定语从句用法总结.doc

定语从句用法一.定语从句及相关术语1.定语从句：修饰某一句中的名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。被修饰的词称为先行词。2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。二.关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语 (1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. (4)The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (5)Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? (6)Do you like the book the color of which is yellow? 三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句1. 关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导(1)The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2)The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3)Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4)Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5)Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talk-ed about.(6)Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.2.关系代词前的介词的选择* 由先行词的习惯搭配或根据先行词的需要。(1) The speed at which light travels is 300,000 km per second. (at the speed of 以速度)(2) The reason for which he didnt come to school was that he was ill. (for a certain reason 由于某种原因)* 介词可能是从句短语动词的一个固定部分或固定搭配(3) Dont bring children to see the animals of which they are afraid. (be afraid of 害怕)(4) This is the teacher from whom I borrowed the book. (borrow from从借入注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等 (1)This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) (2)This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用 which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F) (3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. (3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.四关系副词引导的定语从句1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：1.关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1)The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3)Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born. 2.当先行词为时间、地点、原因名词时，如果在从句中不是作状语时，不可用关系副词引导。(1)The reason (that/which) he gave for being late is that his mother was ill.(2)They make me think of the happy days (that/which) we spent together.(3)Is this factory the one (that/which) they visited the day before yester- day.五限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除是对先行词的补充说明译法上翻译成先行词的定语，“的”删除后意思仍完整通常翻译成主句的并列句 限制性定语从句举例： (1)The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. (2)China is a country which has a long history. 非限制性定语从句举例： (1)His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. (2)China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 要注意区分以下几个句子的不同 (1)His brother who is now a doctor always to college. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥） (2)His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）难点分析（一）定语从句中的几个特殊的用法一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时 (1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has been done.(4) There is little that I can do for you. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing. 2. 当先行词被序数词修饰(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 (1) This is the best film that I have seen. 4. 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时(1) Who is the man that is standing there?(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?二）注意用which不用that的情况1.在非限制性定语从句中(1)She made great progress and won a prize, which gave us a surprise. 2.在介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，必须用which.(1) This is the knife with which John hurt somebody.3.当关系词后面有插入语时(1) Here is the ALD which, as I have told you, is a great help to you.三）在下列情况下，只许用关系代词who，而不用that:1.先行词为those, one, ones, anyone, people等时(1) Those who are from Qingdao come this way.2.当先行词后有较长的后置定语时，或定语从句被分隔时。 (1)A teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.3.当先行词是用-body或-one构成的不定代词时，关系代词多用who(1) Is there anybody else who should be invited.4.当先行词是集体名词时，如果着眼于集体，使用that/which；如果着眼于个体，则使用who(1)Our team, which took the second place last year, played better this year. (2)Our team, who are all under the age of twenty, will do well in the final match.（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子或句子的一部分。 (1) He married her, as/which was natural. (2) He was honest, as/which we can see.2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句.另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思，后边的谓语动词多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report等；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后,意为“这一点”。(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用as(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.(3) This is the same book as I lost last week. 注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同，用that时表示先行词与关系词所指的是同一物体，而用as则指的是相似但却不是同一物。(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。4当非限制性定语从句为否定句时，常用which引导。(1)Mr Zhang usually criticizes Mary in public, which she doesnt like at all.5.当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时，常用which引导。(1) Little Bob always tells a lie, which his parents find strange.6.当as在从句中作主语时，后面的谓语动词常常使用被动语态，如果从句中是主动语态，一般多使用which(1) She has been late again, as was expected.(2) Tom great progress in Chinese, which made us delighted.（三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.(四) but有时也可以做关系词