如何做定性研究-Qualitative-research.ppt

QualitativeResearch13thofMarch QualitativeResearch Youcanlearnalotjustbywatching MAKINGSENSEOFOTHERS REALITY THEINTERPRETIVEPARADIGM Theinterpretiveapproacharguesthatresearchshouldexplore sociallymeaningfulactionthroughthedirectdetailedobservationofpeopleinnaturalsettingsinordertoarriveatunderstandingsandinterpretationsofhowpeoplecreateandmaintaintheirsocialworlds Neuman 1997 68 Weuse methodsthattrytodescribeandinterpretpeople sfeelingsandexperiencesinhumantermsratherthanthroughquantificationandmeasurement TerreBlanche Kelly 1999 123 WhattoObserveorStudy BehaviorsorpracticesEpisodes commonevents death birth etc Encounters whengroupsorpeopleinteractRolesRelationshiproles mother daughter wife husband Therapist disabled etc QualitativeResearchGoals Meaning howpeopleseetheworldContext theworldinwhichpeopleactProcess whatactionsandactivitiespeopledoReasoning whypeopleactandbehavethewaytheydo Maxwell 2005 PhasesinQualitativeResearch ConceptualizeandplanstudyUseliterature formulatestudypurposeorquestion identifystudysite settingswhere howdatacollectionwilloccur participantsandentr etosetting Startstudywithconcurrentdatacollectionandanalysis Analysisfocusedonidentifyingthemesandcategories similaritiesindata Questionorpurposemayemergeandberefined Datacollectionstrategiesmaychange Samplinganddatacollectiondeterminedbytheoreticalsaturation Analysisbasedonnarrativedescription Goal Accesstheparticipantsworld meanings Researcheristheinstrument Selectingparticipants ThegoalistogetthedeepestpossibleunderstandingofthesettingbeingstudiedRequiresidentifyingparticipantswhocanprovideinformationabouttheparticulartopicandsettingbeingstudied Selectingparticipants ItisfraughtwithdifficultiesinidentifyingandselectinganappropriatenumberofparticipantswhocanprovideusefulinformationabouttheparticulartopicandsettingbeingstudiedUtilizespurposivesampling Random Quantitative Sampling SelectRepresentativeindividualsTogeneralizefromsampletopopulationTomakeclaimsaboutthepopulationTobuild test theories thatexplainthepop n Purposeful Qualitative Sampling Selectpeople siteswhocanbesthelpusunderstandourphenomenonTodevelopdetailedunderstandingThatmightbe useful informationThatmighthelppeople learn aboutthephenomenonThatmightgivevoiceto silenced people DifferencesBetweenRandom PurposefulSampling Samplesizeisalwaysdeterminedbytheanalysis Itispartofthedesignandsoisinfluencedbythenatureoftheinquiry qualityoftheinformants thequalityofthedata Theresearcherislookingforsaturation thepointatwhichthereisnonewcasescomingfromeachnewparticipantandredundantinformationkeepscomingup Thismustbedifferentiatedfromparticipantsaturationwheretheresearchercannotdraganythingnewoutoftheumpteenthinterviewwiththatparticularperson SamplinginQualitativeStudies Purposivesampling Purposivesamplinggroupsparticipantsaccordingtopre selectedcriteriarelevanttoaparticularresearchquestion ex VietnamesebusinessmenintheUSASamplesizesdependon ResourcesandtimeavailableThestudy sobjectivesIftheresearcherneedsaspecificnumberofparticipants quotasamplingisbetter 12 Quotasampling Quotasamplingbeginswithtwodecisions Whatcharacteristics Howmanypeople Characteristicsareselectedinordertofindparticipantswhohaveexperiencewithorknowledgeoftheresearchtopic Theresearchergoesintothecommunityandselectsthepredeterminednumberofpeopledemonstratingthepre selectedcharacteristics 13 Snowballsampling Snowballsamplingisaformofpurposivesampling Participantsrefertheresearchertootherpotentialparticipants Snowballsamplingisoftenusedtofindandrecruit hiddenpopulations groupsnoteasilyaccessibletoresearchers 14 TypesofDataCollection or fieldwork ObservationInterviewingFocusGroupsDocumentAnalysis DoingtheInterview IntroductionandBuildingRapportexplainpurposeagainverbalconfidentialityassurance andgooverform norightorwronganswers o k toaskquestionsandclarifyaskpermissiontorecordYourQuestionsIfflexibleformat listofthingstobesuretotalkaboutTogetrichdata PROBEANDFOLLOWYouandtheInterview attending listening thinking takingnotes tapingnotetaking clarifysomething tokeepyoufocusedsilenceandpatience balancedwithkeepingtheinterviewgoingredirectlong windedtangentsbacktoyourlineoffocus AftertheInterview WritinguptheInterviewand SummaryandnotesofmainpointsVerbatimtranscripts don tletthempileup Ideas tentativepiecesofanalysisMethodologicaldifficultiesPersonalemotionalexperienceRespondingtointervieweerequests emotionalissues TheThree InterviewSeries Seidman 1998 InterviewOne LifeHistoryInterviewTwo DetailsoftheExperienceInterviewThree ReflectionontheMeaning DataCollectionMethods In depthInterviews SomestudiescannotemploytheparticipantobservationmethodE g Desroches sstudyofbankrobbersIn depthinterviewsallowparticipantstodescribetheirexperiencesandthemeaningofeventstakingplaceintheirlivesVerbatimquotescapturethelanguageandmeaningexpressedbyparticipantsInterviewsareflexibleandallowforprobingInterviewmethodisquitediverse adaptive In depthInterviews cont d Spradley threekeyelementsfortheinterviewmethodtobesuccessfulExplicitpurpose researcherandinformantareawarethatthediscussionhasapurposeEthnographicexplanations researchertriesoutexplanationsontheparticipantstoseeiftheymakesenseEncouragetheinformantstousecolloquiallanguage andteachtheresearcheritsmeaning In depthInterviews cont d Ethnographicquestionsinclude Descriptivequestions askparticipantstodescribetheirexperiences e g theirideas circumstances viewpoints dilemmas etc Structuralquestions askparticipantshowtheyorganizetheirworld e g activities Contrastquestions askparticipantswhatismeantbyspecificterminologyPrus Grillsstressthevalueoftheinterviewmethodinamulti methodapproach DataCollectionMethods FocusGroupInterviews Interviewformat butinagroupsetting6 12participantswithcommonexperienceDatesbacktothe1940s usedtoassesseffectivenessofmorale boostingradioshows1970sonward usedbymarketresearchers1980sonward usedbyacademicsTranscriptofdiscussionisthedataPlusaccompanyingnotesUsecontentanalysisorgroundedtheoryapproachtoanalyzethedata FocusGroupInterviews cont d Strengths Open endedquestionSpontaneouslydealwithissuesastheyariseCost effectivemethodofcollectingdataLesstime consumingWeaknesses OneortwoparticipantsmaydominateNotdoneinanaturalsetting solittle observation tohelpunderstandtheexperienceoftheparticipants TelephoneInterviews Advantages Comboofface to facepersonalqualitywithimpersonalself administeredquestionnairesInexpensiveandconvenient maybe Safeforinterviewers TelephoneInterviews cont Disadvantages Changingdemographics morecellphones MaymisscertainpopulationsegmentsSurveymustbeshortorpeoplewillhangup NoCallLists presentingincreasingchallenge Methodtoenhancethevalidity reliabilityofqualitativeresearchEnhancesaccuracyofinterpretationConfirmsthatthedatacollectedisnotduetochanceorcircum stances QualitativeResearchMethods Triangulation CollectdatafrommultiplesourcesCollectdatainmultiplewaysfromsubjectsCollectdifferentkindsofdatainmultiplewaysfrommultiplesubjects Forexample Mayinterviewteachers principals parentsMayinterview observestudentsMayreviewstudentrecords interviewteachers observestudents QualitativeResearchMethods Triangulation QualitativeResearchMethods Triangulation MixingMethods Qual quant Threepurposes Sandelowski Triangulation convergentvalidationComplementarity clarify explain elaborateDevelopment guideadditionaldatacollection Resources Kuh Andreas 1991 RecordingdevicesTranscribingequipmentSof