学术英语综合第二单元ppt课件.ppt

学术英语AcademicEnglish 1 Unit2BusinessEthics TextAStrikingtheRightBalance 2 FreeenterpriseFreeenterprisereferstothesystemofbusinessinwhichindividualsarefreetodecidewhattoproduce howtoproduceit andatwhatpricetosellit 自由企业制度 就是确保企业能够拥有在产权受法律保护的基础上所享有的自由创业权 自由经营权 自由交易权以及自由支配或处置财产权等一系列的制度安排 它包括产权制度 进入退出制度 公平竞争制度 平等合约制度 平等交易制度以及平等获取信息服务制度等 Unit2BusinessEthics TextABackgroundinformation 3 Doyouagreeornot Profitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusiness AdamSmith 4 2016年3 15晚会 共筑消费新生态 曝光 饿了么 惊现黑心作坊看完你还会饿么 曝光 制造用废钢料这样的假牙你敢戴吗 权威发布 跨境电商进口儿童用品超三成不合格 消费预警 你买的人参可能一半是白糖 Balanceprofitandbusinessethics 5 BusinessEthics Businessethicsmeanswrittenandunwrittencodesofmoralstandardsthatarecriticaltothecurrentactivitiesandfutureaspirationsofabusinessorganization Theycandifferfromonecompanytoanotherbecauseofdifferencesinculturalperspectives operationalstructuresandstrategicorientations Theguidingframeworkofbusinessethicsexistsalllevelsoftheorganization Itisabouthavingthewisdomtodeterminethedifferencebetweenrightactionsandwrongdecisions Insimplerterms businessethicsprovidesthemoralitystandardsandbehavioralpatternsexpectedofindividualsandthebusinessasawhole Thesemoralstandardscanbeperceivedintermsofthemicroenvironmentandmacroenvironmentofthebusiness 6 StakeholderVSShareholder Therearetwoschoolsofthoughtregardinghowcompaniesshouldapproachadefinitionforbusinessethics theshareholderperspectiveandthestakeholderperspective 7 StakeholderVSShareholder ShareholderPerspectiveThosewhoapproachethicaldecisionmakingfromashareholderperspectivefocusonmakingdecisionsthatareintheowners bestinterest Decisionsareguidedbyaneedtomaximizereturnoninvestmentfortheorganization sshareholders Individualswhoapproachethicsfromthisperspectivefeelthatethicalbusinesspracticesareonesthatmakethemostmoney 8 StakeholderVSShareholder StakeholderPerspectiveThephrasecorporatesocialresponsibilityisoftenusedindiscussionsofbusinessethics Theideabehindthisconceptisthebeliefthatcompaniesshouldconsidertheneedsandinterestsofmultiplestakeholdergroups notjustthosewithadirectfinancialstakeintheorganization sprofitsandlosses Organizationsthatapproachbusinessethicsfromastakeholderperspectiveconsiderhowdecisionsimpactthoseinsideandoutsidetheorganization Stakeholdersmayinclude employees suppliers customers competitors governmentagencies thenewsmedia communityresidentsandothers Theideabehindstakeholderbasedethicaldecisionmakingistomakesoundbusinessdecisionsthatworkforthegoodofallaffectedparties 9 ImportanceofEthicalBusinessDecisions Companiesandpeoplewhobehaveinasociallyresponsiblemanneraremuchmorelikelytoenjoyultimatesuccessthanthosewhoseactionsaremotivatedsolelybyprofits Knowingthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongandchoosingwhatisrightisthefoundationforethicaldecisionmaking Inmanycases doingtherightthingoftenleadstothegreatestfinancial social andpersonalrewardsinthelongrun 10 CorporateSocialResponsibility DefinitionsCorporatesocialresponsibility CSR isabouthowcompaniesmanagethebusinessprocessestoproduceanoverallpositiveimpactonsocietyCorporatesocialresponsibility CSR referstoabusinesspracticethatinvolvesparticipatinginactivitiesthatbenefitsociety 11 PyramidofSocialResponsibility Carroll1991 12 TextAStrikingtheRightBalance Para1In1776 AdamSmithdescribedhowan invisiblehand guidescompaniesastheystriveforprofits andthathandleadsthemtodecisionsthatbenefitsociety Smith sinsightsledhimtoconcludethatprofitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusinessandthatthefreeenterprisesystemisbestforsociety 13 TextAStrikingtheRightBalance Buttheworldhaschangedsince1776 Firmstodayaremuchlarger theyoperatedglobally theyhavethousandsofemployees andtheyareownedbymillionsofstockholders Thismakeuswonderifthe invisiblehand stillprovidesreliableguidance Shouldcompaniesstilltrytomaximizeprofits orshouldtheytakebroaderviewandtakemorebalancedactionsdesignedtobenefitcustomers employees suppliers andsocietyasawhole 14 Para2 MostacademicstodaysubscribetothefollowingmodifiedversionofAdamSmith stheory Afirm sprincipalgoalshouldbetomaximizethewealthofitsstockholders whichmeansmaximizingthevalueofitsstocks 15 Para2 Freeenterpriseisstillthebesteconomicsystemforthecountryasawhole Underthefreeenterpriseframework companiesdevelopproductsandservicesthatpeoplewantandthatbenefitsociety However someconstraintsareneeded firmsshouldnotbeallowedtopollutetheairandwater toengageinunfairemploymentpractices ortocreatemonopoliesthatexploitconsumers 16 Para3 Theseconstraintstakeanumberofdifferentforms Throughthepoliticalprocess societyimposesawiderangeofregulationsthataredesignedtokeepcompaniesfromengaginginpracticesthathurtsociety Anothersetofconstraintsarethecoststhatareassessedoncompaniesiftheytakeactionsthatharmsociety Properlyimposed thesecostsfairlytransfervaluetosufferingpartiesandhelpcreateincentivesthathelppreventsimilareventsfromoccurringinthefuture 17 Para3 Tworecentexamplesdramaticallyillustratethesepoints First manyWallStreetfirmsengagedinextremelyriskyactivitiesthatpushedthefinancialsystemtothebrinkofcollapsein2007and2008 Savingthefinancialsystemrequiredabailoutofbanksandotherfinancialcompanies andthatbailoutimposedhugecostsonthetaxpayers andalsohelpedpushtheeconomyintoadeeprecession 18 Para3 Apartfromthehugecostsimposedonsociety thefinancialfirmsalsopaidaheavyprice anumberofleadingfinancialinstitutionssawahugedropintheirstockprice somefailedandwentoutofbusiness andmanyWallStreetexecutiveslosttheirjobs Morerecently in2010 themassiveBPoilspillintheGulfofMexicohadaterribleenvironmentalandeconomicimpactoftheGulfregion 19 Para3 Inthethreemonthsfollowingtheinitialexplosion BP sstocklosthalfofitsvalue andnooneknewhowhighitstotalcostwouldbeandwhetherthecompanywouldsurvive ThespillhasalsoledtheUnitedStatesandothernationstore examinetheirpoliciesregardingdeep waterdrilling andthatmighthaveaseriousadverseeffectonlong runoilsupplies 20 CREDITCRISIS 21 background USFederalReservelowertheinterestratestoonly after911 Investor lowreturnfor1 Bank borrowmoneyfromFedfor1 cheapcredit 低息贷款 gocrazywithleverage earnlotsofmoney TheninvestorsofWallStreetalsowantstoearnmoremoney 22 Leverageisborrowmoneytoamplifytheoutcomeofadeal Leverage 10 000 23 Howdidthathappen Housebuyers Investors Wallstreet 24 Howdiditwork mortgage 25 Badresult sub primemortgagecrisis 26 End 27 Para4 Still somearguethatthecostsimposedonBPareinsufficienttocoverthedamagesthatwereincurred andthatthetheoryofconstrainedprofitmaximizationisinadequate Forexample GEChiefExecutiveOfficer CEO JeffreyImmeltbelievesthatjustobeyingthelawisnotenough andthatcompaniesshouldstrivetobehaveethicallyandcontinuallyoperatewithsociety sinterestsinmind 28 Para4 Immeltfurtherarguesthatvalueandreputationgohandinhand andthathavingagoodreputationwithcustomers suppliers employeesandregulatorsisessentialifvalueistobemaximized Inhiswords ThereasonpeoplecometoworkforGEisthattheywanttobepartofsomethingbiggerthanthemselves 29 Para4 Theywanttoworkhard winpromotions andbewell compensated buttheyalsowanttoworkforacompanythatmakesadifference acompanythat sdoinggreatthingsintheworld it suptoGEbetoagoodcitizen Notonlyisthatanicethingtodo butit sgoodforbusinessandthusthepriceofourstock 30 Para5 GEisnotalone Anincreasingnumberofcompaniesseetheirmissionasmorethanjustmakingmoneyfortheirshareholders Google swell knowcorporatemottois Don tBeEvil Consistentwiththismission thecompanyhasitsownin housefoundationthathasmadelargeinvestmentsinawiderangeofphilanthropicventuresworldwide Thereareotherinstanceswherecorporateleadershavedonatedpersonalfunds 31 Para6 In2008 MicrosoftCorporation sBillGatesgaveaspeechtotheworldEconomicForuminwhichhemadethecasefora creativecapitalism Gatesstatedthat suchasystemwouldhaveatwinmission makingprofitsandalsoimprovinglivesforthosewhodon tfullybenefitfrommarketforces 32 Para7 Gateshascertainlybeentruetohisword In2000 heandhiswifeestablishedtheBill MelindaGatesFoundation Todaythefundhasassetstotaling 33 5billion Itreceivedanotableboostin2006whenfamedinvestorWarrenBuffettannouncedthathewoulddonateahugeshareofhisfortunetotheFoundation 33 Para7 Todate Buffetthascontributedmorethan 6billion andovertimeheisscheduledtocontributeadditionalstockthatisnowworthinexcessof 40billion Theseeffortsshowthatthereismoretolifethanmoney butitoftentakesmoneytodogoodthings 34 BillGateswasbornonOct 28in1955andgrewupinSeattlewithhistwosisters Hisfatherwasalawyerandhismotherwasateacher BillGateshadhiselementaryschoolandhighschooleducationisSeattle BillGates 35 AnditwasduringthattimeBillfoundedthathisinterestslyinginwritingprogramsandbegantowriteprogramsat13 36 In1973 BillGateswasadmittedbyHarvardbuthequittedfromHarvardthreeyearslater HeputallhistimeandenergyintodesigningprogramsforMicrosoftCooperationwhichestablishedin1975byBillandhisfriendPaulAllen 37 BillGatesmarriedMelindaFrenchGatesonJanuary 1stin1994 Theyhavethreechildren Inthesparetime Billhaspassioninreadingbooksandplayinggolf 38 WarrenBuffett Life Hisfinancialcareerbeganattheageof14 At26 hesetuphisfirstinvestmentpartnershipforfamilyandfriendswith 174 000 Attheendof2008 hispersonalfortunewas 60billionandBerkshireHathaway hisholdingcompany wasvaluedat 200million Buffettlovescharity preparingtocontribute 37billion accountingfor85 ofhisproperty 39 wordsforhisson Hissondoesn tfollowinhisfootsteps butkeepsthefaithofWarrenBuffett thatis Enjoyingwhatyouaredoingeverydayisatruesuccess Earningalotofmoneymaymakeyourich butthatmeansseekingameaninglesslifebysacrificingyourhappiness Thatmaybestupid 40 TextAOverview Criticalreadingandthinking1 ScanTextAandcompletingthefollowingtable Unit2BusinessEthics 41 Exercise2 Argument11 awiderangeofregulationsareimposed2 assessingcostsoncompanies BPoilspillArgument21 behaveethically valueandreputation2 Don tbeEvil3 creativecapitalism4 contributedmorethan 6billion 42 Languagebuildingup Task1 11 无形的手2 自由企业制度3 股东4 经济体制5 开发产品和服务6 市场力量7 金融机构8 严重衰退9 破产 43 Languagebuildingup 10 stockprice11 mission12 corporatemotto13 assets14 maximizeprofits15 financialsystem 44 Languagebuildingup Task1 21 Whenpoliticiansandeconomiststalkabout marketforce theymeantheeconomicfactorsthataffecttheavailabilityofgoodsandthedemandsforthem withoutanyhelpfromorcontrolbythegovernment 2 Thedramaticchangeinbusinessenvironmentmakesallindustriesfacedrasticcompletion Thisisalsohappenedinthe financialinstitutions 45 Languagebuildingup Task1 23 A freeenterprisesystem canbecontrastedwithasocialisteconomicsystem whichdependsheavilyongovernmentplanningandpublicownershipofthemeansofproduction 4 TheoilpriceincreasespushedtheEuropeaneconomyinto deeprecession 46 Languagebuildingup Task1 25 AdamSmith sfamous invisiblehand theoryhasbeenmodifiedtocatertothecurrenteconomicsituation 6 Anindividualororganizationthatownsstocksinacorporationcanbecalled stockholder 47 Languagebuildingup Task1 27 Ineconomics profitmaximization istheshort runorlong runprocessbywhichafirmdeterminesthepriceandoutputlevelthatreturnsthegreatestprofit 8 Asocialistmarket economicsystem hasnowtakenshape andthebasicroleplayedbythemarkethasbeenimprovedinthesphereofresourceallocation 48 Languagebuildingup Task2 Signpostlanguage1 and2 Another3 also4 Notonly but5 other 49 Languagebuildingup Task3 formalEnglish1 Smith sinsightsledhimtoconcludethatprofitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusinessandthatthefreeenterprisesystemisbestforsociety understanding 2 MostacademicstodaysubscribetothefollowingmodifiedversionofAdamSmith stheory agreewith 50 Languagebuildingup Task3 formalEnglish3 Throughthepoliticalprocess societyimposesawiderangeofregulationsthataredesignedtokeepcompaniesfromengaginginpracticesthathurtsociety forces tobeaccepted 4 andthatmighthaveaseriousadverseeffectonlong runoilsupplies bad 51 Languagebuildingup Task3 formalEnglish5 Anincreasingnumberofcompaniesseetheirmissionasmorethanjustmakingmoneyfortheirshareholders purpose 6 Consistentwiththismission thecompanyhasitsownin housefoundationthathasmadelargeinvestmentsinawiderangeofphilanthropicventuresworldwide charitable 52 Languagebuildingup Task3 formalEnglish7 Thereareotherinstanceswherecorporateleadershavedonatedpersonalfunds given 8 Itreceivedanotableboostin2006whenfamedinvestorWarrenBuffettannouncedthathewoulddonateahugeshareofhisfortunetotheFoundation famous 53 TextBTwoviewsofsocialresponsibility Para1 Governmentregulationandpublicawarenessareexternalforcesthathaveincreasedthesocialresponsibilityofbusiness Butbusinessdecisionsaremadewithinthefirm andthere socialresponsibilitybeginswiththeattitudeofmanagement Twocontrastingphilosophies ormodels definetherangeofmanagementattitudestowardsocialresponsibility 54 Para2 TheeconomicmodelAccordingtothetraditionalconceptofbusiness afirmexiststoproducequalitygoodsandservices earnareasonableprofitandprovidejobs Inlinewiththisconcept theeconomicmodelofsocialresponsibilityholdsthatsocietywillbenefitmorewhenbusinessisleftalonetoproduceandmarketprofitableproductsthatsocietyneeds Theeconomicmodelhasitsoriginsinthe18thcentury whenbusinesseswereownedprimarilybyentrepreneursorowner managers Competitionwasvigorousamongsmallfirms andshort runprofitsandsurvivalweretheprimaryconcerns 55 Para3 Tothemanagerwhoadoptsthistraditionalattitude socialresponsibilityissomeoneelse sjob Afterall stockholdersinvestinacorporationtoearnareturnontheirinvestment notbecausethefirmissociallyresponsibleandthefirmislegallyobligatedtoactintheeconomicinterestofitsstockholders Moreover profitablefirmspayfederal state andlocaltaxesthatareusedtomeettheneedsofsociety Thus managerswhoconcentrateonprofitbelievethattheyfulfilltheirsocialresponsibilityindirectlythroughtaxespaidbytheirfirms Asaresult socialresponsibilitybecomestheproblemofgovernment variousenvironmentalgroups charitablefoundations andsimilarorganizations 56 Para4 ThesocioeconomicmodelIncontrast somemanagersbelievetheyhavetheresponsibilitynotonlytostockholders butalsotocustomers employees suppliers andthegeneralpublic Thisbroaderviewisreferredtoasthesocioeconomicmodelofsocialresponsibility whichplacesemphasisnotonlyonprofitsbutalsoontheimpactofbusinessdecisionsonsociety 57 Para5 Recently increasingnumbersofmanagersandfirmshaveadoptedthesocioeconomicmodelandtheyhavedonesoforatleastthreereasons First businessisdominatedbythecorporateformofownershipandthecorporationisacreationofsociety Ifacorporationdoesnotperformasagoodcitizen societycanandwilldemandchanges Second manyfirmsarebeginningtotakeprideintheirsocialresponsibilityrecords amongthemStarbucksCoffee Hewlett Packard Colgate Palmolive andCoca Cola 58 Para5 EachofthesecompaniesisawinnerofaCorporateConscienceAwardintheareasofenvironmentalconcern responsivenesstoemployees equalopportunity andcommunityinvolvement Andofcourse manyothercorporationsaremuchmoresociallyresponsibletodaythantheywere10yearsago Third manybusinesspeoplebelieveitisintheirbestinteresttotaketheinitiativeinthisarea Thealternativemaybelegalactionbroughtagainstthefirmbysomespecialinterestgroup insuchasituation thefirmmaylosecontrolofitsactivities 59 Para6 TheprosandconsofsocialresponsibilityBusinessowners managers customers andgovernmentofficialshavedebatedtheprosandconsoftheeconomicandsocioeconomicmodelsforyears Eachsideseemstohavefourmajorargumentstoreinforceitsviewpoint 60 Para7 ArgumentsforincreasedsocialresponsibilityProponentsofthesocioeconomicmodelmaintainthatabusinessmustbemorethansimplyseekprofits Tosupporttheirposition theyofferthefollowingarguments 1 Becausebusinessisapartofoursociety itcannotignoresocialissues 2 Bus