肥东市政污泥焚烧项目建议书1.doc

intends to take short rests every two hours. She will have something to drink but she will not eat any solid food. Most of Ernas school friends will be waiting for her on the English coast. Among them will be Ernas mother, who swam the Channel herself when she was a girl.Lesson37 The Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会The Olympic Games will be held in our country in four years time. As a great many people will be visiting the country, the government will be building new hotels, an immense stadium, and a fine new swimming pool. They will also be building new roads and a special railway-line. The Games will be held just outside the capital and the whole area will be called Olympic City. Workers will have completed the new roads by the end of this year. By the end of next year, they will have finished work on the new stadium. The fine modern buildings have been designed by Kurt Gunter. Everybody will be watching anxiously as the new buildings go up. We are all very excited and are looking forward to the Olympic Games because they have never been held before in this country.Lesson38 Everything except the weather 惟独没有考虑到天气My old friend, Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England. He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the country. He had no sooner returned than he bought a fine house and went to live there. Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold. After so many years of sunshine, Harrison got a shock. He acted as if he had never lived in England before. In the end, it was more than he could bear. He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country. The dream he had had for so many years ended there. Harrison had thought of everything except the weather.Lesson39 Am I all right? 我是否痊愈？While John Gilbert was in hospital, he asked his doctor to tell him whether his operation had been successful, but the doctor refused to do so. The following day, the patient asked for a bedside telephone. When he was alone, he telephoned the hospital exchange and asked for Doctor Millington. When the doctor answered the phone, Mr Gilbert said he was inquiring about a certain patient, a Mr John Gilbert. He asked if Mr Gilberts operation had been successful and the doctor told him that it had been. He then asked when Mr Gilbert would be allowed to go home and the doctor told him that he would have to stay in hospital for another two weeks. Then Dr Millington asked the caller if he was a relative of the patient. No, the patient answered, I am Mr John Gilbert. Lesson40 Food and talk 进餐与交谈Last week at a dinner-party, the hostess asked me to sit next to Mrs Rumbold. Mrs Rumbold was a large, unsmiling lady in a tight black dress. She did not even look up when I took my seat beside her. Her eyes were fixed on her plate and in a short time, she was busy eating. I tried to make conversation. A new play is coming to The Globe soon, I said. Will you be seeing it ? No, she answered. Will you be spending your holidays abroad this year ? I asked. No, she answered. Will you be staying in England? I asked. No, she answered. In despair, I asked her whether she was enjoying her dinner. Young man, she answered, if you ate more and talked less, we would both enjoy our dinner ! lesson41 Do you call that a hat? 你把那个叫帽子吗？Do you call that a hat ? I said to my wife. You neednt be so rude about it, my wife answered as she looked at herself in the mirror. I sat down on one of those modern chairs with holes in it and waited. We had been in the hat shop for half an hour and my wife was still in front of the mirror. We mustnt buy things we dont need, I remarked suddenly. I regretted saying it almost at once.You neednt have said that, my wife answered. I need not remind you of that terrible tie you bought yesterday. I find it beautiful, I said. A man can never have too into the cave hoping to find buried treasure. The leader of the party was examining the soil near the entrance to the cave when the machine showed that there was gold under the ground. Very excited, the party dug a hole two feet deep. They finally found a small gold coin which was almost worthless. The party then searched the whole cave thoroughly but did not find anything except an empty tin trunk. In spite of this, many people are confident that The Revealer may reveal something of value fairly soon.Lesson56 Faster than sound! 比声音还快！Once a year a race is held for old cars. A lot of cars entered for this race last year and there was a great deal of excitement just before it began. One of the most handsome cars was a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. The most unusual car was a Benz which had only three wheels. Built in 1885, it was the oldest car taking part. After a great many loud explosions, the race began. Many of the cars broke down on the course and some drivers spent more time under their cars than in them ! A few cars, however, completed the race. The winning car reached a speed of forty miles an hour-much faster than any of its rivals. It sped downhill at the end of the race and its driver had a lot of trouble trying to stop it. The race gave everyone a great deal of pleasure. It was very different from modern car races but no less exciting. Lesson57 Can I help you, madam? 你要买什么，夫人？A woman in blue jeans stood at the window of an expensive shop. Though she hesitated for a moment, she finally went in and asked to see a dress that was in the window. The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed. Glancing at her scornfully, he told her that the dress was sold. The woman walked out of the shop angrily and decided to punish the assistant next day. She returned to the shop the following morning dressed in a fur coat, with a handbag in one hand and a long umbrella in the other. After seeking out the rude assistant she asked for the same dress. Not realizing who she was, the assistant was eager to serve her this time with great difficulty, he climbed into the shop window to get the dress. As soon as she saw it, the woman said s many ties.And a woman cant have too many hats, she answered.Ten minutes later we walked out of the shop together. My wife was wearing a hat that looked like a lighthouse !Lesson42 Not very musical 并非很懂音乐As we had had a long walk through one of the markets of Old Delhi, we stopped at a square to have a rest. After a time, we noticed a snake-charmer with two large baskets at the other side of the square, so we went to have a look at him. As soon as he saw us, he picked up a long pipe which was covered with coins and opened one of the baskets. When he began to play a tune, we had our first glimpse of the snake. It rose out of the basket and began to follow the movements of the pipe. We were very much surprised when the snake charmer suddenly began to play jazz tunes and modern pop songs. The snake, however, continued to dance slowly. It obviously could not tell the difference between Indian music and jazz!Lesson43 Over the South Pole 飞越南极In 1929, three years after his flight over the North Pole, the American explorer, R. E. Byrd, successfully flew over the South Pole for the first time. Though, at first, Byrd and his men were able to take a great many photographs of the mountains that lay below, they soon ran into serious trouble. At one point, it seemed certain that their plane would crash. It could only get over the mountains if it rose to 10,000 feet. Byrd at once ordered his men to throw out two heavy food sacks. The plane was then able to rise and it cleared the mountains by 400 feet. Byrd now knew that he would be able to reach the South Pole which was 300 miles away, for there were no more mountains in sight. The aircraft was able to fly over the endless white plains without difficulty. Lesson44 Through the forest 穿过森林Mrs Anne Sterling did not think of the risk she was taking when she ran through a forest after two men. They had rushed up to her while she was having a picnic at the edge of a forest with her children and tried to steal her handbag. In the struggle, the strap broke and, with the bag in their possession, both men started running through the trees. Mrs Sterling got so angry that she ran after them. She was soon out of breath, but she continued to run. When she caught up with them, she saw that they had sat down and were going through the contents of the bag, so she ran straight at them. The men got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away. The strap needs mending, said Mrs Sterling later, but they did not steal anything.Lesson45 A clear conscience 问心无愧The whole village soon learnt that a large sum of money had been lost. Sam Benton, the local butcher, had lost his wallet while taking his savings to the post-office. Sam was sure that the wallet must have been found by one of the villagers, but it was not returned to him. Three months passed, and then one morning, Sam found his wallet outside his front door. It had been wrapped up in newspaper and it contained half the money he had lost, together with a note which said: A thief, yes, but only 5o per cent a thief! Two months later, some more money was sent to Sam with another note: Only 25 per cent a thief now! In time, all Sams money was paid back in this way. The last note said: I am 100 per cent honest now!lesson46 Expensive and uncomfortable 既昂贵又受罪When a plane from London arrived at Sydney airport, workers began to unload a number of wooden boxes which contained clothing. No one could account for the fact that one of the boxes was extremely heavy. It suddenly occurred to one of the workers to open up the box. He was astonished at what he found. A man was lying in the box on top of a pile of woollen goods. He was so surprised at being discovered that he did not even try to run away. After he was arrested, the man admitted hiding in the box before the plane left London. He had had a long and uncomfortable trip, for he had been confined to the wooden box for over ten hours. The man was ordered to pay &345 for the cost of the trip. The normal price of a ticket is &230 !Lesson47 A thirsty ghost 嗜酒的鬼魂A public house which was recently bought by Mr Ian Thompson is up for sale. Mr Thompson is going to sell it because it is haunted. He told me that he could not go to sleep one night because he heard a strange noise coming from the bar. The next morning, he found that the doors had been blocked by chairs and the furniture had been moved. Though Mr Thompson had turned the lights off before he went to bed, they were on in the morning. He also said that he had found five empty whisky bottles which the ghost must have drunk the night before. When I suggested that some villagers must have come in for a free drink, Mr Thompson shook his head. The villagers have told him that they will not accept the inn even if he gives it away. Lesson48 Did you want to tell me something? 你想对我说什么吗？Dentists always ask questions when it is impossible for you to answer.肥东县市政污泥焚烧 无害化处置项目建议书安徽晔城生物科技有限公司2009年元月目 录1. 总论1.1 项目名称及实施单位：1.2 项目业主单位概况1.3 拟建地点1.4 建设内容、规模及投资1.4.1 建设内容1.5 建设进度1.6 投资概算1.7 主要技术经济指标2. 项目建设必要性3. 污泥处理处置概况3.1 污泥的最终处置主要方法3.2 污泥处置的趋势4. 现有的污泥终端无害化处理技术4.1 污泥焚烧处理4.2 污泥热干化处理4.3 其它处理方法5. 现有污泥处理技术中的主要问题5.1 主流技术5.2 现有的热干化技术5.3 现有的直接焚烧技术5.3.1 二噁英问题5.3.2 重金属问题5.3.3 恶臭问题6. 肥东县市政污泥焚烧方案设计6.1 基础数据6.2 方案说明6.2.1 项目特征6.2.2 现有的技术路线评价 直接掺烧 一体化焚烧系统6.2.3 流程设计说明6.2.4 技术特征 独特的造粒技术 高效安全的热干化工艺 廉价的焚烧工艺 节省化石能源6.2.5 过程说明 尾气 污泥对设备的粘结 设备安全 二噁英 恶臭7. 设备及造价 主要设备清单及造价估算8. 投资估算9. 经济效益分析9.1 投资估算9.2 成本分析9.3 销售收入9.4 销售税金9.5 年平均利润9.6 投资年利润率9.7 主要技术经济指标10. 结 论1. 总论1.1 项目名称及实施单位1）项目名称：市政污泥焚烧项目；2）项目主管单位：肥东县建委；3）项目业主单位：安徽晔城生物科技开发有限公司4）技术支持单位：南京理工大学动力学院1.2 项目业主单位概况安徽晔城生物科技开发有限公司（以下简称“公司”）是以充分利用可再生能源-生物质为基础，为企业降低能源成本，减少大气及环境污染，实现可循环经济为己任的一家专业公司。公司位于包拯的故乡-安徽省会合肥。这里交通便利，地理位置优越。公司创始人，荣获国家三项技术专利的陈宝林先生，一直致力于生物质能替代化石能源燃烧及污泥无害化处置与生物质循环再利用方面的开发与研究，三项技术专利号分别是：ZL2005 20074650.7（送料鼓风装置）、2006201654282.2（燃烧生物质锅炉送料、送风喷口装置）、200720039539.3（污泥生物质焚烧系统）。经过多年的工程实践与技术积累，公司形成了鲜明的技术特色，由一系列专有技术和具有自主知识产权的专利技术组成了一个完整的在锅炉上燃烧生物质的技术体系，并与上海交通大学、南京理工大学、浙江大学、等多所国内知名高校建立了横向合作关系。公司在锅炉燃用生物质能的技术改造工程中，在合肥地区、蚌埠市、全椒、和县、六安市、泾县、桐城，以及江苏、广西、湖北、黑龙江等地改烧了多台4t/h至20t/h的链条炉排锅炉和循环流化床锅炉，以及宁国发电厂35t/h链条炉排电站锅炉。以上的工程改烧都取得了良好的效果，锅炉出力正常，而且具有一定的超负荷工作能力，在同一时空条件下，链条锅炉中燃烧生物质比燃烧煤炭的出力可提高10%以上；在污泥的无害化处置上，利用“污泥生物质焚烧系统”专利技术，达到了污泥的一次性无害化处置，大大降低了污泥焚烧的运营成本，为合作企业创造了可观的经济效益，实现了同合作企业的双赢，同时也为国家每年节省大量的不可再生资源煤炭约500000吨，减少了二氧化硫约5000吨和二氧化碳约1300000吨对大气的排放，赢得良好的社会效益，对社会节能减排做出了伟大的贡献，为造福子孙！1.3 拟建地点本项目厂址选在合肥市肥东县污水处理厂，占用场地面积约670M2。1.4 建设内容、规模及投资1.4.1 建设内容新建污泥、生物质混捏、造粒，干化、焚烧系统（污泥的无害化处置）。1.4.2 规模本项目为污泥（生物质）焚烧处置，其最终建设规模为：年污泥处置能力为：14400吨（每天40吨计）。1.5 建设进度 进度表工 作 月项 目1234567可行性研究报告环评报告环评、可行性审批初步设计、审批施工图设计设备订货土建施工设备、工艺安装试车正式投产1.6 投资概算建设总投资约338万元（人民币，下同）。资金来源为：自筹40%，融资60%。1.7 主要技术经济指标序号项目数量备注1处理污泥规模：（吨/年）144002消耗生物质（吨/年）14403耗电量（105度/年）4.24耗水量（M3/年）5005服务年限（年）156占用场地（）6707劳动定员（人）108总投资（万元）3389其中：工程投资（万元）279.410单位经营成本（元/吨）78.10主要技术经济指标2. 项目建设必要性由于污泥中含有大量的污染物质，如重金属、病原菌、寄生虫、有机污染物及臭气等。如不进行无害化处理，必将对周边环境，及周边人民的生产生活带来巨大灾难，甚至影响到肥东县的整体形象。随着人民群众环保意识、可持续发展意识的提高，广大人民群众要求治理污泥给周边环境带来的影响的呼声越来越大。因此，对污泥进行无害化处置十分必要。本项目投运后即可彻底解决中国宣纸集团公司污水处理站的污泥问题，并真正做到一次性无害化处置。3. 污泥处理处置概况3.1 污泥的最终处置主要方法主要有：海洋投弃、土地利用、污泥农用、填埋、焚烧以及综合利用等。污泥海洋投弃处置已经明确地被禁止；污泥填埋并不能最终避免环境污染，只是延缓了环境污染产生的时间，填埋行为面临着越来越严格的环境标准，这使得仅仅反映直接建设投资及运行成本的填埋处置方式的投资及运营费用趋于大幅度增加，许多国家已经开始禁止污泥的土地填埋。3.2 污泥处置的趋势从早期的海洋投弃与填埋，走向土地利用(绿地、林地利用)、农用，发展到污泥的热处理（热干化与焚烧），最终会走向资源回收再利用的方向。污泥处理处置的走向在很大程度上取决于各国政府有关的法律、法规和污染控制状况；同时也与国家的大小和农业发展情况有关。随着环境标准的逐次升级，焚烧处理所占的的比例也越来越大。4. 现有的污泥终端无害化处理技术4.1 污泥焚烧处理以焚烧为核心的污泥处理技术是最彻底的污泥专业化处理方法。它可以使污泥中有机物全部碳化、烧死病原体，可以对含有重金属或化学污染物的污泥实现完全的惰性化处理，可最大限度减少污染，且焚烧后产生的焚烧灰可以用做改良土壤、制作建材等。但是,现有的污泥焚烧处理技术的投资和日常的运行费用偏高，且处理系统的工艺技术非常复杂。4.2 污泥热干化处理是污泥处理技术中一种先进和科学的处理方法。干化处理能使污泥显著减容。经过干化处理后的污泥体积可以减为原来的五分之一左右，产品稳定，且无臭味、无病原体生物。干化处理后的污泥产品用途很多，可以用做肥料、土壤改良剂、替代能源等。污泥的单独使用热干化工艺来处理有以下优点：可以减少污泥的体积，从而减少了储存、处置和运输费用；干燥处理后的污泥产品既可以用做肥料和土壤改良剂也可以用做其他工业工艺过程中原料或燃料；干燥后污泥无尘、无味，整个系统运行安全、高效，且与污泥焚烧相比其投资和运行成本较低。 4.3 其它处理方法以下技术由于各种原因并未广泛应用，主要有熔融技术、碱性稳定化技术、低温热解技术、制取饲料技术、包埋技术、制取建材技术等。5. 现有污泥处理技术中的主要问题5.1 主流技术污泥富含有害污染物，同时也含有一些有益成分，比如它本身含有化学能，干燥的污泥在燃烧时可放出大量的热量；某些污泥富含有价值的有机组分或无机组分。目前有效的污泥无害化处理主流核心技术有两大类：焚烧技术和热干化处理，目标是灭除病原体、消除化学污染物、固化重金属等，同时在处置过程中不能造成新的污染（如二噁英、粉尘等）。在此基础上，可进一步将污泥处理后的产物资源化，如作为原料或燃料等使用。污泥含水量在7593之间，它本身含有的化学能不足以完成所含水分的蒸发，所以，要将污泥深度干燥必须消耗外加热量，这是污泥无害化必须支付的代价。 5.2 现有的热干化技术早在20世纪40年代，工业化国家就已经用直接加热鼓式干燥器来干燥污泥。经过几十年的发展，污泥热干化技术的优点正逐渐显现出来： 5.2.1污泥显著减容，体积可减少45倍； 5.2.2形成颗粒或粉状稳定产品，污泥性状大大改善； 5.2.3产品无臭且无病原体，减轻了污泥有关的负面效应，使处理后的污泥更易被接受； 5.2.4产品具有多种用途，如作肥料、土壤改良剂、替代能源等。 5.2.5 污泥干化核心技术问题无论终端无害化处理意向是污泥作为燃料还是原料利用，污泥干化都是重要的第一步，所以污泥干化在整个污泥处置体系中处于核心地位。污泥热干化技术中的几个核心技术问题分述如下： 污泥粘结问题 现有的污泥干化设备从进料方式和产品形态上大致可以分为两类：一种是采用干料返混系统，湿污泥在进料前先与一定比例的干泥混合，含水率降至30%40%，然后才进入干燥器，产品为球状颗粒，是结合干燥与造粒为一体的工艺；另一种是湿污泥直接进料，产品多为粉末状。 干燥不同的污泥，对设备的要求也不尽相同，这是因为污泥在干燥过程中有一特殊的胶粘相阶段(含水率为60%左右)。在这一极窄的过渡段内，污泥极易结块，表面坚硬、难以粉碎，而里面却仍是稀泥，这为污泥的进一步干燥和灭菌带来极大困难。 尾气处理和臭味控制 污泥终端处理必须是环境安全的，不能产生二次污染。所以污泥干化技术必须重视尾气处理和臭味控制。以热风为干燥剂直接干燥时，由于热风的量很大，使得尾气处理成本非常高，这一缺陷使人们一度将兴趣转到了间接加热系统上，后来发展出来的转鼓式直接加热工艺采用了气体循环回用的设计，尾气的量只有直接加热系统的15，相应尾气处理的负担大幅度下降。无论是直接加热或间接加热系统，干燥设备内部都采用适当负压，避免了臭气的外泄，工厂的污泥仓、干燥车间、成品仓等构筑物内的气体都抽走集中处理。 设备安全问题 在干燥器里，起火或爆炸事故相当频繁，令污泥干燥设备的安全性能倍受置疑。现在，起火或爆炸的基本原因已经明确，与爆炸有关的三个主要因素是氧气浓度、粉尘浓度、以及颗粒的温度。必须控制的安全要素是：氧气含量12%；粉尘浓度60 g/m3；颗粒温度110 。 为了完全保障安全性，需要付出极高的设备成本。特别要指出的是，控制颗粒温度是通过降低干燥剂温度而实现参数控制的，这样产生两个问题：一是加大了干燥剂流量，使得干燥剂的输送功耗以及尾气处理量都大幅度增加，成本急剧上升；二是胶粘相阶段停留时间延长，使得污泥粘结问题难以处理，影响设备的运行可靠性。另外污泥干化还需考虑其它的安全因素：设计有湿污泥仓的工厂，必须考虑甲烷的产生而尽量减少湿泥的贮存时间，在安德里兹的设计中将湿泥仓中甲烷浓度控制在1%以下；干泥仓的安全同样受到重视，为防止自燃，干泥颗粒的温度必须控制在40 以下。5.3 现有的直接焚烧技术污泥的含水量高，直接焚烧时，污泥所含的化学能甚至不足以维持所含水分的蒸发，所以对于高含水率的污泥，必须加入其它燃料，同时对燃烧室进行特殊的绝热设计，才能保证足够高的焚烧温度。当前湿污泥直接焚烧的主流技术是：与煤混烧，同时必须采用油气助燃，所用的燃烧方式主要有循环流化床混烧、煤粉混烧、造粒后在火床炉内混烧。随着环境标准趋于严苛，焚烧处理的成本也越来越高，实际上，焚烧处理的成本几乎完全受排放标准的制约，几个控制性指标有：5.3.1 二噁英问题二噁英是一类剧毒物质，其急性毒性相当于氰化钾的1000倍，大量的动物实验表明很低浓度的二噁英类就对动物表现出致死效应。二噁英类属于高度持久性化合物，对土壤和底泥具有强烈的亲和性，很容易在生物组织中积累。医疗及工业固体废弃物焚烧炉是主要的二噁英类排放源，国外已经发生过多起强制关闭焚烧炉的事件。近年甚至在普通纸张中发现微量的二噁英，一度引起恐慌。要在常规焚烧炉系统中控制二噁英的排放，以下技术措施是必须的： a. 每台焚烧炉至少设置1套柴油燃油辅助燃烧系统； b 使用技术成熟可靠的炉膛和炉排结构，使垃圾在焚烧炉中得以充分燃烧，以减少二噁英的浓度； c 通过良好的燃烧控制，火焰中心烟气温度不低于1300，炉膛出口烟气温度不低于850，烟气在炉膛内的停留时间不少于2秒，炉膛出口O2浓度不少于6%，以上技术措施可使原生二噁英绝大部分得以分解； d. 尽量缩短烟气在处理和排放过程中处于300500区域的时间，控制排烟温度不超过200。5.3.2 重金属问题重点是收集烟气中的飞灰粒子。5.3.3 恶臭问题严格控制整个湿污泥系统以及炉膛内都处于可靠的负压状态，以保证处理现场无恶臭外溢，这需要增加相应的设备投资和精细的运行管理；同时燃烧室内必须维持高温，炉膛出口烟气温度不低于850，以保证消除烟气的恶臭。6. 肥东县市政污泥焚烧方案设计6.1 方案说明6.1.1 工艺流程设计说明：以专利技术为基础的流程设计我公司通过长期的技术积累，形成了专利技术：污泥生物质焚烧系统（已授权，专利号：200720039539.3），以该专利技术为基础，结合项目的基础数据，设计的中水污泥处理流程如下图：凝结水水蒸汽热汽循环汽尾气干颗粒湿颗粒污泥仓干粉仓混捏机造粒机热干化炉污泥焚烧锅炉换热器流程说明：污泥与干粉在混捏机中混合均匀，进入造粒机中制出湿颗粒，再进入热干化炉完成干化，干化热源为循环汽；循环汽由换热器加热，加热热源为来自污泥焚烧锅炉的饱和蒸汽，其凝结水通过疏水阀回流到锅炉房软水箱；热干化炉产生的大量水汽进入循环汽中，循环汽设置一个乏气排放支路，以维持循环汽的总量平衡。乏气直接由乏气风机排出到污泥焚烧锅炉炉膛，作为二次风使用。热干化后的中水污泥颗粒的含水率低于20，通过对中国宣纸集团公司的提供的中水污泥样品制取的含水率为20的检材的实验室观察证实，这种污泥可以在大气环境中存放，3天内不散发臭味。热干化后的中水污泥颗粒可以直接作为污泥焚烧锅炉的燃料