论民生类新闻的两次飞跃参考样例毕业论文.doc

毕业设计（论文）文科样例毕 业 设 计（论 文）题 目：“小身材”有“大智慧”论民生新闻的两次飞跃“小身材”有“大智慧” 论民生新闻的两次飞跃【摘要】民生新闻是我国近年来兴盛的一个重要新闻类型,各种媒体都把它作为在日益激烈的竞争中吸引读者的重要手段,并取得了很好的效果。严格说来，民生新闻是关注老百姓衣食住行的新闻，是反映老百姓喜怒哀乐的新闻。新闻的基本职能是传播信息，监测社会环境，及时发出预警信号，引导人们趋利避害。民生新闻表达民意，是公众意见交流的平台。作为社会学意义上的“安全阀”，它搜集舆情并通过反馈机制，实现下情上达或上情下达，对于消除偏见和误解、化解矛盾，维护社会的稳定和谐具有不可或缺的重要作用。因此，发觉民生新闻在现世界的意义，研究民生新闻发生发展的过程很有意义。近几年，民生新闻风行全国，已经成为电视、报纸等媒体中一道独特的风景。民生新闻关注民情、民意，聚焦社会热点、难点，彰显服务民生、以人为本的传播理念，受到观众和读者的广泛认同和空前欢迎。但随着民生新闻的兴盛，平庸化、琐碎化、娱乐化、同质化等问题也相伴而生，这些问题严重困扰着民生新闻的健康发展。本文通过对民生新闻在发展中的两次提升，以及这中提升所包含的传播学价值等进行研究，以进一步丰富内涵，拓展空间，提升品质，充分实现有效传播。【关键词】民生新闻 公共新闻 后民生新闻“The small stature” has “the big wisdom”to discuss the livelihood of the people news two times to leap【Abstract】The livelihood of the people news was our country in recent years a prosperous national headlines type, each kind of media took it in the keen competition attracts day by day readers important means that and has made the very good progress. Strictly speaking, the livelihood of the people news is pays attention to the common people basic necessities of life the news, is reflects the common people laughter, anger, sorrow and happiness the news. The news basic function is the convey information, the monitor social environment, sends out the early warning signal promptly, guides the people to make use of favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable conditions. The livelihood of the people news expression public opinion, is the public mind exchange platform. As the sociological significance in “the safety valve”, it collects the popular feelings and through the feedback mechanism, realizes the opinions and requirements of the masses made known to the upper levels or informs subordinates about policies, regarding the dispel prejudice and the misunderstanding, the melt contradiction, maintains the society stably to have the indispensable influential role harmoniously. Therefore, detected that the livelihood of the people news in the present worlds significance, the research livelihood of the people news has the development process to be very meaningful. In recent years, the livelihood of the people news is in fashion the nation, already became media and so on television, newspaper a unique scenery. The livelihood of the people news attention public sentiment, the public opinion, the focusing society hot spot, the difficulty, the showing service livelihood of the people, the humanist dissemination idea, receive the audience and readers widespread approval and unprecedented welcome. But along with the livelihood of the people newss prosperity, mediocre, the trivial fragmentation, homogenization questions and so on entertainment also accompanies lives, these questions are puzzling the livelihood of the people news healthy development seriously. To further rich connotation, the development space, the promotion quality, fully realize the effective dissemination, presently to the livelihood of the people newss in development two promotion, as well as in this promotes the dissemination study value which contains and so on.【Key Words】The peoples livelihood news Public news Post-modern peoples livelihood news目 录引言1一、民生新闻的涵义1（一）“民生”一词的由来1（二）民生新闻的含义1（三）民生新闻的历史渊源1二、第一次飞跃：从民生新闻到公共新闻n（一）民生新闻的特质n（二）民生新闻的误区n（三）公共新闻n（四）民生新闻与公共新闻的关系n1. 民生新闻与公共新闻的区别n2. 民生新闻与公共新闻的联系n3民生新闻对公共新闻的合理借鉴n三、第二次飞跃：从民生新闻到后民生新闻n（一）公共新闻理念的弊端n（二）后民生新闻的出现n（三）后民生新闻的特质n（四）后民生新闻的作用n四、民生新闻两次飞跃的传播学价值n（一）传播理念：以受众为中心n（二）传播内容：以民为本n（三）传播价值：多元化n结论n参考文献n致谢 n引言近几年，民生新闻风行全国，已经成为电视、，对于消除偏见和误解、化解矛盾，维护社会的稳定和谐具有不可或缺的重要作用。因此，发觉民生新闻在现世界的意义，研究民生新闻发生发展的过程很有意义。一、民生新闻的涵义（一）“民生”一词的由来“民生”一词最早出现在左传宣公十二年，所谓“民生在勤，勤则不匮。”这里的“民”，就是百姓的意思。而辞海中对于“民生”的解释是“人民的生计”，是一个带有人本思想和人文关怀的词语，“民生”与大众传播媒介的结合就变得势在必行，于是，便出现了“民生新闻”这一概念。（二）民生新闻的含义从广义上说，民生新闻属于社会新闻，民生新闻就是“平民视角、民生内容、民本取向”的统一。（三）民生新闻的历史渊源让我们将历史的时钟拨回到上世纪90年代初，以及这种提升所饱含的传播学价值等。二、第一次飞跃：从民生新闻到公共新闻（一）民生新闻的特质电视民生新闻作为近年来最突出的新闻现象之一，迅速抓住了观众的“注意力”，制造了一个又一个收视率神话。（二）民生新闻的误区就在民生新闻“高歌猛进”之时，其自身局限性也慢慢显露出来，材过于狭窄，关注群众生活的广度不够；报道手法流于表面，触及社会问题的深度不够；主动介入社会生活的时候少，构建平民话语的力度不够。（三）公共新闻就在民生新闻发展进入了“拐点”之际，以江苏卫视开播的1860新闻眼为契机，而不仅仅是让观众看热闹。（四）民生新闻与公共新闻的关系那么，民生新闻与公共新闻究竟是怎样的关系呢？民生新闻吸收了公共新闻的哪些理念或合理元素呢？先不妨看看，后被政协委员写入提案列入议事日程。1民生新闻和公共新闻的区别可见，帮助公众参与到社会公共生活中去。2民生新闻和公共新闻的联系当然，公共新闻与民生新闻也没有特别的冲突之处，缓解矛盾，化解冲突。3民生新闻对公共新闻的合理借鉴公共新闻和民生新闻代表了不同的新闻价值，使民生新闻的发展渐渐走出了低谷，显出再造新生的黎明曙光。三、第二次飞跃：从民生新闻到后民生新闻（一）公共新闻理念的弊端公共新闻的理念为民生新闻品质的进一步提升提供了巨大的可能性，使得在实践中遭遇困境成为某种必然。（二）后民生新闻的出现如果说，同时代表了目前中国电视新闻发展的一个方向。（三）后民生新闻的特质后民生新闻与民生新闻有着密切的联系，从某种意义上说，后民生新闻也是进一步推进中国民主制度化建设的典范。（四）后民生新闻的作用后民生新闻强化了民生新闻回归新闻本质的意识。总之，后民生新闻的出现使民生新闻得到了更高品质的提升和自我超越。四、民生新闻两次飞跃的传播学价值从民生新闻到公共新闻再到后民生新闻的历程，对于中国电视新闻的改革具有重要的传播学价值：（一）传播理念：以受众为中心长期以来，同时实现了媒体与受众之间的沟通了解和信息交流。（二）传播内容：以民为本民生新闻虽几经变化，讨论真正关乎民生的真问题？如何将“民众是大众传媒的主人”，从呼喊多年的口号落实成行动？（三）传播价值：多元化在当今的传媒生态中，也需要公共新闻，同时也需要反映民生内容的、实用的民生新闻和后民生新闻。倘若从这个角度来看，民生新闻的兴起和后民生新闻的出现，只不过是传播价值多元化时代，在传媒生态中，独辟了一个具有中国特色的新闻传播价值空间，抑或平添了另一道新闻风景而已。故此，大可不必惊异。结论民生新闻的本质属性就是平民视角，民生新闻所经历的这两次飞跃也都是为了在提升和完善自我后更好的体现平民化的概念。传播空间不断开放，互动方式更加多样，但以民为本的理念不变。民生新闻的提升发展告诉我们：民生新闻想要继续健康稳定的发展，就要避免因盲目追求商业利益和高收视率而走入低俗化的误区。要真正做到“上下结合”、“大小结合”、“点面结合”，不断强化强化新闻的本土化、地域化、贴近性和接近性等方面的意识，不断强化社会责任感和人文关怀，才能真正将民生新闻回归新闻本质，真正实现新闻的价值，使当今的传媒生态和谐有序的发展。参考文献1李幸.十年来中国电视的第三次革命.J.南京:视听界.2004-1.2陈立生.电视“民生新闻”的七大待解之谜.N.淮北煤炭师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版).2005-2.3韩泽.民生新闻小札.J.南京:视听界.2004-1.4尚明宪.论民生新闻的优势与缺憾.J.山东视听.2006-1.5张春林.构建和谐社会背景下传媒思路的调整.N.西南民族大学学报(人文社科版).2006-6.致谢感谢我的指导老师亲切关怀和悉心指导。他严肃的科学态度，严谨的治学精神，精益求精的工作作风，深深地感染和激励着我。从课题的选择到项目的最终完成，田老师都始终给予我细心的指导和不懈的支持。三年来，他不仅在学业上给我以精心指导，同时还在思想、生活上给我以无微不至的关怀，在此谨致以诚挚的谢意和崇高的敬意。在此，我还要感谢在一起度过愉快的大学三年生活的同学们，正是由于你们的帮助和支持，我才能克服一个一个的困难和疑惑。在论文即将完成之际，我的心情无法平静，从开始进入课题到论文的顺利完成，有多少可敬的师长、同学、朋友给了我无言的帮助，在这里请接受我诚挚的谢意!最后我还要感谢培养我长大含辛茹苦的父母，谢谢你们!附件五：毕业设计（论文）理科样例 毕 业 设 计 (论 文)题 目：薄膜材料的测试与表征研究院 系：物理学系专 业：物理学班 级：04级本科班姓 名：XXX学 号：XXXXXXXXXX指导教师：XXX2008年05月25日薄膜材料的测试与表征【摘要】薄膜材料和薄膜器件日益广泛应用及其可靠性指标体系的日益健全，要求学术界对其结构和性能的特殊性给出科学解释。因此，薄膜材料的测试和表征对材料的应用是至关重要的。薄膜样品结构和性能的表征依赖测试设备及测试方法。薄膜材料的表征参数通常包括薄膜厚度，这通常用探针法等进行测量；薄膜形貌表征，主要通过扫描隧道显微镜、原子力显微镜等进行测量；薄膜成分的表征，它主要用X射线电子能谱、俄歇电子能谱来测量；薄膜晶体结构的表征，它通常用X射线衍射仪或电子衍射仪来测量；薄膜的磁性测量，主要是用振动样品磁强计、超导量子干涉磁强计等来测量；薄膜的应力表征，这可以通过直接测量变形量方法和间接X 射线衍射测量方法等对其来进行测量。通过对以上内容的概括和总结及对比总结出薄膜材料的测试的研究情况。【关键词】薄膜 测试 表征Testing and characterization of the thin film【Abstract】With the increasing widespread application and the increasing reliability index system of film materials and thin film devices, the special nature of its structure and properties should be given the scientific explanation. Therefore, the film material testing and characterization is of most importance to the application. The characterization of the structure and properties rely on testing devices and methods. The characterized parameters of film material usually include film thickness, morphology characterization, components, crystal structure, magnetic measurement, and characterization of the stress. The film thickness is usually measured by probe. The film morphology characterization mainly uses the scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force microscope to measure. The thin film components are measured by X-ray Electron spectroscopy and AES. The crystal structure is usually analyzed by X-ray diffraction and electronic diffraction. The magnetic measurement is mainly used vibrating sample magnetometer and superconducting quantum interference magnetometer. The thin film characterization of the stress mainly uses direct and indirect methods deformation of X-ray diffraction. Through the above summary of the contents, the test case of the film material can be summed up.【Key Words】thin film testing characterization目 录1 引言n2 薄膜厚度的测量n3 薄膜形貌表征n3.1 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)n3.2 扫描隧道显微镜（STM）n3.3 原子力显微镜(AFM)n4 薄膜组分表征n4.1 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)n4.2 俄歇电子能谱(AES)n4.3 二次离子质谱(SIMS)n5 薄膜晶体结构的测量n5.1 X射线衍射仪(XRD)n5.2 电子衍射n5.3 透射电子显微镜(TEM)n6 薄膜的磁性测量n6.1 振动样品磁强计(VSM)n6.2 超导量子干涉磁强计(SQUID)n7 薄膜的应力表征n结论n参考文献n致谢n1 引言薄膜材料的测试和表征对材料的应用是至关重要的。用振动样品磁强计等测薄膜磁性；用间接X射线衍射法测薄膜应力1。本文简单介绍了薄膜材料的测试设备，方法，手段以及参数的表征，并简要的说明了测试原理。2 薄膜厚度的测量在薄膜技术中，有各种杂质和缺陷。通常采用的薄膜厚度概念是所谓的形状厚度，即：薄膜两侧平均表面的间距。测量膜厚的方法有很多种，可以确定单位时间内薄膜的生长厚度。它所测量的薄膜一般为硬质膜。其分辨率可达到12nm 2。另外，在试验中特别有用，其分辨率为0.10.5nm3。3 薄膜形貌表征材料的形貌是材料分析是相当重要的。一般采用扫描电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描隧道显微镜(STM)或原子力显微镜(AFM)对薄膜表面形貌进行观测。3.1 扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 4扫描电子显微镜（SEM）是一种广泛使用的表面形貌分析仪器，从而获得图像的信息。在扫描电子显微镜中形貌像的信息主要来自二次电子。SEM的优点是：有较高的放大倍数；景深长、视野大；成像富有立体感，接收并分析这些信号可以获得关于样品表层结构及成分的信息。3.2 扫描隧道显微镜（STM）5-6扫描隧道显微镜（STM）出现于1982年，特殊导电固体样品的形貌分析可达到原子量级的分辨率，适合具有导电性的薄膜材料的形貌分析和表面原子结构分布分析。3.3 原子力显微镜(AFM)7-8扫描隧道显微镜只能对导体和半导体进行研究，4 薄膜组分表征薄膜组分的表征方法多数是基于原子受到激发后，内层电子等。下面将简单地介绍几种：4.1 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)9X射线光电子能谱法是20世纪60年代发展起来的，至今4.2 俄歇电子能谱(AES)10-11俄歇电子能谱是一种最广泛使用的分析方法。4.3 二次离子质谱(SIMS)12SIMS是表征材料表面薄膜层化学成分的离子束分析技术。5 薄膜晶体结构的测量薄膜晶体结构主要采用X射线衍射法、电子衍射法和透射电子显微镜进行测量。5.1 X射线衍射仪(XRD)13-201894年，德国物理学家伦琴发现了具有特别强的穿透力的新型X射线。因此，其衍射条件可以用布拉格条件描述：其中为入射角，为X射线波长，为自然数，称为衍射级数。若，晶体的衍射称为一级衍射，则称为二级衍射，依次类推。5.2 电子衍射21-22电子衍射原理与X射线衍射原理是一样的，5.3 透射电子显微镜(TEM)23-25透射电子显微镜是最近几十年发展起来的一种新的微观研究工具。7 薄膜的应力表征29薄膜应力的测量方法有很多，有直接测量变形量方法和间接X 射线衍射测量方法。这里简单介绍X射线衍射法。结论薄膜材料和薄膜器件日益广泛应用及其可靠性指标体系的日益健全，要求学术界对其结构和性能的特殊性给出科学解释。因此，薄膜材料的测试和表征对材料的应用是至关重要的。薄膜样品的结构和性能的表征依赖测试设备及测试方法。本文介绍了薄膜材料的测试的设备、方法、手段以及参数的表征，并简要说明了测试的原理，通过对比总结了薄膜材料的测试的研究情况。具体结论，对于磁性能材料的研究有着重要意义。参考文献1郑伟涛等.薄膜材料与薄膜技术M.北京：化学工业出版社，2003：186-2432郑伟涛等.薄膜材料与薄膜技术M.北京：化学工业出版社，2003：1913郑伟涛等.薄膜材料与薄膜技术M.北京：化学工业出版社，2003：189-1914朱永法.纳米材料的表征与测试技术M.北京：化学工业出版社，2003：605朱永法.纳米材料的表征与测试技术M.北京：化学工业出版社，2003：98 6阎守胜.固体物理基础M.北京：北京大学出版社，2003：50-517朱永法.纳米材料的表征与测试技术M.北京：化学工业出版社，2003：110-1128张志焜，崔作林.纳米技术与纳米材料M.北京：国防工业出版社，2000：199.9朱永法.纳米材料的表征与测试技术M.北京：化学工业出版社，2003：22525朱永法.纳米材料的表征与测试技术M.北京：化学工业出版社，2003：81-8726李培森.物性测量原理与测试分析方法M.兰州：兰州大学出版社，199427周文生.磁性测量原理M.北京：电子工业出版社，198828 Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc. Magnetic Media Measurements with a VSMEB/OL. /pdf_files/systems/vsm/mag%20media%20app%20note.pdf.29郑伟涛等.薄膜材料与薄膜技术M.北京：化学工业出版社，2003：245-246致谢本文是在对我产生重要影响。她渊博的知识、开阔的视野和敏锐的思维给了我深深的启迪。同时，在此次毕业设计过程中我也学到了许多关于材料方面的知识，实验技能有了很大的提高。 另外，我还要特别感谢以及其他老师，他们为我完成这篇论文提供了巨大的帮助。在此我衷心地感谢他们。 最后，再次对关心、帮助我的老师和同学表示衷心地感谢。附件六：毕业设计（论文）英文样例毕 业 设 计 (论 文) 题 目：（题目为宋体小三号字左对齐）院 系：（以下内容宋体小三号字居中）专 业：班 级：姓 名：学 号：指导教师：年月日A Dissertation for the B.A. DegreeOn Advertisement Translation In theProspect of Functional ApproachesbyCHENG ZhihuaSupervisor:Prof. CAO Ming.Research Direction:TranslationSpecialty:English Language and LiteratureDepartment( or sub institute):Foreign Languages DepartmentShijiazhuang CollegeApril, 2008AcknowledgementsI wish to express my profound indebtedness to Professor Hu Weigao, my supervisor. In the last two months, he has given me indispensable and comprehensive help in many ways, from the first outline of the dissertation to its final completion. The present work could not have been in this present form without his guidance, help and unreserved trust in me.I am grateful to Professor Liu and Wang for their scholarly advice, generous help and kind encouragement in the past two months.I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to Professor Li, who enthusiastically provided me with information, and kindly read my thesis, and helped me to polish its language.And finally, I would express my sincere thanks to my friends, Kang Lixiu, Ma Yunxiang, Li Bo, and Jia Zheng for their support, kindness and understanding.（四号字 Times New Roman）摘 要（三号黑体，上下各空1行5号，中间空2汉字）伴随着早期的移民拓荒、定居北美，清教主义已广泛传播并渗入于美国的文化和文学中。作为一种教义，清教主义不再具有原有的意义，但它对新英格兰乃至整个美国由来已久的影响，却在美国这个因追寻清教理想而诞生的国度形成了一种特殊的文化氛围，它不仅与美国人性格中的个人主义有联系，对美国文学的发展和特点也起着重要作用。论文通过审视清教徒及清教思想对美国文化的影响以及它在文学作家和作品中的体现，来探讨清教思想的重要性以及它对早期美国文学的具体作用。本文由四个部分构成。第一部分重点讨论清教徒及清教思想的特点；第二部分则着重讨论清教主义盛行于早期美国的社会及历史根源，即清教主义能够影响早期美国文学的原因；第三部分详论了清教主义对早期美国作家及作品的具体影响；最后一部分从宏观的角度对清教思想和美国文学进行了阐述。论文最后认为清教思想和早期美国文学之间是一种源与流的关系。从某种意义上说，是清教主义孕育了美国文学，也正是清教主义使得美国人民和美国文学有了自身的特点。关键词: （加黑，加冒号） 清教主义； 美国文学； 上帝； 象征主义（加分号，字间2空）Abstract （三号字，居中，上下空5号字）With the immigration and settlement of early Puritans in North America, Puritanism has permeated widely in American culture（五号，隔一行，空四字母）. As a religion, Puritanism has lost its original meaning, but formed a particular cultural atmosphere in America, the country founded on mythological idealism. It has truly exerted an extensive influence on the formation and development of American literature. From the perspective of the influence of Puritanism on American culture and its embodiment in literature, this graduation paper will discuss the great importance of Puritanism and how it influences early American literature. It includes four parts, with the first part focusing on the characteristics of Puritans and Puritanism which are reflected in early American literary works; the second part discusses the social causes for the prosperity of Puritanism and the reason why Puritanism can influence American literature so much; the third part analyzes the specific influences of Puritanism in some typical literary works; and the last part addresses the relationship between Puritanism and early American literature on the whole. This paper is intended to give a complete introduction of Puritanism and to provide the reader with different perspectives from which to view American literature.Key Words:（加黑，加冒号）Puritanism; American literature; God; symbolism（加分号，字间2空）Contents(三号字)1. Introduction12. Social Causes for the Prosperity of Puritanism in Early American Literature2.1. The Immigrants Religious Beliefn2.2. Historical Reasonn2.3. The Early American Literature Formn3. The Specific Influence of Puritanism on Early American Literaturen3.1. Significant Influence from The Great Biblen3.2. Puritan Beliefs Influencen 3.2.1 Puritan Beliefs Influencen3.3. Formulating the Writing Skill of Symbolismn4. Conclusion nReferencen（五号字 Times New Roman）1. Introduction（标题, 居中，加黑，三号，Times New Roman，下空一行五号。以后所有章节各级标题都同此。但是，不可用“一、”等汉书形式）（所有段落开头都空四个字母。正文1.5倍行距，5号字，Times New Roman，各段之间不空行，各章之间空一行）Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. There they meant to prove that they were Gods chosen people enjoying His blessing on this earth as in heaven.Therefore, it is safe to say that only have a comprehensive and systematic knowledge of Puritanism; people can truly understand the American culture and literature.（下空一行）2. Social Causes for the Prosperity of Puritanismin Early American Literature2.1. The Immigrants Religious Belief （小四号，加黑，左对齐）The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Naturally, the religious belief that Puritans advocated became the most popular one during that period of time.2.2. Historical ReasonIf the time, especially the religion which control peoples mind does not have any important change, peoples thought will alter little. These were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing, including the sermons, books, and letters of Puritan clergymen.3. The Specific Influence of Puritanismon Early American LiteratureSince the first group of pilgrims landed on American soil, they brought not only religion but also literature. The pilgrims who are Puritans established schools and encouraged education, which contributed to the development of literature.3.1. Significant Influence from The Great BibleIt is a critical commonplace now that American literature is based on a myth, that is, the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. Fired with such a sense of mission, the Puritans looked even the worst of life in the face with a tremendous amount of optimism. All this went, in due time, into the making of American literature ( 1999：234).This is made clearer and more eloquent in John Winthrops A Model of Christian Charity. The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay .the God for this work of building a new Garden of Eden in the new world:“The Lord will be our God and delight to dwell among us, as His own people, and willcommand a blessing upon us in all our waysfor we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us ”(1630: 56).During the colonial period, some Puritan poets also appeared on the literary stage. Among them, Edward Taylor is the most accomplished poetic craftsman. 3.2. Puritan Beliefs InfluenceIn the eighteenth century, Puritanism has been planted deeply in American minds. Thus for a long time the hope kept floating before the people, keeping them happy and optimistic about the future. 3.2.1. Puritan Beliefs Influence （三级标题，5号，加黑，左对齐） The American Puritans metaphorical mode of perception . Puritan doctrine and literary practice contributed to no small extent to the development of an indigenous symbolism 3.3. Formulating the Writing Skill of Symbolism.To the pious Puritan the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. God .crew do not leave it alone, it is only natural that they get drowned.4. ConclusionAmerican literary history is as short as the history of its country. How did a nation without its own language and literary traditions come to realize its literary independence? gradually, its significant influence on early American literature