美国政治与新闻媒介的关系.doc

美国1791年12月15日批准的“权利法案”(宪法第一修正案)规定国会不得制定“剥夺言论自由或出版自由”的法律。保证了新闻出版自由。大众传媒机构依靠这一修正案赋予的权利。成为对政府、国会、法院三个机构行为进行监督批评的“第四个权力机构”。在当今社会谁也无法忽视媒体在政治生活中所扮演的重要角色。人们获取外界信息的手段基本上是通过媒体，即便是政策的决策者们，他们的第一手信息也主 要是通过媒体完成。华尔街日报纽约时报华盛顿邮报、三大广播公司（ABC、CBS、NBC）及FOX和CNN，都是美国政府官员关注的对象， 而绝大多数官员一天的工作也通常是从浏览这些报刊、观看电视台的早间新闻或浏览互联网上的新闻网站开始的。一旦记者和编辑“选择”出一些人和事加以报道，特别是大量的、不间断的报道，这些“新闻”就可能引起公众的关注。这种关注达到一定程度，就可能导致政府修改政策或推行新的政策。 纽约时报在美国的影响力非同小可。1971年，美国深陷越南战场不能自拔，纽约时报连续刊登美国国防部绝密文件关于越南问题的美国决策过程 中(简称为五角大楼文件)的核心内容，引发国内民众的反战热潮一浪高过一浪，最终导致美国政府退出了越战。但是，媒体在美国政治生活中发挥着重大作用的同时，也依赖于政治、受制于政治权力。世界上也没有绝对的新闻自由。就算是在新闻自由、媒体独立大旗下的美国,“自由”新闻也是不自由的。 虽然美国媒体一直以自己的新闻自由为傲，美国政府也一直标榜其对新闻自由的尊重，但当这种自由触犯到政府利益时，政府便会运用多种手段对新闻媒体加以控制。早在美国南北战争期间，美国军方就颁布一项命令，要求所有战地记者在发稿前，必须将稿件 提交宪兵司令批准。二战时期，罗斯福总统以行政命令成立新闻检查局，颁布了美国报刊战时行为准则，严格规定发布的新闻信息。海湾战争期间美国政府对新 闻界的审查是历史上所有战争中最广泛的审查。所有文字和广播报道在发稿前都必须经过检查，稍有不从者，就挥舞“爱国主义”和“国家安全”大棒进行封杀，完全凌驾于受宪法保护的新闻自由之上。 可见，面对美国政府及军方以“国家安全”、“国家利益”等名义，对新闻界实行的一系列控制政策， 新闻媒介纵然有意见也毫无办法，更不敢越雷池半步。 综上所述，新闻媒介与政治的关系逐渐清晰。一方面，新闻的形成很大程度上依赖于政治活动的展开，而各种政治活动的展开也有赖媒介的宣传与报道。另一方面，新闻媒介依据法律所赋予的权力，在一定程度上决定着政治人物的取舍，影响着政府政治政策的形成，改变着政治结构；而政治又在某种程度上影响着新闻的形成，控制着新闻媒体，影响着新闻界人物的沉浮。媒介与政治密不可分，两者相互依存相互影响。American political and media relationsAdvertisement ZhaoTao class level 2008 320080930841The United States, December 15, 1791 approved the bill of rights (the first amendment) regulation congress shall make no freedom of speech, freedom of the press laws. Ensure that the press freedom of the press. The mass media agencies rely on the amendment of rights. As for the government, congress, the court three institutions conduct supervision and criticism of the fourth authority. In todays society who cant also ignore media in the political life play a crucial role in.People get their information from outside means is basically through the media, even if is the policy and decision makers, they first information of the Lord through the media also if finish. The Wall Street journal, the New York times, the Washington post, three big broadcasting company (ABC, CBS, NBC and FOX and CNN, all is the focus of the U.S. government officials, while the vast majority of officials a days work is usually from reading these newspapers and television stations, and look at the morning news or browse the Internet on the news site began. Once the reporter and editor choice out some people and things to report, especially a lot of, uninterrupted reports, the news could cause the attention of the public. This kind of attention to a certain extent, may cause the governments changing policy or introduce a new policy.The New York times in Americas influence very seriously. In 1971, American involvement in the Vietnam war cannot extricate oneself, the New York times published the United States defense department top secret documents for about Vietnam and the United States in the decision-making process (referred to as the pentagon documents) the core contents of the anti-war boom caused the people a waves surging, ultimately led to the American government out of the Vietnam war.But, the media in the American political life plays a great role in at the same time, and on the political, subject to political power. The world no absolutely news freedom. As in a free press, independent media, a subsidiary of big American, free news is not free.Although the media has used his own press freedom is proud, the U.S. government has also been flaunt its to the freedom of the press of respect, but when this freedom to break on the interests of the government, the government will use a variety of means for the news media to control. Early in the United States during the civil war, the U.S. military is to issue an order requiring all in the time of war reporter, must try to military police commander submitted for approval. Period of world war ii, President Roosevelt was established by executive order news inspection bureau, issued the American newspapers wartime behavior standard , released strict rules of news information. During the gulf war, the United States government to the news of the world history review is the most widely all the war of the review. All the text and radio reports in the time must be subject to inspection, a bit not follower, waving a patriotic and national security threats are blocked, completely over the constitutional protection on the freedom of the press.Visible, facing the U.S. government and military with national security, national interest and so on name, of the press a series of control policy, the news media in spite of opinion also no way, more cant over the top half step.To sum up, the news media and political relations become clear. On the one hand, the formation of the news depends largely on political activities, and all kinds of political activity depends on the spread of the propaganda and the media also reported. On the other hand, the news media basis with the authority of the law, and, to some extent, determines the cancelation of the political figures, impact on the government the formation of political policy, change the political structure; But the political and in some extent influence the formation of news, control the news media, and affects the press characters the ups and downs. The media and political inseparable, both interdependence influence each other.美国大众传媒的发展及对政治的影响大众传媒主要包括报纸、杂志、广播和电视及近来发展迅猛的互联网。它们的成长与发展对美国的政治生活有着重大影响。美国建国前，北美殖民地报业的特点是报纸数量有限，质量不高。但就是这样，当时的波士顿公报、纽约新闻报等上刊登的关于反对印花税法、汤森法案内容及报纸对莱克星顿枪声的报道、潘恩常识的宣传，都起到了革命动员作用。建国后美国报纸数量增多，至1830年美国已有1200余家。由于发行量不大，报纸生存依赖政党或政府，报纸内容也多为政党各派观点。19世纪30年代到20世纪初期，美国报业进入大众化报纸和发展的时期。报纸内容丰富，读者增加，公共性、政治性报道的传播范围也随之扩大。纽约论坛报曾被称为这个国家传播建设性民主思想和实验的第一的且唯一的工具。20世纪以来，报纸在政治生活中更是不可或缺。 杂志缺乏报纸的及时性，但容量大，保存时间长。早期美国杂志价格昂贵，是显贵阶层的消费品，主要刊登小说、学术论文、政治和社会评论。一直到19世纪30年代后，美国杂志才逐渐兴起，销售量逐步扩大，有的刊物发行量已达到20万份。20世纪初美国杂志上的揭丑时代到来，这是美国杂志史上大规模、深度参与社会的辉煌时期。大西洋月刊、哈波斯氏、麦克卢尔杂志、舞台等杂志纷纷发表文章评论公共政策，反对托拉斯，抨击政府腐败现象。二战以后由于电子媒介的普及，杂志辉煌不再。20世纪三、四十年代，广播事业兴旺和电视业崛起，深刻影响到美国的总统选举。从此总统竞选充分利用大众传媒，如何利用大众传媒为其争取选民已成为总统竞选班子首要考虑的问题。富兰克林罗斯福利用广播进行炉边谈话便是无线广播在政治参与方面的成功范例。上世纪50年代电视业开始兴旺发达，至50年代结束时，电视进入86%的家庭。电视的出现使政治生活具有了形象化特征。政治事件的视觉化图解强化了语言所不能达到的渲染效果。在电子媒介家庭中电影、录音带在政治生活中也十分重要。如在水门事件中就是一些小小的录音带让尼克松下了台。近来发展起来的因特网更是近乎根本性地影响着政治，1998年克林顿性丑闻一夜间传遍世界便是一个有力例证，网络政治的时代就要到来。到了2000年小布什竞选总统的时候，互联网已俨然以新媒体的角色风行世界。小布什在1999年3月建立了自己的竞选网站，并最终帮助他登上了总统的宝座。总的来说，大众传媒对美国政治生活的作用主要包括以下几个主要方面：一、诠释外交政策，大众传媒通过向公众传递全球信息，编制新闻程序，从而影响外交政策日程的确定。美国有一位学者曾说：在华盛顿，真正为外交政策制定日程的，不是在白宫，而是在编辑室和记者的屋子里面。一位议员的助手说：国会首先研究的问题有90%是来自纽约时报和华盛顿时报的头版。就历史与现实看，大众传媒与美国政府的互动中，呈合作与对立共存态势。合作表现为传媒始终将政府视为重要的消息来源。据统计，美国主要传媒所发国内新闻的70-80%是关于各级政府官员的消息。在涉及国家利益上的外事新闻与战争报道中，传媒则与政府基本保持一致。同时大众传媒还对政府官员腐化、决策错误、渎职行为进行揭露与批评。水门事件中新闻监督作用体现的淋漓尽致。二、制造政治人物，随着本世纪50年代电视时代 的到来，大众传媒制造政治人物的作用日益凸现。政治人物不一定是充任某种政治官职或竞选某个政治职位的人物，而是在一些事件或政治运动中头角峥嵘的人物。他们或因大众传媒的追踪报道而成为某次运动的代表；或因某次丑闻而名噪一时。前者如马丁路德金，后者如尼克松总统。与此相关的是在总统竞选中，我们看电视政治的巨大威力，它可以使一个竞选者成为白宫的未来主人，也可以让一个人永远徘徊在白宫门口。可资援鉴的是肯尼迪和尼克松竞选总统时的辩论。肯尼迪新鲜、生气勃勃的面孔最终战胜尼克松胡子邋遢、倍显憔悴的容颜。一般认为他们间的辩论开创了“美国电视政治新纪元。”大众传媒对美国政治生活的影响并不止这两点，它对社会舆论的控制与引导对政治的影响也是不可低估。另外大众传媒对美国大众政治文化的形成更是贡献有加。大众传媒通过自己的方式将自身崇奉的价值观念传播给公众，帮助他们树立基本价值体系；通过对政治事件的报道使公众认识政府运作方式，确立民主观念。 美国大众传媒对政治的影响巨大，是因为传媒有着丰厚的自由支撑的背景。然而这一自由，也受到诸多限制，表现为行业上的及美国政府方面的制约条款。日常生活中最为直接体现是由于诸多限制，传媒报道的客观性受到严重侵蚀，这也是传媒在美国政治现代化演进中的功能限度的反映。The United States the development of mass media and political influenceThe mass media mainly including newspapers, magazines, radio and TV and recently the rapid development of the Internet. Their growth and development to the American political life have significant influence.Before the founding of the United States, the characteristics of the north American colonies newspaper is the newspaper limited amount, quality is not high. But is this, at the time, the Boston gazette, the New York news and so on the issue of tax law, townsend against printing on the content and newspapers to act to Lexington gunfire coverage, common sense propaganda paine, have played a revolutionary mobilization role. After the founding of the American newspaper the growing number to 1830 years the United States has more than 1200. Because circulation is not big, newspaper survival depends on the party or government, newspaper content also more as a political party factions of the view.The 1830 s to the early twentieth century, the American press into the popular newspaper and development period. The newspaper rich content, readers increase, public, political report spreading scope has been magnified. The New York BBS newspaper has been called the country constructive thoughts and experiment democracy spread the first and the only tools. 120 century, newspapers in the political life is indispensable.Lack of newspaper magazine the timeliness, but capacity, save time long. Early American magazine expensive, is the class distinction of consumer, main published novel, academic papers, political and social commentary. Until the 1830 s, the American magazine to gradually arisen, gradually expand sales, some publications issued has been to 200000 copies. The beginning of the twentieth century American magazine JieChou era come, this is the American magazine history of large-scale, depth of the glorious period in society. The Atlantic monthly, the Persian ahabs , MaiKeLus magazine, stage and so on the magazine published the article comments in public policy, against antitrust, criticized the government corruption. Since the second world war because of the popularity of electronic media, magazine brilliant no longer.Three of the 20 th century and 40 s, broadcasting and television rising prosperity, profound influence to the President of the United States election. From then on presidential campaign make full use of the mass media, how to use the mass media for its fight for voters has become the presidential campaign trail of first consideration. Franklin Roosevelt, use of BBC radio fireside chats is wireless radio in the political participation of successful paradigm. The 1950 s television began to prosperity, and 50 s end, TV into 86% of families. The appearance of television with the political life of visual characteristics. The political events visual graphic strengthened the language cant achieve rendering. In the electronic media in the family movie, the tape in the political life is also very important. As in the watergate is that little tapes let Nick panasonic the stage. Recent development of the Internet is almost up radically affect political, 1998 Clinton sex scandal all the world is a overnight powerful example, network of political times to come. By 2000 the little bush campaign of President, the Internet has seemed to new media role in the world of popular. Little bush in March 1999 to set up their own campaign website, and eventually helped him reach the Presidents throne.In general, the mass media to the role of American political life mainly include the following several aspects:A foreign policy, interpretation, the mass media through the communication to the public of the global information, design news program, which affects the determination of foreign policy agenda. The United States has a scholar had said: in Washington, real schedule for foreign policy, not on the White House, but helps and reporters in the room. 2 a senators aides say: congress first the research question have 90% came from the New York times and the Washington times front page. 3 will see history and reality, the mass media and the interaction of the U.S. government, in cooperation with rival coexistence situation. Cooperation performance for media always will be government as important sources. According to statistics, major U.S. media sends the domestic news 70- -80% is at all levels of government officials about the news. In the interests of the state on foreign affairs involving the news and war report, the media is almost consistent with the government. At the same time the mass media also to government officials corrupt and decision error, malfeasance expose and criticism. Watergate of the supervisory role of incisively and vividly embodies the news.Two, make a political figure, with s TV era, the arrival of the mass media manufacturing politicians role is becoming more and more obvious. Politicians are not necessarily to some political offices or running for a political position of the characters, but in some events or political movement blossomed in the eventful characters. They or because of the mass media and become a motion tracking reports of the representative; Or because of a scandal into temporary prominence. The former such as Martin Luther King, the latter such as President Nixon. 4 related to this is in the presidential race, we see TV political of the great power, it can make a candidate as the future of the White House master, also can let a person always wander in the front of the White House. In signing of discrimination is Kennedy and Richard Nixons presidential race debate. Kennedy fresh and vigorous faces final win over Nixon untidy beard, times of the show gaunt appearance. The debate between general think they created the American TV political new er