英语毕业论文初稿.doc

2017届本科毕业论文题目： 中西时间观念差异对比分析院 系 名 称： 外国XXX系 专 业 名 称： 英 语 学 号 1303413 姓 名： 罗XX 指 导 教 师（职称）： XXX（讲师) 教务处制二一七年五月A Comparative Study of the Differences between Chinese and Western Time ConceptA Thesis Submittedto Shiyuan College ofGuangxi Teachers Education Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsByLuo HailuSupervisor：Xiong FeiMay, 2017摘 要由于中西方文化背景和传统不同，人们不仅在时间取向和时间习惯上也不相同，而且在思维方式和时间观念上也不同。在这种影响下，中西方国家形成了各自的时间取向，而不同的时间取向在一段程度上也折射出了深层次的文化差异。只有充分认识到差异，并尊重彼此的时间观，这样才能减少跨文化交际障碍和冲突，提高跨文化交际的有效性。因此，本文拟中西方不同的时间取向观，计时、守时、用时习惯，影视题材选材等方面不同及其形成原因进行比较分析，提出一些解决办法，从而促进跨文化交际的有效性。关键词：中西时间观；差异；成因；解决办法Abstract Because of the difference of Chinese and Western cultural background and tradition, people not only have different idea of time orientation and the habit to the use of time, but also information the different of the way to think and time concept. Under this influence, the Chinese and Western countries formed their own time orientation.And the different time orientation also reflects the deep cultural differences to a certain extent.We must to have a deep understand the different time concept of Chinese and Western,and to respect each other.In this way, we can to reduce barriers and conflicts in intercultural communication, and to improving the effectiveness of intercultural communication.Therefore, this paper intends to compare and analyze the different views of time orientation, timing, film and television material selection and the reasons for difference, and then to puts forward some solutions, to promote the effectiveness of cross-cultural communication.Key words：Chinese and Western time concept; Difference; Reasons; Solution CONTENTSChapter One Introduction.1Chapter Two Literature Review.2 2.1 The Background of Different Time Concepts.2 2.2 Previous Studies.3 2.3 Summary.5Chapter Three Differences of Chinese and Western Time concept.6 3.1 Past Time Orientation and Future Time Orientation.6 3.1 Timing .7 3.3 The Film and Television Subject.8 3.4 The Reasons for Differences.9 Chapter Four Solution to the problem.10 4.1 Understanding and Respect.10 4.2 Tolerance and Flexibility.11 4.3 Empathy and Interpretation.11Chapter Five Conclusion.11 13Chapter One Introduction “Time refers to the macroscopic all has the non - stop continuity and the irreversible matter state of each kind of change process, its has the common nature the continuous event weighing system”.(Wang, 2013:53). The concept of time is people to have the perception, recognition and reaction of time. Because of the differences of environment, culture, thinking mode and behavior mode, people have different cognition of time and the way to control and the use of time, so people from different cultural backgrounds of China and Western countries have different views on time. In cross-cultural communication, if the other cultures do not fully understand the concept of time, they behoove to use local cultural norms and the concept of time to intercultural communication, it Will be possible to produce misunderstanding. Finely it leads to the failure in intercultural communication. Time concept, which is very important to us. As all we know different people in different country has different time concept. It is conclusion and extension different countries and peoples politics of areas, economy,culture,religion, way of thing behavior mode and so on. The activities of time concept are the concentrated reflection peoples different life style. China is a power and civilized country, which has a long history of more than five thousands years, fifty-six ethnic groups. The economy is in the front of the world. At the same time, in recent years, with the rapid development of knowledge economy and wide application of information technology. China joy into the WTO and UN, its foreign exchange become more and more frequent. In this process, Because of different culture fields have different time concept and time behavior, there are appear some misunderstanding in the exchange between Chinese and Western. Based on this, people need to know the different time concept accuracy under the different culture. Therefore, this paper from the different cultural backgrounds of China and Western countries, time orientation, timing, film and television material selection and other aspects to have a comparative and analysis the different time concept of Chinese and Western. I want to try to find the cultural differences, to put forward some useful suggestions for intercultural communication. At the same time, due to time concept bring some barriers in cross cultural communication, we can introduce the differences between two culture to enhance their cultural awareness. Trough this ways to reduce or even eliminate the barriers. It advantageous people to understanding and grasping the time orientation of Chinese and western culture, it can help to improve the effectiveness of cultural communication activities. Better avoid the contradiction and conflict in the cross cultural communication. Chapter Two Literature ReviewIn chapter two, it mainly writes about the concept of time in different backgrounds, as well as the previous studies on the concept of time. Finally, a summary of these two aspects.2.1 The Background of Different Time ConceptsFirst of all, China is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world, with more than fivethousand years of history and excellent cultural tradition. The ancient historical precipitation makes people more inclined to the past time orientation. They have a strong sense of reverence for the past. There is an old saying“The past is the prologue”. It is emphasize that the important of the past experience and lessons for today. This kind of mind using history as a mirror, and Lessons learned from history have unshakable status in China. “China has a fine tradition to respect the ancestors. People do things like to cite from the classics or ancient works, get to the root of the matter. This kind of thing likes to look back to the time to the past in the Chinese character shaping also plays an important role”. (Lv, 2008 : 19).One of Zhao Benshan and BaiYun starred in the sketch Yesterday, today, tomorrow. When the host Cui Yongyuan make two elderly people to think about the future. Bai Yun said the words:“I was born in the old society, under the red flag, walking in the spring breeze, ready to cross the century, think of the past, look at today, I rise and fall.” (Yi, ).He believes that the imagination will think of the past to see the future It can see that the concept of esteem the past over the present, and the law of ancestors is immutable has become deeply ingrained in Chinese.Western cultures rarely look back. They all look to the future, so they information the future time orientation. Such as,The United States does not like other countries like to attach the history. Because the United States only have more than 200 years old, it not have too much tradition and experience can follow. They believe that all men are equal when they born, and they can succeed if they work hard. They strive for a better future, and they think change is religious origins. In Chinese and Western religious it believe that new things will eventually triumph over old things.Secondly, different concept of time in Chinese and Western countries also have different outstanding of the different understandings of human nature is particularly prominent. In Eastern countries, especially in China, People are more inclined to the theory of goodness of nature under the influence of Confucianism. While the Westerners influenced by Christianity tend to evil.If to connect with the good and evil of human nature, Good in nature will inevitably lead to the past time orientation, while evil will inevitably lead to future time orientation.The mind of good in nature in China is connect to the traditional culture of rule of man and benevolent. In todays response to the slogan of building a harmonious society. The evil is connect to Western Christian original sin and the importance of legal system. Christianity teaches people to believe in the future, they think that return to the past as to sin. They are more willing to focus on the future, support to the future time orientation. Therefore, the Chinese time orientation for the past time orientation, and the Western time orientation for future time orientation .Finally, different social and economic development will also bring different time concept.The eastern countries represented by China are relatively backward in economic development, most of them belong to developing countries. They are the pace of life will be relatively slow, and they are relatively weak sense of time. But the western countries represented by the United States, their economic development are relatively fast than most of eastern countries, they are belong to developed countries.Because of the rapid development of the economy, people are constantly striving for time to improve themselves to keep up with the social development. they are have strong sense of time.The different direct reflection of Eastern and Western countries to attend a banquet. In Chinese concept, when people to attend a banquet, they come early a minute or later a little while, it doesnt matter. But in Western countries, if you to attend a banquet or just a diner with other person, you must come on time. Because if you come early the host may not be ready, but if you late, you may be will delay the hosts time. Therefore, in the Western countries,no matter you come early or late, it will be regarded as impolite.2.2 Previous StudiesIn cross-cultural communication, time as a nonverbal behavior in the information transmission is as important as the communicative information provided by the language. The concept of time in the process of communication than verbal language more straightforward, the message is much clearer too. As E.T.Hall an American cultural anthropologist pointed outTime will speak (Hall, 1959:20). This shows that time is important in cross-cultural communication. Therefore, many scholars have made a comparative study of the different concepts of time between Chinese and Western. Hall Edward T.(1982:16) in his silent language, he according to the different culture divided the time into: formal time,informal time, and technical time . Up to now, the cultural contrast of time largely on informal time .The research of domestic scholars mainly related to the before and after in the Chinese and English opposite expression. At the same time, according to his observation, Hall divides people into two categories, one is to comply with monochronic time system, the other is to observe the polychronic time. Monochronic time people see time as a straight line, which can be cut into segments, they stressed the timetable and emphasized the prior arrangement. While Polychronic people are used to dealing with several things at the same time.They emphasize the participation of people and the completion of the task, it never to emphasizing t.everything to follow the timetable . From the perspective of Guan Shijies (1995:59)intercultural communication studies, he according the different culture to divided the time into linear time concept and circular time concept. In the eastern countries, the special way of material exchange between agriculture and nature to decide the civilization, they think of the world as as an organic whole. From this, the eastern countries formation a man and nature in one round time concept. The traditional western culture, which is based on Jewish Christianity, they usually takes time as a straight line, is a kind of linear single line movement. As time goes on, it is both precious and stubborn. Once it is gone, it will not be restored. At the same time, Richard.E. (Cited from Hall, 1973:12) proposed eight barriers to cross-cultural production is affected by the impact of the eight cultural variables:attitude, social organization, mode of thinking, role, language, use and organization space, time concept and nonverbal expression. The concept of time is an important variable in the study of intercultural communication . Ge Zhihong (2004:101) point out that “time is a part of the deep structure of culture, it affects our perception of the outside world, our judgment and decide our verbal . In contrast, some verbal can reaction some time concept, and also can pass some kind of information about time concept”. So, When people come from different cultures and want to have a communication, the time concept become a kind of invisible orientation will restriction and domination peoples verbal , thus affect the cross cultural communication. Liu Yi (2016:111) point out that “ in the social conflict, concept conflict is the most serious”. With the development of society, the increase of people exchanges, the conflict of time concept becomes more and more significant in this series of conflicts, and the Non language in the cross cultural communication conflict become more and more series too. In academic word, time concept had be studied by many scholar, because the different time concept represent different culture, many conflict is from time concept, so in order to decrease the fault in cross culture communication, improve the effectiveness, it is very important to know the other side the way to use time .American anthropologist E.T.Hall ever said that each culture is like having its own language, it has its own time language. So many scholars have studied the different concepts of time in Chinese and Western, it can be seen that this kind of time, time concept as a kind of non - language culture is great importance to everyones individual and social development. 2.3 SummaryIn 2.1, we can know that the concept of time is a kind of connotation culture, different time concept reflects a nation, a region, and an area has different culture. In the East, China as an example of the past time orientation. It relate to that China has more than five thousand years of history and culture. In the East, whether in ancient times or in modern times, people are masters of time ,time is governed by man, it more flexible in the application of time. The formation of the concept of time, from a long time ago, and it has been affecting the present.This reflects the concept of time is affected by the different historical background, religious culture and social system.However, the western countries represented by the United States, based on the future time orientation.The reason is that the United States just has more than 200 years old. It does not have too much history and culture can be used for reference. They believe that if you want to be successful in the future, you must work hard. In their lives, people are subject to the time, their lives are subject to time constraints,they do thing is planned, and do the same thing in a given time. Men are slaves of time, people should listen to the arrangement of time. From this point of view also reflects the concept of the western developed countries, time is very precious.Time is money, only to seize the time to do things in efficiently, we just have chance to catch up with the pace of social development. In addition, in 2.2, we can know that there are a lot of scholars in the Chinese and western to have the study of the concept of time, which can not only promote the spread of the national culture, but also contribute to cross-cultural communication, It can be seen that the concept of time is necessary for understanding and learning in intercultural communication.Chapter Three Differences of Chinese and Western Time concept3.1 Past Time Orientation and Future Time OrientationIn the past, now and in the future, these three related dimensions of time, the world is not the same as the various ethnic groups. Influenced by the experience of farming culture, the Oriental takes a backward look or a past time orientation in time orientation, people living in a traditional society. People have a distinct reverence for the past,experience and lessons of the past is often an important reference for todays success or failure. But for the future people