浅析提高池塘养鱼经济效益点方法.doc

/ /浅析提高池塘养鱼经济效益点方法摘要： 鱼类觅食、避害活动少,加之水质环境的不良影响,往往造成人工养殖鱼类的体色变淡,鱼肉粗蛋白与生鱼虾相比下降,粗脂肪比野生鱼少，并且池塘鱼类的空壳重下降,可食部分减少,体型规格不整齐,品味也无法与野生的相媲美,影响到池塘养殖鱼类的商品价格.本文就如何提高池塘养鱼的经济效益措施做以概述。Pick to: the fish feed, less risk-averse activities, combined with the adverse impact of the water quality environment and often result in farmed fish body color, meat protein compared with raw fish and shrimp, crude fat less than wild fish, and fish pond shell weight, reduce edible parts, size specification is not neat, also cannot be comparable with wild taste, affect farmed fish pond of commodity prices. In this paper, the measures how to improve the economic benefits of pond culture in brief. 关键词：经济效益； 池塘养殖； 措施Key words: economic benefits; Pond farming; measures 目前在养殖过程中,大量使用人工配合饲料,动物性蛋白质缺少,能量偏高,营养不全面,天然饲料缺乏。鱼类觅食、避害活动少,加之水质环境的不良影响,往往造成人工养殖鱼类的体色变淡,鱼肉粗蛋白与生鱼虾相比下降,粗脂肪比野生鱼少，而且池塘中的水产品空壳重下降,可食部分减少,体型规格不整齐,品味也无法与野生的相媲美,影响到池塘养殖鱼类的商品价格.本文就如何提高池塘养鱼的经济效益措施作如下概述.Currently in the process of breeding, extensive use of artificial compound feed, and the lack of animal protein, high energy, nutrition is not comprehensive, lack of natural feed. Fish feed, less risk-averse activities, combined with the adverse impact of the water quality environment and often result in farmed fish body color, meat protein compared with raw fish and shrimp, crude fat less than wild fish, and shell weight of aquatic products in the pond, reduce edible parts, size specification is not neat, also cannot be comparable with wild taste, affect farmed fish pond of commodity prices. In this paper, how to make the following overview of measures to improve the economic benefits of pond culture. 一、改善池塘环境A, improve the pond environment 1消除工业废水、农药污水对池塘鱼类有毒害。应用有关政策、法规，依法整治污水源。同时用沸石粉、麦饭石、益池宝、石灰等药品对已造成的污水进行改良。沸石粉、麦饭石和益池宝可起将水体中重金属离子吸附下沉在水底层优化水质，驱氨增氧等作用；石灰可杀菌，增加水体氧气，增加淤泥肥力。提高池塘养鱼的产品质量，增大经济效益。1 to eliminate industrial wastewater, pesticide wastewater is toxic to fish pond. Application of relevant policies, laws and regulations, in accordance with the regulation means. Simultaneously with zeolite powder, medical stone, benefits ChiBao, lime and other drugs for improved is caused by sewage. Zeolite powder and medical stone and beneficial ChiBao can be up to the adsorption of heavy metal ion in water sink in the water at the bottom. To optimize water quality, flooding increases oxygen ammonia etc; Lime can kill bacteria, increase water, oxygen, increase fertility of silt. Improve the quality of pond culture products, increasing economic benefits. 2池塘消毒。池塘是水产养殖动物栖息的场所，也是病原体滋生的场所。池塘环境是否清洁，直接影响到鱼类等各种水产养殖动物的生长速度，可在价格合适的时候上市。2 disinfection pond. The pond is a place for aquaculture animal habitats, and pathogens breeding places. The pond environment is clean, directly affect the growth rate of fish and other aquatic animals, could be on the market when the price is right. （1）干塘清塘，加固塘基。在冬季捕鱼后，将塘水排干，挖去一层污泥，然后让阳光曝晒，可达到清除虫害的目的。若因生产需要养过冬鱼类，未能做到冬季捕完后干塘，可用排污机将塘塘堤埂披上的杂草，以减少昆虫等产卵的场所。同时加固塘基，预防渗漏。(1) dry pond clear pond, pond base reinforcement. After the winter fishing pond water draining, to a layer of sludge, and then let the sun, can achieve the goal of clear pests. If winter due to production needs to raise fish, failed to do it after the winter fishing dry pond, available drainage machine will pond pond dam on bunds of weeds, to reduce the insects such as spawning sites. At the same time strengthening pond base, to prevent leakage. （2）药剂清塘，杀毒消菌。生石灰清塘：在池塘修整后，选择晴天进行生石灰清塘，将干粉均匀干撤到塘底或池底及塘基上，再故入46厘米清水，次日用长柄耙将池底淤泥和石灰浆调匀，发挥生石灰的杀毒作用。有些鱼类池塘，若清塘清池前无法排水，或原池水排出后又无法补人新水，可以进行带水清塘。Chemicals (2) clear pond, anti-virus eliminate bacteria. Quicklime clear pond, the pond after finishing, select sunny to quicklime clear pond, taken to dry the powder evenly into the pond bottom or bottom and pond based on 4-6 cm it again into the water, the next day with a long handle rake bottom mud and lime to make, play a role of antivirus of quick lime. Some fish pond, if unable to drain before qing tong qing pool, or the original water discharge and then cant fill one new water, can carry out with clear water pond. 3净化水质。为了保证水产养殖系统的安全性和可靠性，可以利用质量平衡原理进行设计。该原理是：“在某个单元中，某一物质的累积量，等于该物质的进流量减去出流量，再加上增生量。”利用该原理，可以准确地分析出被养殖水产品所需要的水质标准（比如氨氮、溶氧、亚硝酸氮、弧菌数、生菌数以及BOD等）下，可以放养的水产品数量，并以容许放养的最低量作为实际设计放养量，3 to purify water quality. In order to guarantee the safety and reliability of aquaculture system, can be designed using the mass balance principle. The principle is: in a unit, the accumulation of a certain material quantity, equal to into the flow of the material less traffic, coupled with hyperplasia. Using this principle, can accurately analyze the aquaculture products required water quality standard (such as ammonia nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, nitrite nitrogen, vibrio number, the number of living bacteria, and BOD, etc.), the number of aquatic product can be kept, and with the lowest allowable range quantity as the actual amount design range, （1）光合细菌净化水质。光合细菌投入池塘中，能迅速消除水体中的氨氮、硫化氢、有机酸等有机物质，平衡酸碱度，改善池水质量。投放光合细菌要注意：多菌种混合比单菌种投喂好；有机物腐败程度越高、污染越严重的池底投放效果越好；可与麦饭石、沸石等合用，效果更佳；不能与消毒剂合用，以免被杀死。(1) photosynthetic bacteria to purify water quality. Photosynthetic bacteria into the pond, can quickly eliminate water in organic materials such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, organic acid, balance the ph value, improve the water quality. On the photosynthetic bacteria will note: multi-strain mixture is better than single bacteria feeding; Organic matter in the higher level of corruption, pollution, the serious bottom on the better the results; Can be share with medical stone, zeolite etc, the effect is better; Cant share with disinfectant, so as not to be killed. （2）净水活菌净化水质。净水活菌是由多种化能异样菌组成，具有改善水质的功能，它们克服了光合细菌不能直接利用大分子有机物、不能分解生物尸体及残饵粪便等不足，兼有氧化、氨化、硝化、反硝化、解磷、硫化及固氮的作用。不仅能净化水质，还为单胞藻的繁殖提供了大量营养。而且鱼类的肉质鲜美，市场价格高。(2) to purify the water to water purification. Water purification of live bacteria can is by a variety of different bacteria, improve the function of water quality, they overcame the photosynthetic bacteria can not directly using the macromolecular organic matter, does not decompose biological bodies and remnant feces, both oxidation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, phosphate-solubilizing, vulcanization, and the function of nitrogen fixation. Not only can purify water quality, but also for single cell algae breeding provides a lot of nutrition. And fish meat is delicious, the market price is high. 二、节省饲料费用。Second, save production costs. 饲料费用一般约占养鱼成本的60%以上，广辟饲料来源，降低饲料成本，节省开支是提高养鱼经济效益的关键。1以青代精，利用塘埂、荒地种植牧草、利用沟渠等水域养殖浮萍，或采集嫩草杂草来喂鱼，可以节省精料。夏季可在鱼池距水面20厘米处安装60瓦灯泡诱虫入池，大力推行采用价廉的饼类和糠麸等，替代或少用价高的鱼粉，豆粕等配料，这样可大幅降低饵料成本。实践证明以菜粕、血粉等为主要原料，添加适量油脂、维生素、矿物质配成的饵料，营养物质能达到鱼类的需求量，养鱼效益较好。2饵料中适当加大维生素C添加量。维生素C可阻止有毒物质在鱼体内残留，具有解除法操作简便快速准确灵敏清除毒性物质的功能。3添加腐植酸。腐殖酸是养殖动物绿色饲料添加剂。中国农科院水产研究所(1995)用适当浓度腐殖酸水溶液泼撒饲养对虾水池，结果腐殖酸可有效防止铜、铅、镍等重金属对鱼类生长和繁殖的危害，促进鱼类生长加快。4消除药物残留。按国家农业部颁布实施的无公害食品渔用药物使用准则的规定执行，严禁使用磺胺脒、呋喃西林、痢特灵、氯霉素、红霉素、环丙沙星等抗生素作饵料添加剂或水体防病剂。可使用对致病菌有专一性的土霉素、磺胺嘧啶、新诺明、氟苯尼考等环保抗生素。捕捞出售前一个星期应停止使用药物性饲料添加剂，可减少药物在鱼体内残留。药物残留消除了，可增加口感，产品的价格自然会提升。Feed costs accounted for about 60% of the fish cost of above commonly, wide monarch feed source, reduce feed costs, save money is the key to improving economic efficiency of fish farming. 1 to take advantage of youth generation, planting grass pond, bunds wasteland, use duckweed, ditches, such as water or collect the tender grass weeds to feed the fish, can save the concentrate. Summer can install in the fish pond 20 centimeters from the surface of the water 60-watt bulb trap into the pool, and vigorously promote using cheap bread and bran etc, replace or less with the high price of fish meal, soybean meal and other ingredients, which can greatly reduce the feed cost. Practice proved in rapeseed meal, blood meal, etc as main raw materials, adding suitable amount of grease, match into the bait of vitamins, minerals, nutrients can reach the demand for fish, fish farming efficiency is better. 2 bait in the appropriate increase the vitamin C content. Vitamin C can prevent toxic residues in fish body lifting method is simple. Rapid. Accurate function sensitive to remove toxic substances. 3 add humic acid. Humic acid is farmed animals green feed additives. Chinese academy of agricultural sciences fisheries research institute (1995) with appropriate concentration of humic acid aqueous solution feeding prawn pond, rippled results humic acid could effectively prevent the heavy metals such as copper, lead, nickel to the harm of fish growth and reproduction, promote fish grow faster. 4. Eliminate the drug residues. Of pollution-free food fish by the national ministry of agriculture issued and implemented with drug use code provisions, sulfaguanidine, is strictly prohibited nitrofurazone, furazolidone, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, sand magnitude of antibiotics as feed additives or water prevention agent. Can be used for bacterial pathogens have specificity of terramycin, sulphadiazine, new Ming, the environmental protection such as fluorine benzene ni test antibiotics. Fishing for sale before a week. You should stop using medicine feed additives, can reduce the drug residues in fish. Drug residues eliminated, can increase the taste, the product price will increase. 三、调整放养密度。Third, adjust the density of livestock. 实行轮捕轮放和轮养 （1）是鱼类实行轮捕轮放，改变过去年底一次干塘起捕的习性，常年根据市场鱼价适时起水销售，卖个好价。可一次放足，捕大销售。也可多次放养大规格鱼种，捕大补小。时刻保持水体有足够多的载鱼量，常年保持均衡上市，根据鱼价波动情况，灵活上市，提高效益。（2）是各种鱼、虾等轮养。这样不仅可根据市场灵活地选择水产养殖品种，还可减轻池底质恶化程度，减少病害传播机会。如有的养殖户同一口池塘上半年养南美白对虾，下半年养鲤鱼，既提高了经济效益，又减少了病害的发生，效果好，值得借鉴。A catch wheel set and alternate culture (1) is fish catch wheel set, change the past by the end of a dry pond behaviour, catching of fish in the water all the year round, according to market sale, sell a good price. Can be put a foot, big sales. Herding of large size also can be repeatedly species, chasing after little sleep. To keep enough water fish loads, all the year round to keep balance, according to the price of fish volatility, flexible, improve business efficiency. (2) is a variety of fish, shrimp, etc. Rotary culture. Such not only can flexibly choose aquaculture varieties according to the market, also can reduce the bottom quality deterioration degree, reducing disease spread. If some producers with a pond in the first half of the South American white shrimp, the second half of a carp, can not only improve the economic efficiency, and reduce the happening of the disease, the effect is good, is worth using for reference. 四、加强鱼病防治。Four, strengthening prevention and control of fish diseases. 近年来暴发性鱼病在很大程度上制约着渔业生产的发展。一些养鱼户平时没有提前作好鱼病预防，当鱼病发生后又没有及时对症下药，造成一定的损失，使养鱼效益下降。综合分析鱼病的发生原因，采取相应的对策，实行鱼病综合防治是提高养殖效益的必要措施。防病的原则是“预防为主，防重于治，及早诊治，严格消毒”。鱼池应彻底用药物清塘；鱼种放养前严格消毒；鱼发病季节定期用药物预防；注意保持水质的清洁，增强鱼体的抵抗力。此外用大黄、五倍子、大蒜、马齿苋等中药对防治鱼病有良效。In recent years, explosive fish disease to a great extent, restricts the development of fishery production. Some fish at ordinary times didnt make fish disease prevention in advance, when after the occurrence of fish diseases and did not suit the remedy to the case in time, caused a certain loss, decreased fish farming efficiency. Comprehensive analysis of fish disease causes, adopt corresponding countermeasures, implementing comprehensive prevention and control of fish disease necessary measures is to improve the breeding benefit. Prevention principle is prevention first, focus on prevention, early diagnosis and treatment, strict disinfection. Fish pond should be completely clear pond with medicine; Species range strictly sterilized before; Fish onset season regularly with drug prevention; Pay attention to keep the water clean, the enhancement of the fish body resistance. In addition with rhubarb, Chinese gall, garlic, purslane, etc. Chinese medicine is effective for prevention and treatment of fish diseases. 总之，水产养殖是一项复杂且系统的工程，它涉及到多方面的问题，因此只有加强理论指导和技术创新，才能实现水产养殖的经济效益和社会效益。Anyhow, aquaculture is a complicated and system engineering, it involves many problems, so only strengthen theoretical guidance and technical innovation, to achieve the economic benefits of aquaculture and social benefits. 袁节膅薂羄肅蒃薁蚃芀荿薀螆肃芅蕿袈芈膁蚈羀肁蒀蚇蚀袄莆蚇螂肀莂蚆羅袂芈蚅蚄膈膄蚄螇羁蒂蚃衿膆莈蚂羁罿芄螁蚁膄膀螁螃羇葿螀袅膃蒅蝿肈羆莁螈螇芁芇莄袀肄膃莄羂艿蒂莃蚂肂莈蒂螄芈芄蒁袆肀膀蒀罿袃薈葿螈聿蒄葿袁羁莀蒈羃膇芆蒇蚃羀膂蒆螅膅蒁薅袇羈莇薄罿膄芃薃虿羆艿薃袁节膅薂羄肅蒃薁蚃芀荿薀螆肃芅蕿袈芈膁蚈羀肁蒀蚇蚀袄莆蚇螂肀莂蚆羅袂芈蚅蚄膈膄蚄螇羁蒂蚃衿膆莈蚂羁罿芄螁蚁膄膀螁螃羇葿螀袅膃蒅蝿肈羆莁螈螇芁芇莄袀肄膃莄羂艿蒂莃蚂肂莈蒂螄芈芄蒁袆肀膀蒀罿袃薈葿螈聿蒄葿袁羁莀蒈羃膇芆蒇蚃羀膂蒆螅膅蒁薅袇羈莇袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇袁节膅薂羄肅蒃薁蚃芀荿薀螆肃芅蕿袈芈膁蚈羀肁蒀蚇蚀袄莆蚇螂肀莂蚆羅袂芈蚅蚄膈膄蚄螇羁蒂蚃衿膆莈蚂羁罿芄螁蚁膄膀螁螃羇葿螀袅膃蒅蝿肈羆莁螈螇芁芇莄袀肄膃莄羂艿蒂莃蚂肂莈蒂螄芈芄蒁袆肀膀蒀罿袃薈葿螈聿蒄葿袁羁莀蒈羃膇芆蒇蚃羀膂蒆螅膅蒁薅袇羈莇薄罿膄芃薃虿羆艿薃袁节膅薂羄肅蒃薁蚃芀荿薀螆肃芅蕿袈芈膁蚈羀肁蒀蚇蚀袄莆蚇螂肀莂蚆羅袂芈蚅蚄膈膄蚄螇羁蒂蚃衿膆莈蚂羁罿芄螁蚁膄膀螁螃羇