, raising 1.61 million low-income people above the poverty line.5) 通过两年的扶贫开发，东村发生了巨大的变化家家喝上了自来水，看上了有线电视，电话入户率达35%。（光明日报，2004/10/18） anti-poverty project/funds/commission 扶贫工程/基金/ 委员会 自来水 tap water (直接从水龙头或旋塞中流出来的水) running water (自来水 , 活水) mains water (main 输送水、天然气等的主要管道或沟渠 ) mains water supply 自来水供应; water mains 自来水总管道 有线电视 cable(电缆) TV Sb 喝上了.看上了 to make sth available to sb, sth is/are accessible to sb After two years of anti-poverty development, great/significant/dramatic changes took place in Dong Village, where tap water and cable TV were provided/supplied/made available to/accessible to every household and 35% had phones installed. After two years of anti-poverty development, Dong Village witnessed great changes, . Two years of anti-poverty development brought about great changes to Dong Village, 6) 贫困村中，通路、通电、通电话和通广播电视的比例达到71.7%、92.1%、49.1%和82.7%。（人民日报海外版，2004/10/18） In the impoverished villages, the availability of roads, electricity supply, telephones, and radio and television had reached 71.7%, 92.1%, 49.