考研英语阅读新题型20篇模拟题.doc

2009年考研英语阅读新题型最新模拟题原题Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we can even create entirely new brain cells that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. 41_All of us work through problems in ways of which were unaware, says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind”. Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. 42_The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. 43_ This emphasis clearly leads to ordinary performance. On the contrary, knowing what youre good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.44_ Figure out what has worked for you when youve learned in the past, and you can draw your own map for developing additional skills and behaviors for the future. Ms. Ryan says, “If you have a pathway to learning, use it because thats going to be easier than creating an entirely new pathway in your brain.”Ms. Ryan and Ms. Markova have found what they call three zones of existence: comfort, stretch and stress. Comfort is the realm of existing habit. Stress occurs when a challenge is so far beyond current experience as to be overwhelming. Its that stretch zone in the middle activities that feel a bit awkward and unfamiliar where true change occurs.Getting into the stretch zone is good for you, according to Ms. Ryan. It helps keep your brain healthy. It turns out that unless we continue to learn new things, which challenges our brains to create new pathways, they literally begin to weaken, which may result in brain diseases. She recommends practicing a technique called kaizen, which calls for tiny, continuous improvements.45_ That can be fatal in business, particularly for executives who surround themselves with like-thinkers. If seniority and promotion are based on similarity to those at the top, chances are strong that the company lacks intellectual diversity.A This is where developing new habits comes in. If youre an analytical or procedural thinker, you learn in different ways than someone who is inherently innovative or collaborative.B Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we try the more we step outside our comfort zone the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.C After the confusion, the brain begins organizing the new input, ultimately creating new synaptic connections if the process is repeated enough.D “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will.”E But if, during creation of that new habit, the “Great Decider” steps in to protest against taking the unfamiliar path, people may keep doing the same thing over and over again.F At teenage years, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.G Simultaneously, take a look at how colleagues approach challenges, Ms. Markova suggests. We tend to believe that those who think the way we do are smarter than those who dont.Part B一、文章体裁结构分析这是一篇有关人们开发新习惯进而引发创新的说明文。文章第一、二段引出习惯这一话题，并说明了开发新的习惯可以带来创新。第三、四、五段解释了新习惯是如何产生的；后面剩余几段说明了人在拉伸区容易发生新的变化进而促进人的大脑健康。二 、试题解析【参考答案】 41. B 42. F 43. D 44. A 45. G41.【正确答案】B【解答过程】从文中给出的内容我们粗略地知道文章谈论的是有关开发新习惯引发创新的话题。本题缺失内容位于第二段的段尾，因此我们要回到空前的内容去寻找答题线索。前面提到如果我们有意识地去开发新的习惯， 就能让思维跳到创新的轨道上，由此，我们可以推测选填的内容可能会进一步解释这两者的关系。查看选项，B中“we can direct our change by consciously developing new habits”刚好涉及这一内容，而且“Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit” 刚好是对前面“consciously”这个词的回应和解释，因此本题答案为E。42.【正确答案】F【解答过程】本题缺失内容是第三段的段尾。我们可以根据上下文来判断合理的选项，空前的内容提及“我们都以我们意识不到的方式来处理问题”；第四段的句首又提到“我们之中很少有人生来就能运用我们的创造性和合作思维模式”，据此我们可以推断正确的选项应该与部分能力未被开发有关，查看选项，只有F提到人们在青少年的时候有一半也就是两种能力关闭了，这正好与空后的内容相一致。故答案为C。43.【正确答案】D【解答过程】本题缺失内容在第四段的中间，而中间的内容必然会起到衔接上下的作用，因此我们需要参考该空的前后来寻找线索。空前的内容谈到“我们之中很少有人生来就能运用我们的创造性和合作性思维模式”；空后的内容谈到“这种强调很明显导致了平庸表现”，这说明缺失的内容应该是有人进行了这种强调，查看选项，D正好与此有关，而且选项开头的“this” 刚好能指代前面的“我们之中很少有人生来就能运用我们的创造性和合作性思维模式”，故答案为A。44.【正确答案】A【解答过程】本题缺失内容是第五段的段首句。同样我们需要在其上下文找线索。空前的内容(第四段最后)反对由于缺乏创新导致的平庸表现，故此处应该引出新的东西；而且空后提到“找出你过去学习的有用的东西，你可以画出未来可以开发的附加技巧和行为图”,这显然与人的分析或者学习东西的能力有关，参看选项，A刚好就是与这个有关，故答案为A。45.【正确答案】G【解答过程】本题缺失内容是段首句，我们应根据前后文来确定答案。空前内容(上一段)提到Ryan建议人们进行kaizen的技巧练习，那么我们可以推测接下来应该还有别的方法参考；而且空后提到“这对商业具有致命的打击，对那些身边充斥着只会附和的员工的老板们来说尤其如此。”这说明有一种想法或倾向是致命的，查看选项，G中的发“simultaneous”刚好可以引入别的方法，而其中的“我们总是相信那些做法和我们一致的人要比那些做法和我们不一致的人聪明得多”这句话刚好和“附和”是一个意思，而且是一种有害的主观倾向，刚好能满足这一空的要求，因此答案是G。【干扰项分析】干扰项C，提到“After the confusion”，说明前面必然要提到混乱、困惑状态下的状况，而这在文章中根本找不到对应内容，故排除；干扰项E项中首次出现了“the “Great Decider”，文中只字未提该短语或做出任何相关的解释，如果选择会很突兀，故排除掉。全文翻译：习惯是一个很有趣的事情。我们漫不经心地触及它，让我们的大脑处于自动巡航状态，放松地进入熟悉的日常工作的无意识舒适之中。威廉.华兹华斯在19世纪说：“不是选择，而是习惯驾驭了轻率的兽群”。在21世纪，即使是习惯也带上了负面涵义。因此在与创意和创新相同的语境里谈习惯似乎有些矛盾。但从事大脑研究的人员已经发现，当我们有意识地开发新习惯时，我们甚至能够创造全新的脑细胞，这能够使我们的思绪跳跃到创新的轨道上。不必将我们当作是一成不变的习惯的动物，我们实际可以通过有意识地开发新习惯来引导我们自己的变化。实际上，我们越多尝试新东西，越多超越我们的舒适区，我们就会从内在里具备创造性，不管是工作上还是生活里。开放的思想一书的作者Dawna Markova说，我们所有人都以我们意识不到的方式来处理问题。20世纪60年代的研究人员发现，人类出生时就有能力以四种方式应对挑战：分析性，程序性，相关性(合作性)和创新性。但在青少年时期，大脑关闭一半的能力，仅保留哪些似乎在人生最初10多年中最有价值的哪些思维模式。目前对于标准化测试的重视强调分析和程序，意味着我们之中很少有人生来就能运用我们的创造性和合作性思维模式。2006年出版的今年我将一书作者M. J. Ryan 解释说：“这破坏了美国信仰体系中的最重要法则每个人都能做成任何事情”。这种重视很明显导致了平庸表现。相反地，知道你擅长做的，并且多做会成就卓越。就是在此新习惯登场了。如果你是一个分析型或程序型的思考者，你学习的方式不同于先天是创新或合作型的人。找出你过去学习的有用的东西，你可以画出未来可以开发的附加技巧和行为图。Ryan女士说：“如果你有路径来学习，就要用它，因为这将比在你的大脑创作全新的路径要容易得多。”Ryan和Markova两位女士已经发现了她们称之为三种存在区的东西：舒适，拉伸，压力。舒适是现存习惯的领地。压力是在挑战远远超越目前经验，以至于不可抗拒时发生。处于中间的是拉伸区，是一些感到有点别扭和不熟悉的活动，就在这一区发生真正的变化。根据Ryan女士的说法，进入拉伸区对你是有好处的。这有助于你保持大脑健康。结果显示除非我们继续学习新东西，这样挑战我们大脑去创造新路径，否则大脑就会开始变弱，这可能会导致大脑疾病。她推荐练习一种叫做kaizen的技巧，这种技巧需要微小而持续的提高。同时，你去看看你的同事是如何应对挑战的，这是Markova小姐提出的建议。我们总是相信那些做法和我们一致的人要比那些做法和我们不一致的人聪明得多。这种倾向对商业具有致命的打击，对那些身边尽是些附和者的老板们来说尤其如此。如果论资排辈和职务晋升都要建立在对高层领导想法的附和之上，那么这个公司的才智肯定会趋于单一化。10、Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Archaeological study covers an extremely long span of time and a great variety of subjects. The earliest subjects of archaeological study date from the origins of humanity. These include fossil remains believed to be of human ancestors who lived 3.5 million to 4.5 million years ago. The earliest archaeological sites include those at Hadar, Ethiopia; Laetoli, Tanzania; East Turkana, Kenya; and elsewhere in East Africa. These sites contain evidence of the first appearance of bipedal (upright-walking, apelike early humans).41. _The first physically modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared in tropical Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years agodates determined by molecular biologists and archaeologists working together. Dozens of archaeological sites throughout Asia and Europe show how people migrated from Africa and settled in these two continents during the last Ice Age (100,000 to 15,000 years ago). 42. _Archaeologists have documented that the development of agriculture took place about 10,000 years ago. Early domesticationthe planting and harvesting of plants and the breeding and herding of animalsis evident in such places as the ancient settlement of Jericho in Jordan and in Tehuacn Valley in Mexico. Archaeology plays a major role in the study of early civilizations, such as those of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, who built the city of Ur, and the ancient Egyptians, who are famous for the pyramids near the city of Giza and the royal sepulchres (tombs) of the Valley of the Kings at Thebes. 43. _Archaeological research spans the entire development of phenomena that are unique to humans. For instance, archaeology tells the story of when people learned to bury their dead and developed beliefs in an afterlife. Sites containing signs of the first simple but purposeful burials in graves date to as early as 40,000 years ago in Europe and Southwest Asia. By the time people lived in civilizations, burials and funeral ceremonies had become extremely important and elaborate rituals. 44. _Archaeology also examines more recent historical periods. Some archaeologists work with historians to study American colonial life, for example. They have learned such diverse information as how the earliest colonial settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, traded glass beads for food with native Algonquian peoples; how the lives of slaves on plantations reflected their roots in Africa; and how the first major cities in the United States developed. 45. _A For example, the Moche lords of Sipn in coastal Peru were buried in about AD 400 in fine cotton dress and with exquisite ornaments of bead, gold, and silver. Few burials rival their lavish sepulchres. Being able to trace the development of such rituals over thousands of years has added to our understanding of the development of human intellect and spirit.B By 40,000 years ago people could be found hunting and gathering food across most of the regions of Africa. Populations in different regions employed various technological developments in adapting to their different environments and climates.C Archaeological studies have also provided much information about the people who first arrived in the Americas over 12,000 years ago. D The first fossil records of vascular plantsthat is, land plants with tissue that carries foodappeared in the Silurian period. They were simple plants that had not developed separate stems and leaves.E Laetoli even reveals footprints of humans from 3.6 million years ago. Some sites also contain evidence of the earliest use of simple tools. Archaeologists have also recorded how primitive forms of humans spread out of Africa into Asia about 1.8 million years ago, then into Europe about 900,000 years ago. F One research project involves the study of garbage in present-day cities across the United States. This garbage is the modern equivalent of the remains found in the archaeological record. In the future, archaeologists will continue to move into new realms of study. G Other sites that represent great human achievement are as varied as the cliff dwellings of the ancient Anasazi (a group of early Native Americans of North America) at Mesa Verde, Colorado; the Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the Andes Mountains of Peru; and the mysterious, massive stone portrait heads of remote Easter Island in the Pacific.答案41.E 42.C 43.G 44.A 45.F总体分析本文主要论述了考古学研究的发展，它延续了整个人类发展的历史（从人类起源之初到现代社会），涉及了多种多样的主题（包括最早出现的人类，人类的迁徙、文明、埋葬仪式、美国殖民生活、现代城市垃圾等）。A 比如，西潘地区莫切人的贵族们约在公元400年被埋葬，身着优质的棉质礼服，佩带着精致的珠子和金银装饰。很少有能与他们坟墓的华丽相媲美的。能够追溯这些仪式几千年的发展有助于我们理解人类智力和精神的发展。B 到40万年前可以发现人们在非洲大部分地区狩猎和采集食物。不同地区的居民利用各种技术的发展来适应各自所处的不同环境与气候。C 考古研究也提供了关于12万年前首先到达美洲的人类的许多信息。D 最早的导管植物（即带有运载食物组织的陆地植物）的化石记录出现在志留纪时代。它们是没有形成独立的茎和叶的简单植物。E 利特里甚至展现了360万年前的人类的足迹。一些遗址也包含了最早使用的简单工具的证据。考古学家们还记录了原始人类如何在约180万年前从非洲扩展到亚洲，然后在约90万年前进入欧洲的。F 一个研究项目涉及对全美国现代城市垃圾的研究。这种垃圾相当于现代社会中发现的考古记录的遗骸。将来，考古学家会继续开拓新的研究领域。G 其他代表人类伟大成就的遗址各式各样，像科罗拉多州梅莎尔地的古代阿纳萨齐人（北美洲的一群早期土著美国人）的崖下住居；位于秘鲁安梯斯山脉高处的马丘比丘的印加城；偏远的太平洋复活节岛上神秘而巨大的石刻人头肖像。试题精解41.精解本题考查的知识点是：段落内一致性原则+词语的复现本题的解答方法有两种：顺读法和逆读法。先看顺读法，文章首句是全文的主题句：考古学研究的时间很长，涉及到的主题也多种多样。第二句出现了特征词earliest，并将第一段的中心内容缩小为：最早的考古研究主题是人类起源。接下来的内容主要举例说明这方面的研究，如：人类祖先的化石残骸、最早的考古遗址。根据段落一致性原则，除非出现表示转折的逻辑词，空格处的内容应围绕这一中心内容展开论述。从内容上判断，只有E项正确。该项第一、二句提到人类足迹和最早的工具的使用，依然属于对于人类起源研究的范畴。此外，该项也出现了原词Laetoli的复现以及第二句some sites contain evidence of the earliest与原文中的These sites contain evidence of the first结构上的呼应。逻辑词also表明空格处填入的内容和上文是并列逻辑关系。C、D项出现了同义词的复现，即first对应原文中的earliest，G项复现了原词sites，但C项中的“到达美洲的人口”，D项中“导管植物”（vascular plants），G项中的“人类的伟大成就”显然都与空白处的上文无法衔接。也可用逆读法，空格出现在一段末。其上文提到一些直立行走的两足动物（类似猿的早期人类），下文则提到最早具有现代身体特征的人类。因此空格处的内容也应该围绕人类展开论述，提到humans或其同义词的有B、C、E、G项。然后再根据段落内一致性原则，排除干扰项，得出E项正确。42.精解 本题考查的知识点是：句际关系+特征词的呼应本题空格出现在二段末。该段首句提到最早具有现代特征的人类出现的时间；第二句提到早期人类从非洲移民定居欧亚大陆。表面上看，空格所在上文的这两句之间的逻辑关系不是很明确，似乎在说不同的方面，但是它们中的特征词即表时间的数字显示了其逻辑关系：时间上的顺接关系，从“20万年至15万年前”到“10万年至1万5年前”。这种关系在填入第一段末的E项中也得到了体现，该项末句刚好提到了“90万年前”。提到时间数字的只有B和C项。根据时间顺接关系排除B项，得出C项正确。该项中的逻辑词also体现了它和上文间的并列逻辑关系。填入后，整个段落的内容是考古研究对不同年代人类活动的记载：最早现代人类的出现、人类从非洲向欧亚的移民、人类首次到达美洲。43.精解 本题考查的知识点是：上下文的衔接+词语的复现本题空格出现在三段末。该段内容分两个层次，第一、二句为一个意群，讲述考古学在记载农业发展方面的意义。第三句则讲述了考古学在人类早期文明研究方面的重要作用。第三句是个长句，其主干结构是Archaeology plays a major role in the study of early civilizations, such as those of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, who and the ancient Egyptians, who。该句举例说明了人类早期文明：苏美尔人修建了乌尔城，而古埃及人以吉萨城附近的金字塔和西比斯帝王谷的皇家陵墓闻名。因此空格处填入的内容要么与上面两个层次的内容呈并列关系，论述考古学其他方面的作用。要么承接最近的上文即第三句，继续论述有关人类文明方面的内容。A项出现了表例证关系的逻辑词for example，但后面的内容却是关于奢华的埋葬仪式。这无法与上文中的乌尔城、皇家陵墓并列。C项提到考古研究记载了人类到达美洲的信息，但该内容与上文的人类文明也无法并列。只有G项继续列举人类文明的表现：科罗拉多州梅莎尔地的古代阿纳萨齐人的崖下住居；位于秘鲁安梯斯山脉高处的马丘比丘的印加城；偏远的太平洋复活节岛上神秘而巨大的石刻人头肖像。该项首句中human achievement与上文（human）civilization属于同义词复现。44.精解 本题考查的知识点是：段落结构+词语的复现突出主题本题空格出现在四段末。该段落的结构比较清晰，首句为主题句：考古研究跨越了人类独有现象的整个发展阶段。第二句中逻辑词for instance表明下文举例说明首句论点。该例子中出现的大量相关语义的词汇bury，dead，afterlife，burials，graves，funeral使主题句中的“人类独有现象”明确为“埋葬仪式”。符合该段主题内容的只有A项。该项以逻辑词for example开始，通过“西潘地区莫切人贵族们的奢华的埋葬仪式”这一例子说明了上文中提到的论点“埋葬过程和葬礼仪式变得极其重要而且成为了繁文褥节”。45.精解 本题考查的知识点是：段落结构本题空格出现在五段末。该段和第四段结构相似。段首为主题句：考古学也研究了更近的历史时期。第二句以逻辑词for instance为标志，举出“考古学家对美国殖民生活的研究”的例子来论证主题。而接下来的内容则具体论述这种研究的内容：早期殖民者用玻璃珠子与土著民族交换食物；种植园上奴隶的生活反映出他们的起源；美国的第一批主要城市的发展。因此空格处的内容要么与上文呈并列关系，共同论证段落主旨；要么承接上文，继续论述美国的殖民生活。F项第一、二句提到，一个研究项目涉及对全美国现代城市垃圾的研究。这种现代垃圾相当于考古记录中发现的遗骸。其中出现的present-day和archaeological record与原文中的more recent和Archaeology相呼应。因此暗示这个选项的内容是关于“更近的历史时期”的考古研究。全文翻译考古学研究覆盖了很长的时间段，涉及到各种各样的主题。考古学研究最早的研究对象从人类的起源开始。这些研究对象包括被认为居住在350万年至450万年前的人类祖先的化石残骸。最早的考古遗址在埃塞俄比亚的哈达、坦桑尼亚的利特里、肯尼亚的图尔卡纳以及东非的其他一些地方。这些遗址包含了早期两足动物（直立行走、类似猿的早期人类）出现的证据。利特里甚至展现了360万年前的人类足迹。一些遗址也包含了最早使用的简单工具的证据。考古学家们还记录了原始人类如何在约180万年前从非洲扩展到亚洲，然后在约90万年前进入欧洲的。最早具有现代身体特征的人类（智人）出现在约20万年至15万年前的热带非洲。该时间是分子生物学家和考古学家一起测定的。遍及亚洲和欧洲的许多考古遗址说明了人类在最后一个冰河时代（10万年至1万5千年前）是如何从非洲移民并定居在这两个大陆的。考古研究也提供了关于12万年前首先到达两个美洲的人类的许多信息。考古学家证明了农业的发展发生约10万年前。早期的驯养活动植物的种植和收割以及动物的繁殖和放牧在约旦和墨西哥等地的一些古代定居点非常明显。考古学在早期文明（如美索不达米亚的苏美尔人以及古埃及人）的研究中起着主要的作用。苏美尔人修建了乌尔城，而古埃及人以吉萨城附近的金字塔和西比斯帝王谷的皇家陵墓闻名。其他代表人类伟大成就的遗址各式各样，像科罗拉多州梅莎尔地的古代阿纳萨齐人（北美洲的一群早期土著美国人）的崖下住居；位于秘鲁安梯斯山脉高处的马丘比丘的印加城；偏远的太平洋复活节岛上神秘而巨大的石刻人头肖像。 考古研究跨越了人类特有现象的整个发展阶段。比如，考古学讲述了人类什么时候学会埋葬死人并形成对死后灵魂的信仰。在欧洲和西南亚洲，一些遗址中发现了最初的简朴而有目的的坟墓埋葬行为的迹象，这样的遗址最早可以追溯到40万年前。到人们生活在文明中的时候，埋葬过程和葬礼仪式变得极其重要而且成为了繁文褥节。比如，莫切人的西潘贵族们约公元400年被埋葬，身着优质的棉质礼服，佩带着精致的珠子和金银装饰。很少有能与他们的华丽的坟墓相媲美的。能够追溯这些仪式几千年的发展有助于我们理解人类智力和精神的发展。考古学也研究了更近的历史时期。比如，一些考古学家和历史学家一起研究美国殖民生活。他们也获得了各个方面的信息，如早期的殖民者如何在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯敦定居、如何用玻璃珠子与土著阿尔冈琴民族交换食物；种植园上奴隶的生活如何反映出他们起源于非洲；美国的第一批主要城市是如何发展起来的。一个研究项目涉及对全美国现代城市垃圾的研究。这种垃圾相当于现代社会中发现的考古记录的遗骸。将来，考古学家会继续开拓新的研究领域。11、Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) A Physical Changes B Low Self-Esteem C Emerging Independence and Search for Identity D Emotional Turbulence E Interest in the Opposite Sex F Peer Pressure and ConformityThe transition to adulthood is difficult. Rapid physical growth begins in early adolescence typically between the ages of 9 and 13 and thought processes start to take on adult characteristics. Many youngsters find these changes distressing because they do not fully understand what is happening to them. Fears and anxieties can be put to rest by simply keeping an open line of communication and preparing for change before it occurs. The main issues that arise during adolescence are:(41) _A childs self worth is particularly fragile during adolescence. Teenagers often struggle with an overwhelming sense that nobody likes them, that theyre not as good as other people, that they are failures, losers, ugly or unintelligent. (42) _Some form of bodily dissatisfaction is common among pre-teens. If dissatisfaction is great, it may cause them to become shy or very easily embarrassed. In other cases, teens may act the opposite loud and angry in an effort to compensate for feelings of self-consciousness and inferiority. As alarming as these bodily changes can be, adolescents may find it equally distressing to not experience the changes at the same time as their peers. Late maturation can cause feelings of inferiority and awkwardness. (43) _Young people feel more strongly about everything during adolescence. Fears become more frightening, pleasures become more exciting, irritations become more distressing and frustrations