英国文学浪漫主义时期.ppt

TheRomanticPeriod 1798 1832 Introduction EnglishRomanticismbeginsin1798withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge sTheLyricalBalladsandendsin1832withWalterScott sdeath WilliamBlakeandRobertBurnsalsobelongtothisliterarygenre thoughtheylivepriortotheRomanticperiod WhatisRomanticism RomanticismisamovementthatemergedasareactionagainstNeoclassicism新古典主义 theageprecedingtheRomanticmovement TheNeoclassicalagewasalsocalledthe TheageofEnlightenment whichemphasizedonreasonandlogic TheRomanticperiodwantedtobreakawayfromthetraditionsandconventionsthatweredeartotheNeoclassicalageandmakewayforindividualityandexperimentation DefinitionfromWikipedia Romanticism ortheRomanticEraorthe RomanticPeriod wasanartistic literaryandintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturyinEurope andgainedstrengthinreactiontotheIndustrialRevolution Inpart itwasarevolt反叛 反抗againstaristocraticsocialandpoliticalnorms标准 规范oftheAgeofEnlightenmentandareactionagainstthescientificrationalizationofnature Itwasembodiedmoststronglyinthevisualarts music andliterature buthadamajorimpactonhistoriography educationandnaturalhistory HistoricalBackground Politically theFrenchRevolution DeclarationofRightsofMan 1791 2 ThomasPaine InquiryconcerningPoliticalJustice 1793 WilliamGodwin AVindicationoftheRightsofWoman 1792 MaryWollstonecraftWorkers Movement Economically theIndustrialRevolutionContinuedfastchangestookplacebothinthecountryandinthecities Manyfarmhandsdrivenoutoflandrushedintothecity Womenandchildrenwereemployedascheaplabor Newmachinesweresetup renderingmanyoutofwork Disparitywasgrowingbetweentherichandthepoor IdeologicallyTheprincipleofRationwasgivingwaytoanindividualized free liberal imaginativeattitudetowardslife atendencytoturnorescapefromthetumultuous嘈杂的动乱的andconfusingsociety CharacteristicsofRomanticism LoveofNature TheRomanticsgreatlyemphasizedontheimportanceofnature andoneofthemaincharacteristicsofRomanticisminpoetryisthebeautyofnaturefoundinthecountrylife Thiswasmainlybecausetheindustrialrevolutionhadtakenmanfromthepeacefulcountrylifetowardsthecitylife transformingman snaturalorder NaturewasnotonlyappreciatedforitsphysicalbeautybytheRomantics butalsoforitsabilitytohelptheurbanmanfindhistrueidentity Emotionsvs Rationality UnliketheNeoclassicalagewhichfocusedonrationalityandintellect Romanticismplacedhumanemotions feelings instinctandintuitionaboveeverythingelse Whilethepoetsintheformereraadheredtotherulesandregulationswhileselectingasubjectandwritingaboutit theRomanticwriterstrustedtheiremotionsandfeelingstocreatepoetry ThisbeliefcanbeconfirmedfromthedefinitionofpoetrybyWilliamWordsworth wherehesaysthat poetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings TheemphasisonemotionswasalsospreadtomusiccreatedintheRomanticperiod andwasseeninthecompositionsmadebygreatmusicianslikeWeber Beethoven Schumann etc Artist theCreator AstheRomanticperiodemphasizedonemotions thepositionorroleoftheartistorthepoetalsogainedsupremacy Intheearliertimes theartistwasseenasapersonwhoimitatedtheexternalworldthroughhisart However Romanticismrevertedthisbelief Thepoetorartistwasseenasacreatorofapieceofworkwhichreflectedhisindividualityandinnermind Itwasalsoforthefirsttimethatthepoemswritteninthefirstpersonwerebeingaccepted asthepoeticpersonabecameonewiththevoiceofthepoet Nationalism TheRomanticsborrowedheavilyfromthefolkloreandthepopularart Duringtheearlierperiods literatureandartwereconsideredtobelongtothehighclasseducatedpeople andthecountryfolkswerenotconsideredfittoenjoythem Also thelanguageusedintheseworkswerehighlypoetic whichwastotallydifferentfromthatwhichwasspokenbypeople However Romanticismchangedallthis Theirworkswereinfluencedfromtheballadsandfolklorethatwerecreatedbythemassesorthecommonpeople ratherthanfromtheliteraryworksthatwerepopular Apartfrompoetry adoptingfromthefolkloreandballadsisalsooneoftheveryimportantcharacteristicsofRomanticisminmusic AstheRomanticsbecameinterestedandfocusedondevelopingthefolklore culture language customsandtraditionsoftheirowncountry theydevelopedasenseofNationalismwhichreflectedintheirworks Also thelanguageusedinRomanticpoemsweresimplewhichwasusuallyusedineverydaylife Exoticism AlongwithNationalism theRomanticsevendevelopedtheloveoftheexotic Hence inmanyoftheliteraryaswellasartisticworksofthatperiod thefaroffandmysteriouslocationsweredepicted ThoughthiswascompletelyoppositefromtheidealofNationalism theyneverclashedwitheachother Thereasonforthisisthatjustliketheexoticlocations thepeopledidnotknowaboutthefolkloreoftheirplacesbefore andsotheyseemedtobeasvagueasthefarawayplaces ExoticismisalsooneofthemostprominentcharacteristicsofRomanticisminart alongwithsentimentalityandspirituality Supernatural AnothercharacteristicofRomanticismisthebeliefinthesupernatural TheRomanticswereinterestedinthesupernaturalandincludeditintheirworks ThisfascinationforthemysteriousandtheunrealalsoleadtothedevelopmentoftheGothicromancewhichbecamepopularduringthisperiod SupernaturalelementscanbeseeninColeridge s KublaKhan andinKeats poem LaBelleDameSansMerci OverviewofRomanticliterature Theromanticperiodisanageofpoetry WordsworthandColeridgearethemostrepresentativewriters Theyexplorenewtheoriesandinnovatenewtechniquesinversification诗律 Theybelievethatpoetrycouldpurifyindividualsoulsandsociety Lakepoets Wordsworth ColeridgeandSoutheywereknownasLakePoetsbecausetheylivedandknewoneanotherinthelastfewyearsofthe18thcenturyinthedistrictofthegreatlakesinNorthwesternEngland TheformertwopublishedTheLyricalBalladstogetherin1798 whileallthreeofthemhadradicalinclinationsintheiryouthbutlaterturnedconservativeandreceivedpensionsandpoetlaureateshipsfromthearistocracy SatanicPoets OthergreatestRomanticpoetsare JohnKeats P B ShelleyandG G Byron TheyarereferredtoasSatanicPoetsbyRobertSoutheyfortheirviolentimaginationandrebelliousspirit Feministworks MaryWollstonecraftwroteAVindicationoftheRightsofWomanin1792 Gothicnovelisatypeofromanticfictionthatpredominatesinthelate18thcenturyandcontinuestoshowitsinfluenceinearly19thcentury Itsprincipalelementsareviolence horror andthesupernatural Frankenstein 1818 byMaryShelleyandTheMysteriesofUdolpho 1794 byAnnRadcliffearemasterpiecesofEnglishgothicnovel RomanticFictions EnglishfictiongropesitswayamidsttheoverwhelmingRomanticpoetry ItrevivesitspopularityinthehandsofJaneAusten WalterScott WalterScottisnotedforhishistoricalnovelbasedonScottishhistoryandlegends HeexertedgreatinfluenceonEuropeanliteratureofhistime JaneAustenisthefirstandforemostEnglishwomennovelist Followingtheneoclassicaltradition sheisunsurpassedinthedescriptionofuneventfuleverydaylife Newpoeticfeatures language simple everydaylifespeech commonvocabularyandaccentdialecte g Blake Wordsworthform lyrics sonnet ode narrative ballad purpose emotional confessionalandvisionary propheticprinciples imagination subject naturetherural pastoralthepast historicalthealien exotic orientalthesupernatural mysterious dreamsordream like thepersonalthecommon lowclasstherevolutionarythepatriotic WilliamWordsworth 1770 1850 英国浪漫主义文学先驱 湖畔派 诗人中创作成就最大的一位 Wordsworth sLife alawyer sfamily deathofparents grammarschoollakedistrict Cambridge vocation 1790 summertourtoFrance AftergettinghisdegreeinCambridge 1791 backtoFrance financialdifficulties 1797 Coleridge weakenedrevolutionaryspirit seclusioninLakeDistrict 1843 PoetLaureate diedin1850 attheageof80 MajorLiteraryWorks DescriptiveSketches anEveningWalk 1793 hisfirstvolumewritteninthe18thcenturyfeelingfornaturaldescriptionLyricalBallads 1798 themanifestoofEnglishRomanticismThePrelude 1805 posthumouslyin1850 hisgreatestworkPoemsinTwoVolumes 1807 contains Ode IntimationsofImmortality theautobiographicalnarrative ResolutionandIndependence TheExcursion 1814 Subjects Poemsonnature ToaButterfly ToaSkylark TotheCuckoo IWanderedLonelyasaCloud TinternAbbey PoemsonsimplerusticlifeinthecountrysideLucypoems SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays Otherpoemsaboutcommonpeopleandtheirhumblelife Michael TheSolitaryReaper CharacteristicsofWordsworth spoety Wordsworth spersonalityandpoetryweredeeplyinfluencedbyhisloveofnature especiallybythesightsandscenesoftheLakeCountry Aprofoundlyearnestandsincerethinker hedisplayedahighseriousnesscomparable attimes toMilton sbuttemperedwithtendernessandaloveofsimplicity Pioneerintheuseofthelanguageofordinaryspeech criticizedforthisquality Wordsworth stheoryofpoetry Theprincipalobject then whichIproposedtomyselfinthesepoemsaretochooseincidentsandsituationsfromcommonlifeandtorelateordescribethem throughout asfaraswaspossible inaselectionoflanguagereallyusedbymen and atthesametime tothrowoverthemacertaincolouringofimagination wherebyordinarythingsshouldbepresentedtothemindinanunusualway andaboveall tomaketheseincidentsandsituationsinterestingbytracinginthem trulythoughnotostentatiously theprimarylawsofournature chieflyasfarasregardsthemannerinwhichweassociateideasinastateofexcitement PrefacetothesecondeditionoftheLyricalBallads 华兹华斯的诗论 关于诗歌的题材问题 以微贱的田园生活作题材关于诗歌的语言问题 采用人们 农村的下层民众 真正使用的语言来加以描述或描写关于诗的本质问题 诗是强烈情感的自然流露诗人的特殊才能 想象力和语言表达能力 抒情歌谣集 序言 Significance WithSamuelTaylorColeridgeusheredintheEnglishRomanticmovementManyconsiderhimthemostimportantEnglishRomanticpoetsucceededSoutheyasPoetLaureate 她住在人迹罕至的小路间SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWay 她住在人迹罕至的小路间在鸽子谷的清泉旁一个无人赞扬也很少人爱的姑娘 青苔边的一朵紫罗兰一半令人看不见美得像颗星星 孤孤单单在天上闪现 她默默无闻 很少有人晓得露西死于何时但她已在墓中 啊 我怅然若失 Itisathree stanzapoem isthebestknownofWordsworth sseriesoffiveworkswhichcomprisehis Lucy series andwasafavouriteamongstearlyreaders Itwascomposedbothasameditationonhisownfeelingsoflonelinessandloss andasanodetothebeautyanddignityofanidealisedwomanwholivedunnoticedbyallothersexceptbythepoethimself 我曾远游海外ITravelledamongUnknownMan 我曾远游海外 周围都是陌生的眼光 英格兰 不知爱你有多深沉 只因未曾去过异国他乡 忧郁的梦全都散去 远游的念头旱已消亡 只因爱你越发深沉 我不愿再次背起行囊 你的崇山中有我的欢乐 你的峻岭下有我的期望 傍着英格兰炉火摇着纺车 还有我那心爱的姑娘 你的展曦照着她在林阴流连 你的夜幕伴着她在茅舍徜徉 还有你那碧绿的田野 引来露西最后深情的眺望 IWanderedLonelyasacloud 我如行云独自游IWanderedLonelyasacloud 我好似一朵孤独的流云 高高地飘游在山谷之上 突然我看到一大片鲜花 是金色的水仙遍地开放 它们开在湖畔 开在树下它们随风嬉舞 随风飘荡 它们密集如银河的星星 像群星在闪烁一片晶莹 它们沿着海湾向前伸展 通往远方仿佛无穷无尽 一眼看去就有千朵万朵 万花摇首舞得多么高兴 粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳 却不如这水仙舞得轻俏 诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴 又怎能不感到欢欣雀跃进 我久久凝视 却未领悟这景象所给予我的精神至宝 后来多少次我郁郁独卧 感到百无聊赖心灵空漠 这景象便在脑海中闪现 多少次安慰过我的寂寞 我的心又随水仙跳起舞来 我的心又重新充满了欢乐 Thisissimplyasuperbpoemdepictingpoet slovefornature Itisalyricpoemfocusingonthepoet sresponsetothebeautyofnature Thepoetisneveralonewhenheiswithnature Poetneverfelthimselfisolatedinthecompanyofnature HeistruelyaPantheist wholovesnatureasamother Thepoemtellsusthattheblisswecanenjoyintherealsenseofthetermifwecanmergeinthenature 威斯敏斯特桥上ComposedUponWestminsterBridge sonnet 大地再没有比这儿更美的风貌 若有谁 对如此壮丽动人的景物竟无动于衷 那才是灵魂麻木 瞧这座城市 像披上一领新袍 披上了明艳的晨光 环顾周遭 船舶 尖塔 剧院 教堂 华屋 都寂然 坦然 向郊野 向天穹赤露 在烟尘未染的大气里粲然闪耀 旭日金挥洒布于峡谷山陵 也不比这片晨光更为奇丽 我何尝见过 感受过这深沉的宁静 河上徐流 由着自己的心意 上帝呵 千门万户都沉睡未醒 这整个宏大的心脏仍然在歇息 ThepoemisasonnetdescribingLondon viewedfromoneofthebridgesovertheThames intheearlymorning Itwasfirstpublishedin1807 InthepoemthethemeisthatofNature Thisreiterateshisconvictionthatthecity atthisparticularpointofday doesnotclashwithnaturebutbecomesapartofit Thesolitaryreaper孤独的割麦女 看 一个孤独的高原姑娘在远远的田野间收割 一边割一边独自歌唱 请你站住 或者俏悄走过 她独自把麦子割了又捆 唱出无限悲凉的歌声 屏息听吧 深广的谷地已被歌声涨满而漫溢 还从未有过夜莺百啭 唱出过如此迷人的歌 在沙漠中的绿荫间抚慰过疲惫的旅客 还从未有过杜鹃迎春 声声啼得如此震动灵魂 在遥远的赫布利底群岛打破过大海的寂寥 她唱什么 谁能告诉我 忧伤的音符不断流涌 是把遥远的不聿诉说 是把古代的战争吟咏 也许她的歌比较卑谦 只是唱今日平凡的悲欢 只是唱自然的哀伤苦痛 昨天经受过 明天又将重逢 姑娘唱什么 我猜不着 她的歌如流水永无尽头 只见她一面唱一面干活 弯腰挥镰 操劳不休 我凝神不动 听她歌唱 然后 当我登上了山岗 尽管歌声早已不能听到 它却仍在我心头缭绕 Themes ThepoemmainlydiscussesthethemeofpoetryWordsworthmaintainedthatpoetryshouldnotrelyonartificialdictionforitseffort Rather itshouldbewritteninmoreordinarylanguageandsimplerformsothatallclassesmightappreciateit Byron Life Family BornlameinanimpoverishnoblefamilyFatherdiedwhenhewasthree livedinlonelinessandpovertywithhismotherinScotlandMadeLordByronat10bythedeathofhisgranduncle Earlyexperience Cambridge HoursofIdleness 1807 andEnglishBardsandScotchReviewerstwoyearslaterTourontheContinent 1809 1811 visitedPortugal Spain Albania GreeceandTurkey ReturntoEngland Embarkedonhispoliticalcareer madespeechesintheparliamenttosupporttheproletariatPublishedthefirsttwocantosofChildeHarold sPilgrimage 1812 wrotesomenarrativepoemswhichwerecalled OrientalTales MarriedAnnMilbankwholefthimoneyearafterthemarriage YearsontheContinentInSwitzerland madeacquaintancewithShelleyInItaly finishedChildeHarold sPilgrimage wroteDonJuan CainInGreece plungedhimselfintoGreekpeople sstrugglefornationalindependence diedoffever MajorWorks EnglishBardsandScotchReviewers 1809 OrientalTalesTheGiaour 1813 TheCorsair 1814 Lara 1814 ChildeHarold sPilgrimage 1812 1818 DonJuan 1818 1819 PoeticDrama Manfred 1817 Cain 1821 TheTwoFoscari 1821 ChildeHarold sPilgrimage 4cantos writtenintheSpenserianstanzaCantoI Portugal SpainCantoII Albania GreeceCantoIII hisdaughter thepoliticalstrugglesofthedayCantoIV Italy DonJuan Byron smasterpiece writtenintheprimeofhiscreativepowerintention toremovetheclokewhichthemannersandmaximsofsocietythrowovertheirsecretsins andshewthemtotheworldastheyreallyare topresentapanoramicviewofdifferenttypesofsociety thedifferencebetweenlife sappearanceanditsactuality Epicsatire asatireonabusesofthepresentsociety ArtisticFeatures RevolutionaryspiritByronicheroVarietyinstylefrompassionateoutcriestopatheticutterance fromsolemnexpressionstoironicmockeries fromseriousmusingstoplayfulfancies fromhighlylyricalpassagestoeverydayprosaicspeech fromloftyphrasesingrandstyletoclownishplayonwords ByronicHero aproudrevolutionaryfigureofnobleorigin risingsinglehandedagainstanykindoftyrannicrulesingovernmentorreligionormoralsocietywithunconquerablewillsandinexhaustibleenergies ThesetoweringfiguresstandinsharpcontrastwiththeheroesintheversenarrativesoftheLakePoets whoareeithersubmissiveagentsofGodorofothersupernaturalforcesorarewrappedinthemysteriousatmosphereofmysticismormagic Evaluation Havinggreatinfluenceontheromanticpoetrywiththenoveltyofhisorientalscenery theromanticcharacteroftheByronichero andtheeasy fluentandnaturalbeautyofhisverse Twocontroversialopinions InEngland thepervertedman thesatanicpoetOntheContinent thechampionofliberty poetofthepeople Shelley Life BornintoanaristocraticfamilyenteredtheOxfordUniversityCollegein1810 expelledfromthecollegeforpublishingTheNecessityOfAtheismin1811elopedwiththe16 yearoldHarrietWestbrook spentthefollowingtwoyearstravelinginEnglandandIreland distributingpamphletsandspeakingagainstpoliticalinjustice In1813publishedhisfirstimportantpoem theatheisticQueenMab In1814traveledabroadwithMaryWollstonecraftGodwin marriedMaryWollstonecraftafterHarrietdrownedherselfin1816WroteTheSpiritofSolitude 1816 andTheRevoltofIslam 1817 movedtoItaly drownedin1822 MajorWorks InEngland QueenMabTheSpiritofSolitudeTheRevoltofIslam InItaly Twopoeticdramas PrometheusUnboundTheCenciProse ADefenseofPoetry Poems Politicallyrics TheMaskofAnarchySongtotheMenofEnglandLyricsonnatureandloveOdetotheWestWindToaSkylarkElegy Adonais Ode alyricpoemofsomelength dealingwithaloftythemeinadignifiedmannerandoriginallyintendedtobesung Romanticode EvolvedfromtheancientGreekode writteninaseroustonetocelebrateaneventortopraiseanindividualNotintendedtobesung yetquiteemotionalTheauthorfocusesonascene pondersitsmeaning andpresentsahighlypersonalreactiontoitthatincludesaspecialinsightattheendofthepoem OdetotheWestWind ContentsThisisoneofShelley sbestknownlyrics Thepoetdescribesvividlytheactivitiesofthewestwindontheearth intheskyandontheseaandthenexpresseshisenvyfortheboundlessfreedomofthewestwindandhiswishtobefreelikeitandtoscatterhiswordsamongmankind Thecelebratedfinallineofthepoem Ifwintercomes canSpringbefarbehind hasoftenbeencitedtoillustrateShelley soptimisticbeliefinthefutureofmankind Characteristics agreatvarietyofpoeticalstylerichinmyth symbolsandclassicalallusionsastrongdramaticpoweranintellectualthoughtabundantinpersonificationandmetaphorandotherfiguresofspeech ShelleyandByronCompared Byron onlyattachedpoliticaltyranny thoughtmoreofone spersonalhappinessandsorrowandbelievedchieflyinthemightofindividualheroesbuthadcontemptforthecommonpeopleShelley alsosawthecruelrelationsofeconomicexploitationinthefeudalbourgeoisworld hadfaithinthecollectivestrengthofthepeopleandworkedfortheinterestsofthemasses JohnKeats Life Bornin1795 sonofalivery stablekeeperapprenticedat15tolearnsurgerydevotehimselftopoetryundertheinfluenceofLeighHuntandtheartistHaydonin1816 Literarycreationfrom1816 1820 PublishedhisearlypoemsinTheExaminer 1816 Publishedhisfirstvolumeofpoetry metwithveryseverecriticism 1818 Publishedhissecondvolumeofpoetry 1820 Fellillwithtuberculosis traveledtoItalyupontheinvitationofShelley 1820 Diedofillness 1821 MajorWorks OnFirstLookingintoChapman sHomerEndymionLamia Isabella TheEveofSt Agnes OtherPoemsOdes OdetoaNightingaleOdeonaGrecianUrnOdetoPsycheOdeonMelancholyToAutumn OdeonaGrecianUrn OdeonaGrecianUrn TimeTheodewaswritteninMay1819outofcollectionofmemoryofseveralvisitstoexhibition 你 嫁给静寂的 童贞的新娘 你 被静默和悠远收养的孩子 林野的史家 擅长在画上宣扬艳压诗篇的 繁花一般的传奇 身上环绕的 绿叶缘饰的传说讲述神还是凡人 或兼有两者 在腾佩 或怀抱溪谷的阿卡迪 什么人或神 少女竟如此难惹 多疯的追求 怎样挣扎的逃脱 什么笛子手鼓 多野性的狂喜 清歌闻之甚美 然而未听见的更妙 婉转的笛子 请你吹吧不是为感官的双耳 你要变得更奇妙 为精神吹出无声的歌 碧树下的美少年 你不会离开你的歌 绿荫也不会抛开树木莽撞的恋人 你永世都吻不上 虽然万分接近 但不要悲哀 她与衰老无缘 虽无艳福可享 你却永坠爱河 如她芳华常驻 啊 喜悦层生的枝条 你不会飘落绿叶 也不会向春天挥别 而你 欢快的乐手 永不疲惫永远在吹奏 永远新鲜的仙乐更多欢畅的爱 更多幸福的爱 总是暖意融融 只等欢乐纵情永远都在搏动 永远青春四射 所有呼吸的人欲 都远远抛开离开悲痛莫名的 厌烦的心灵 高烧不退的额头 焦渴的唇舌 是一群什么人 赶来参加祭献 对着天空鸣叫的 那头小母牛 丝滑的腰身上 围着缤纷花环噢 神秘的祭司 你把它牵走要去哪座绿色祭坛 什么小镇在河畔还是海滨 还是在山间傍着幽静的山寨 为这乡俗里敬神的早晨 腾出所有的人民 你的街道永远沉默 无人重返就没人讲述 你为何如此孤寂 噢 雅典的形体 情态的美妙 大理石的繁带 密布男女身上还有佳木的枝叶 踏过的野草你 沉默的塑形 像永恒一样引我们超越思想 凉的田园诗 年华逝去 将催老我们这一辈 你在别样的悲伤中 不曾代谢一个人类的朋友 对我们感喟 美是真 真也是美 这就是你知道 和你需要知道的一切 SummaryHerethepoetgiveshiscommentonaGreekvasewhich asarelicofancientculture hascaughthisimagination Onthesurfaceofthevasethereisanornamentalbandofsculpturewithfiguresoftrees pipes andloversonit Thoughtheyarequietforms theypossessandconveythebeauty thesignificanceandtheeternityofart whichappealedtoKeats Soattheendofthepoem thepoetemphasizestherelationshipbetweenbe