通信工程专业英语自学报告.docx

UNIT 11. NOTES(1) Developments in computer technology and related software have provided the engineer with tools of increasing power and sophistication which have significant implications for the use and role of mathematics in engineering practice.译文：计算机技术及其相关软件的发展为工程技术人员提供了功能强大且日趋完善的工具，使数学应用于工程实践并发挥着重要作用。分析：此句中which引导的定语从句修饰整个主句，have implication for表示“暗示”。（2）If engineers are to take full advantage of sophisticated computational tools then it is essential that they become effective at mathematical modelling and discriminating, intelligent and wary users of packaged software and other aids to computational modelling.译文：如想充分利用这些复杂的计算工具，工程技术人员必须熟悉数学建模，能区别各种软件包及其他计算建模辅助工具，并能灵活运用。分析：由that引导的主语从句（it是形式主语）中become做谓语，后接两个并列成分effective at和users of，其中discriminating，intelligent及wary均修饰users。（3）There is little doubt that a high degree of fluency in the manipulation of mathematical expressions will always be required ,for without this there can be real understanding.译文：毫无疑问，学生必须熟练运用数学公式，否则就不能有真正意义上的理解。分析：本句中for表示原因，manipulation原意为“操纵，控制”，这里转译为“运用”。2.Grammer(1) 普遍使用名词词组及名词化结构，强调客观存在的事实而非某一行为，故常使用表示动作或状态的抽象名词。例1 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.电视通过无线电波发射和接收移动物体的图像。(2) 使用非限定动词，使句子简明。例2 The calculus ,aided by analytic geometry ,proved to be astonishingly powerful and capable of attacking hosts of problems that had been baffling and quite unassailable in earlier days. 微积分辅以解析几何是一个非常强大的工具，能够解决许多困扰已久甚至以前以为无法解决的问题。(3)较常使用“无生命主语+及物动词+宾语”句型。例3 Chapter 6 provides a basic introduction to the ideas of sequences ,series and limits. 第六章介绍序列，级数及极限等基本概念。(4)常用it做形式主语或形式宾语。 例4 It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.已经证明，感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。UNIT 21.NOTES(1) This concept of probability is of an objective quantity that applies to each observation and measures (in a relative way)how likely it is to fall into the corresponding class.译文：概率的这种定义是客观的，它应用于每次观测，并以一种相对的方式度量其结果归入相应类别的可能性。分析：“be of”这种结构用来表示人或物的特征，通常译为“具有”。(2) It seems that one is forced into a subjective view of the uncertainties, but the probability figures that emerge must obey certain rules in order to be consistent.译文：看来，人们对这种不确定性陷入了自己的主观判断中，但是由此产生的概率必须遵循某些准则以保持一致性。分析：“that emerge”是定语从句，修饰先行词figures。(3) For engineering students it is most appropriate to keep the first interpretation-that of probability as an idealized proportion-in mind when studying the theory. 译文：对于工科学生，学习概率论时应谨记，概率就是理想的比例。 分析：“that of”补充说明interpretation，that即指interpretation，它们将keepin mind分隔。2.Grammer(1)复合法（Composition）复合法是由两个或两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列，以构成新词。多数复合词可通过其组成部分猜测词意。例1 Trial and error(反复试验) Q-factor(品质因子) Allowable error(允许误差) overestimate(高估) State-of-the-art(达到最新技术发展水平)(2)转化法（Conversion）转换法即单词词性转换，词性转换后其意义就与原意有着密切联系，如function,sound等单词。有些词还会发生音变，如use,record等或者音移，如increase，research，subject等。(3) 拼缀法（Blending）拼缀法以原有的两个或两个以上的词为基础，经过首尾剪裁（或保留其中一个原词），重新组合而成，是复合词的缩略形式，如transisitor(晶体管)=transfer+resistor，modem(调制解调器)由modulator和demodulator拼缀而成。(4) 缩略法（Shorting）缩略法是将几个单词的首字母以大写形式缩合到一起成为一个新词。该法多用于专有名词，利于记忆。如（RAdio Detection And Ranging,雷达），GPS（Global Positioning System,全球定位系统）等。随着电子信息及通信类专业技术日新月异的发展，不断有新的专业词汇出现。大多数新词都是使用上述四种方法构成，掌握了基本词汇，运用构词知识，一方面可提高记忆效率，扩大词汇量，另一方面还可以逆向利用构词知识分解单词，了解单词的来历及新添含义，消除阅读障碍。UNIT 31.NOTES(1) Frequency response will be flat and bandwidth infinite because AC will be simply a rapidly varying DC level to the ideal amplifier.译文：对于理想放大器而言，交流不过是快速变化的直流，所以其频率响应是一条水平直线，带宽无限。分析：bandwidth后省略will be。(2) AN important by-product of these properties of the ideal operational amplifier is that the summing point , the inverting input, will conduct no current to the amplifier.译文:由理想运放的特性可以得出一个很重要的结论，即放大器的反相输入端无电流流过。分析:the inverting input 是the summing point的同位语，表示相同的意思，翻译时可以省略。(3) In control and instrumentation applications, its practical value lies in the ease with which desired input impedance and gain values can be tailored to fit the requirements of the associated circuitry. 译文:在控制和仪器仪表应用中，反向放大器的实用价值在于，利用它可以很容易地调整所需的输入阻抗和增益值以适应相关电路的要求。分析：lie in表示原因，the ease with which中的which指代ease，with ease等效于easily。2.Grammer（1）数字的表示 科技文章中，数字频繁出现，用阿拉伯数字比用单词陈述更有利。但出现下述情形时须遵循约定俗成的规则：用单词表示不定数量或近似值：句首不用阿拉伯数字，一般用英语的单词，句末要尽量避免阿拉伯数字：两数连用时，分别用单词和阿拉伯数字表示，习惯上短的用单词表示。例1 Phase shift is 180。相移为180。例2 The gain of the voltage follower with the feedback loop closed is unity. 电压跟随器的闭环增益为1.（2）不确定数字的表示例3 大约，左右等常用about/some/approximately/of the order of/more or less/or so等词。多于，常用over/above/more than/in excess of等词。少于，常用less than/under/below/close to等词。（3）习惯短语例4 The resistance of a given section of an electric circuit is equal to the ratio of its voltage to the current through this section of the circuit. 电路中某部分的电阻等于它两端的电压与流过该部分电路的电流的比值。（4）倍数增减例5 The production of ICs has been increased to three times as compared with last year.UNIT 91.NOTES(1) The radio frequency communications between a patient worn transmitter and central care station for WMTS are divided into three bands.译文：在无线医疗遥测服务中，将携带发射器的病人和监护中心之间的射频通信分为三个频段。分析：wore为wear的过去分词，与transmitter一起做定语修饰patient。(2) The field pattern of such antennas is similar to that of an infinitesimal dipole with a null perpendicular to the plane of the loop and with its maximum along the plane of the loop. 译文：这类天线的场方向图与无限小偶极子的方向图相似，其零点垂直于环平面，而最大值则沿环平面方向。 分析：两个with结构作that指代的宾语field pattern的补足语。(3) It is very difficult to determine the absorption of electromagnetic power radiated from an implanted source by the human body. 译文：很难确定人体对植入源发射的电磁能量的吸收程度。分析：介词by与absorption相连。2.Grammer（1）时间状语从句Once the analog signal is distorted, the distortion cannot be removed by amplification.一旦模拟信号产生失真，该失真也无法通过放大器消除。（2）地点状语从句 Communication systems are found wherever information is to be transmitted from one point to another.哪里需要把信息从一地传到另一地，哪里就有通信系统。（3）条件状语从句The output of a NAND-gate, however , stays high unless all its inputs are high.然而一个与非门的输出总是高电平，除非它所有输入均为高电平。 （4）原因状语从句 Since fat has a lower permittivity than muscle, the E-field in the fat tissue is higher. 由于脂肪的介电常数低于肌肉，所以脂肪组织中的电场会更强。（5）方式状语从句 It acts as if it had a resistance associated with it.它工作起来就好像有一个电阻与它连在一起似的。UNIT 111.NOTES(1) Some discrete sources generate finite segments of symbols, such as email messages, that are statistically unrelated to other finite segments that might be generated at other times. 译文：一些离散源产生的有限长符号段，如电子邮件消息，它们在统计意义上是与其他时间所产生的有限长符号段无关。(2) (1) The radio frequency communications between a patient worn Telephone Network (PSTN) and the internet have incredible complexity, made up of an enormous variety of equipment made by different manufacturers at different times following different design principles.译文：大型通信系统，如公用电话交换网和Internet，都是异常复杂的，它们由大量的，由不同厂商在不同时期按照不同设计原则设计出来的不同设备所构成。分析：made up of是过去分词短语作定语，修饰communication system。(3) The TCP and IP layers are also jointly responsible for congestion control, which ultimately requires the ability to either reduce the rate from sources as required or to simply drop sources that cannot be handled.译文：TCP层和IP层共同负责拥塞控制，最终要求它能够降低源段速率或者简单地降至丢弃。2.Grammer（1）限制性定语从句Noise signals are any electrical signals that interfere with the error-free reception of the message-bearing signal. 噪声信号可以是任何信号，它会干扰载有信息的正确接收。（2）非限制性定语从句 A general approach, which includes sampling as a special case, is to expand the source waveform into an orthonormal expansion and use the coefficients of that expansion to represent the source output.一种常见的方法是，包括对采样的处理，就是把对信源波形进行正交扩展，并且用扩展的系数表示信源输出。（3）代词/名词+介词+which 从句Direct current is an electric current the charges of which move in one direction only.直流电是电荷只向一个方向流动的电流。UNIT 121.NOTES(1) Connection with the old NodeB is broken before the new connection is established with the new NodeB-for this reason such handoffs are also known as break-before-make.译文：切换时用户先断开和旧的NodeB之间的链接，再与新的NodeB建立连接-因此，这样的切换也被称为先开后合。(2) The manner in which a garden rake eventually picks up debris off a patch of grass resembles the way the RAKEs fingers work together to recover multiple versions of a transmitters signal.译文：花圃中的耙的拾草方式与Rake接收机中各耙指协同工作以恢复多路发送信号相似。 (3 ) The admission control is used in both uplink and downlink because of the systems capability of serving different services with different claims for capacity and quality.译文：由于能为申请了不同的容量和质量的业务提供服务，因此在上行链路和下行链路中都是用准入控制。2.Grammer(1)虚拟语气用于if条件句If we were to travel by space rocket to the moon we should find it quite a different place from our own planet-the earth.若我们乘宇宙飞船到月球上去旅行，将会发现，月球与我们自己的星球-地球是完全不一样的。(2)虚拟语气用于宾语从句High efficiency implies that circuit loss be minimum and the radioof the transistor output, the parallel equivalent resistance, and itscollector load resistance be maximum.高效率意味着电路损耗应最小，而晶体管输出比、并联等效电阻及集电极负载电阻应最大。(3)虚拟语气用于状语从句All magnets behave the same ,whether they be large or small.(表示让步)磁铁不论大小，其性质都是一样的。(4) 虚拟语气用于定语从句A computation which would have taken years of human work in the past, in now done in a few seconds with the help of computers.过去需要人工工作几年的运算，现在借助计算机几秒钟就完成了。UNIT 141.NOTES(1) If an acknowledgment segment is not received before a timeout period expires the segment is re-sent, overcoming the problem of IP datagrams becoming lost in the network. 译文：如果在超时期限之前没有收到确认信息，该信息就要重传，以避免网络中IP数据包的丢失。(2)Implementation of IP addressing is an important concern, along with the addressing schemes that have been proposed since the Internet was first devised.译文：自从互联网问世就提出寻址策略一样，如何实现IP寻址是需要考虑的重要环节。(3)Each packet header contains a field that states from which protocol in the layer above the payload came, and consequently, to what process it should be sent at the destination.译文：每个包头包含一个字段，该字段指明有效载荷的上层所使用的协议，以及在接收端应将信息包发给哪个进程等信息。2.Grammer(科技英语中常见语法错误)(1)悬垂修饰语悬垂修饰语常指句首的短语与后面主句的逻辑关系混乱不清。Comparing with the existing methods, this new method has a few advantages.短语中compare的逻辑主语应是人，而非method，可在主句前加we find that。(2)位置颠倒The device consist of five parts mainly.不及物动词与介词连用，副词长置于其间。(3)句子成分残缺As an example of soft or softer handover, is shown in Figure 14.3.缺主语，is前加it。(5) 用词不当The experimental equipment needs being repaired.Want,deserve,require.worth等后面的动名词虽然表示被动的意思，但却要用其主动形式，改为needs repairing.(6) 违反一致性原则Much have recently been done in the researches on the wideband CDMA.Much为不可数名词，后应跟单形动词has。UNIT 151.NOTES(1)IPTV is defined as multimedia services such as television delivered over IP based networks managed to provide the required level of quality of service and experience, security, interactivity and reliab