理工职场英语答案

Unit1ResearchandDevelopment Lessons TeamProject Review AdditionalResources EXIT Unit1ResearchandDevelopment Lesson1 CongressandtheNationalScienceFoundation Lesson2 MeasuringandcomparingR Dactivity Lesson3 Coordinatingthemembersoftheteam Lesson4 Workingoutalogicalsequence Lesson5 Graduallyincreasingexpenditure Lesson6 Developinganewproduct EXIT Unit1ResearchandDevelopment AdditionalActivities ReadingResources WritingResources UnitTest GrammarResources AdditionalResources EXIT Inpairsorsmallgroups discussthequestions Lesson1CongressandtheNationalScienceFoundation a 1 Inyourcountry whichgovernmentdepartmenthasresponsibilityforscientificresearch 2 Whichuniversitiesinyourcountryhaveastrongreputationforscientificresearch universitiesgovernmentsindustriesfoundations Readandcompletethetextusingthewordsbelow b Key cientificresearchrequiressubstantialfunding especiallywhenitinvolvestheuseofexpensiveequipment Thisfundingoftencomesdirectlyfrom 1 IntheU S forexample itisthefederalgovernmentthatsponsorsmostnationaldefenseandspaceexplorationprojects Fundingforsciencecanalsocomefromscience 2 In1950 theU S CongresspassedanactthatestablishedtheNationalScienceFoundation Thisindependentfederalagencydevelopsanationalsciencepolicyandsupportsscientificresearchandeducation Twootherwell knownfoundationsthatareinvolvedindiseaseresearcharethe S FundingforScientificResearch governments foundations AmericanCancerSocietyandtheNationalHeartAssociation Researchisalsoconductedandsupportedbyprivate sector 3 thatemployscientists especiallyfromtheappliedsciences whoworkinthedevelopmentofindustrialorcommercialprocessesandproducts Scientificresearchisalsosupportedby 4 throughprofessorships Mostprofessorsdonotjustgiveclassesbutalsoconductscientificresearch Indeed whatmanyprofessorsarelookingforistheopportunitytoworkatauniversitywheretheycancontinuetheirownresearch Thesearetheprofessorswhosestudentshavethechancetoobserverealresearchatfirsthand Mostuniversitiesspecializeincertainfieldsandtheyarefrequentlyjudgedontheachievementsoftheirresearchprofessors Scientistswhoseresearchfindingsarepublishedandtalkedaboutinscientificcirclesbringprestigetotheinstitutionwheretheywork Key universitiesgovernmentsindustriesfoundations industries universities Readthetextagainandfindthewordsthatmeanthesameasthefollowingphrases c 1 verylarge paragraph1 2 alawpassedbyaparliament congress etc paragraph2 3 usetheservicesofsomeoneorsomething paragraph3 4 respectandadmirationforsomeoneorsomethingofhighquality paragraph4 substantial anact employ prestige Key Inpairs discussandwritedefinitionsforthefollowingtermsfromthetext Useadictionarytohelpyou d 1 thefederalgovernment3 theprivatesector5 theappliedsciences 2 atfirsthand4 researchfindings6 inscientificcircles Readthelasttwoparagraphsofthetextagainandcompletethesesentences e 1 Inparagraph3 line2 thepronounthatrefersto 2 Inparagraph3 line4 thepronounwhorefersto 3 Inparagraph4 line4 thepronounwhatrefersto 4 Inparagraph4 line6 thepronounwhererefersto 5 Inparagraph4 line8 thepronounwhoserefersto industries scientists auniversity theopportunity theprofessors Key Readandcompletethesentenceswithappropriaterelativepronouns Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou f 1 ItistheMinistryofScienceandEducation decideswheretoallocatefunds 2 ThisisProf Wilkinson bookwaspublishedlastmonth 3 TheAmericanCancerSociety isinvolvedindiseaseresearch isawell knownfoundation 4 YouneedtotalktoProf Dawes handlestheadmissions 5 Thedifficultthingis thedepartmenthasnomoremoneyforresearch 6 Theapplicationprocedure wehavetofollowisverycomplex that whose which who Key that which Completethesesentenceswithinformationthatreflectsyourpersonalviews g 1 Inthiscountryitis thatprovidesmostofthemoneyforscientificresearch 2 Inmyopinion whatsciencestudentsarelookingforis 3 Inmyopinion isthescientistwhoseworkhashadthegreatestimpact 4 Theinstitutionswheremanyscientistswanttoworkare Insmallgroups compareanddiscussyouranswerstoExerciseg h Lesson2MeasuringandcomparingR Dactivity Discussthefollowingquestionsinpairsorsmallgroups a 1 HowcanthelevelofR Dactivityofacompanybemeasured 2 WhichmeasuredoyouconsidertobethebestindicatorofR Dactivity Listenandcompletethenotes Checkandcompareyouranswers b IndicatorsofR Dactivity1 2 3 4 budgets numberofnewpatentsfiled numberandfrequencyofpublications percentageofrevenuespentonR D Key Script ReadthesentencesandcircleTrueorFalse c Key LookatthechartandestimatewhatpercentageoftheirrevenuecompaniesspendonR D d 7 14 15 25 43 Key Source UKR DScoreboard 2004 Listenandcheckyouranswers e Interviewer SohowmuchdocompaniesspendonR D Thatis whatsortofR Dintensityratesdowesee forexample inatypicalU S manufacturingcompany Expert TypicalR Dexpendituremightbearound3 5 ofrevenue moreorless Interviewer Aslittleasthat Expert Yes High techcompanies likecomputermanufacturers forexample tendtospendmoreonR D Maybearound7 oftheirrevenue Interviewer InwhichsectorsdowefindthebiggerR Dspenders Expert Well thesetendtobeeitherhigh techcompaniesor especially pharmaceuticalcompanies Togiveyouanexample theAmericanpharmaceuticalgiantMerck Co spendsabout14 ofrevenueonR DwhiletheSwissfirmNovartisinvestsabout15 eachyear SometelecommunicationscompaniesspendheavilyonR D Forexample theSwedishcompanyEricssonspends25 ofrevenueonR D Interviewer Andwhoistopofthelist Expert ThebiggestspenderistheAmericanpharmaceuticalcompanyAllergan TheyspendanenormousamountonR D 43 ofrevenue Thebig 1 inR Dtendtoproducecertaintypesofproduct thingslike 2 scientificinstruments medicines high techweaponssystems navigationandsafetydevicesforaircraft etc Whereas typically amanufacturingcompanymightmakeaprofitof40 onitssales theprofitsofthese 3 companiescanrangefrom60 toashighas90 Inotherwords manufacturing 4 representonly10 Readandcompletethetextwiththewordsfromthebox Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou f Key costscustomerfailureinvestprecisionprofitprofitableR D intensivespendersunprofitable R D intensive customer failure spenders ofthepricethatthe 5 paysfortheproduct theremaining90 being 6 Onemightaskhowthesecompaniescanjustifyfigureslikethese Theexplanationliesinthefactthat forthem R Dcarriesahighriskof 7 Alargepartofthetimeandmoneythatthey 8 inR Ddoesnotcreateany 9 productsatall Sothehighprofitsofahandfulofsuccessfulproductsservetooffsetthecostofnumerous 10 projects Key costscustomerfailureinvestprecisionprofitprofitableR D intensivespendersunprofitable profitable precision costs profit invest unprofitable Readthecompletedtextandanswerthequestions g 1 Foratypicalmanufacturingcompany whatpercentageofsalesrepresentsprofit 2 InwhatmanufacturingfieldsdoR D intensivecompaniestendtooperate 3 WhatpercentageofsalesisprofitforanR D intensivecompany 4 WhyisR Dahigh riskactivityforsomecompanies 40 Precisionscientificinstruments medicines high techweaponssystems navigationandsafetydevicesforaircraft From60 to90 AlargepartofR Dinvestmentdoesnotcreateanyprofitableproducts Key Inpairs role playaconversationinwhichascientistfromanR D intensivecompanyexplainstheeconomicsofR Dinvestmenttoalayperson h Inpairsorsmallgroups lookforinformationononeormoreofthetopicsintheboxbelowandprepareanoralreport i 1 SpendingonR Dasapercentageofrevenueintheplacewhereyouwork2 SpendingonR Dasapercentageofrevenueinawell knowncompanyinyourcountry3 Reviews journals periodicals etc wherescientistscangettheirresearchworkpublished4 Thelargestrecipientsoffundingforresearchinyourcountry5 Theprocessbywhichinventionsandinnovationsarepatentedinyourcountry Interviewer HowisR Dactivitymeasuredandcompared Expert Well therearevariousmeasures Someanalystscomparethebudgets bothfromgovernmentandfromtheprivatesector thatareavailabletoR Destablishments Interviewer So thelargerthebudget thehigherthelevelofR Dactivity Expert Right Otherstakeintoaccountthenumberofnewpatentsthatarefiledandobtainedbyacompanyoveragiventimeperiod Athirdindicatorthatissometimesusedisthenumberandthefrequencyofpublications especiallypeer reviewedpublications thatareproducedbyaresearchorganization Interviewer What inyouropinion isthebestmeasureofR Dactivity Expert Well tomymind perhapsthebestindicatoristhepercentageofrevenuesthatacompanyspendsonR Deachyear ThisissometimesreferredtoasR Dintensity Interviewer WhyisthisagoodindicatorofR Dactivity Expert Well therearethreereasons Firstlythisratio thepercentageofrevenuethatisspentonR D isinformationthatisregularlyupdated secondly thisinformationisavailabletothepublic andthirdlyitreflectsbusinessrisk Interviewer Risk Expert Yes Theextenttowhichacompanyispreparedto gamble onthefuturesuccessoftheproductsitisdeveloping Lesson3Coordinatingthemembersoftheteam Lookatthecartoonand inpairs discusswhatyouthinkitisabout a LaypeopleoftenthinkofR Dscientistsassolitaryfiguresworkinginalaboratoryonsomeabstractproblem 1 thismaybetrueforahandfulofscientistsworkingonbasicresearch thevastmajorityworkonR Dprojectsinteams Theseprojectteamsinclude 2 scientistsfromvariousdisciplines representativesfromdiversefunctionalgroupswithinacompany forexample marketing manufacturing andhumanresources Formerly R Dprojectswerepassedfromonegroupofspecialiststoanotherinserialfashion Theterm throwingitoverthewall wasoftenusedtodescribethiswayofworking inwhicheachstageoftheprocesswasisolatedfromtheothers Researchevidenceshowedthatthismethod Readandcompletethetextwiththeconnectingphrasesfromthebox Twooftheexpressionsareintwoparts Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou b Though notonly butalso Key asaresultbecauseinordertoneither nornotonly butalsothough was 3 efficient cost effective 4 itwasverytime consuming Companiesnowbringtogetherrepresentativesfromeachstageoftheprocessand inthisway theytrytoachievemorecross functionalcommunicationandparticipation Thegoalistocoordinateprocessesbetterandtoidentifyandavoidproblemsthatotherwisemightonlybediscoveredlater 5 workeffectivelyincross functionalprojectteams scientistsmusthavebothup to dateknowledgeoftheirtechnicalfieldsandalsoskillincommunication problem solving andgroupdecision making allnecessaryforsuccessfulteamwork 6 universitiesarenowgivingmoreimportancetothedevelopmentoftheseskills andcompaniesarelookingforwaystofostertheseattributesintrainingprogramsfortheiremployees Inorderto Asaresult neither nor because Key asaresultbecauseinordertoneither nornotonly butalsothough 1 cost effective 2 cross functional 3 time consuming 4 up to date Inpairs findsynonymsforthefollowinghyphenatedphrasesfromthetext c Key economicallyworthwhile financiallyviable multidisciplinary interdependent slow lengthy protracted modern thelatest new current state of the art Readthroughthecompletedtextandanswerthequestions d 1 Accordingtothetext whatisacommonmisconceptionaboutR Dscientists 2 WhatsortofpeoplemakeupanR Dprojectteamnowadays 3 Whyistheterm throwingitoverthewall anappropriateone 4 Whatisrequiredofscientistswhoareworkingincross functionalprojectteams ThatR Dscientistsaresolitaryfiguresworkinginalaboratoryonsomeabstractproblem Scientistsfromvariousdisciplinesandrepresentativesfromdiversefunctionalgroupswithinacompany Theprocessisserialinnatureandeachstageoftheprocessisisolatedfromtheothers Up to dateknowledgeoftheirtechnicalfieldsandskillincommunication problem solving andgroupdecision making Key YouhavebeenassignedthetaskofchoosingaprojectleaderforanR Dproject Makenotesofthequalitiesandskillsthatyouthinkagoodprojectleadershouldhave e Compareanddiscussyouranswersinpairs f Listentothediscussiononchoosingaprojectleaderandcompareyourideaswiththosethatyouhear g Manager So weneedtochoosesomeonetoheadupthisnewR Dproject It saveryimportantprojectandIwanttomakesurewechoosetherightperson Anyideas Assistant1 Basically weneedsomeonewhocancoordinatethemembersoftheteam Assistant2 Yes butthispersonshouldalsobesomeonewhocanmotivateandleadpeople Manager Iagree That sveryimportant Assistant1 Also agoodprojectleadermustrepresentthegroup sinterestsinthelargerorganization Theyshouldbeasortofchampionfortheproject Assistant2 Yes Becauseit stheprojectleaderwhohastonegotiatewithmanagementtoobtaintheresourcesthatheorsheneedstogetthejobdone Assistant1 Weneedaveryresponsiblepersonbecause intheend it stheprojectleaderwhohastokeeptheprojectonscheduleandwithinthebudget Manager You reright Thatisalsoveryimportant So whodoyousuggest Assistant1 Well Iwasthinkingof fade Combiningyourideaswiththosethatyouheardintheconversation completethesentencesdescribingtheidealqualitiesofaprojectleader Addsentencesofyourown h Theidealprojectleaderisapersonwho Ideally theprojectleadershould Lesson4Workingoutalogicalsequence a Discussthequestionsinpairsorsmallgroups 1 Whatsortofprojectsareyousometimesrequiredtoplan 2 Howdoyouplanaproject 3 Doyouconsideryourselftobeagoodplanner 4 Whatskillsarerequiredwhenplanningaproject 1 ThelettersCPMstandfor 2 CPMisusedtodetermine 3 Timescale 4 Slacktime 5 Allocationofresources Listentotheinterviewaboutresearchanddevelopmentprojectsandcompletethenotes b CriticalPathMethod theminimumtimeneededtocompleteawholeproject CPMisusedforestablishingatimescale somestepscanbestartedlaterandstillbefinishedontime CPMhelpswiththeallocationofresources Key Script c Lookatthewordsandphrasesfromtheinterview Matcheachverbwiththecorrectnounornounphrasetoformappropriatecollocations Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou 1 workout2 construct3 addup4 establish5 allocate6 cause a resourcesb atimescaleforaprojectc adelayd thetotalnumberofweekse alogicalsequencef adiagram Key e f d b a c ResearchandDevelopmentProjectX d Lookatthediagramandchoosethecorrectoptions StepA2weeks StepB1week StepC4weeks StepD3weeks StepE3weeks StepF2weeks StepG2weeks StepH2weeks StepI2weeks Projectcompleted ResearchandDevelopmentProjectX 1 ThetotalnumberofweeksneededtocompleteProjectXis a 20b 21c 22d 232 StepEcannotbestarteduntilStep hasbeencompleted a Bb Cc Dd F3 StepsEandFcanbedoneatthesametimeasStep a Cb Dc Gd H4 StepHcannotbestarteduntilSteps havebeencompleted a E F andGb A C andFc A D andGd A B andE5 StepIcanbedoneatthesametimeasStep a Eb Fc Gd H6 Thecriticalpathisthesequence a A B E Hb A C F Hc A D G Hd A D G I Key e Insmallgroups inventanR Dprojectandpreparealistoftasksthatwillhavetobecompletedduringtheproject Includebetweeneightandtwelvesteps butdonotincludetimeallocations Thenpassyourlisttoanothergroup f Readthroughtheothergroup slistoftasksandallocateaminimumtime inweeks forthecompletionofeachstepandwritethisonthelist Thenpassyourlisttoanother differentgroup g Readthroughtheothergroup slistoftasksandtimeallocationsandprepareaCriticalPathdiagramtoshowtheminimumnumberofweeksthatwillbeneededtocompletetheentireR Dproject Interviewer Howdoyouplanaresearchanddevelopmentproject R Dexpert WeoftenuseasystemcalledtheCriticalPathMethodorCPM Interviewer Howdoesthatwork R Dexpert Well allprojectsarebrokendownintostepsandsequences Certainstepshavetobecompletedbeforewecanmoveontothenextone whileotherstepscanbedonesimultaneously Soweworkoutalogicalsequence UsingtheCriticalPathMethod wecandeterminetheminimumtimewearegoingtoneedtocompletethewholeproject Interviewer Sohowdoesitwork R Dexpert Well weconstructadiagramlikethisoneheretoshoweachstepintheprocessandhowlongitwilltaketocomplete Forexample StepAwilltaketwoweeks StepBoneweek etc Thenweaddupthetotalnumberofweeksofworktobecompleted OnceStepAisfinished workcanstartonStepsB C andDallatthesametime though asyoucansee StepC willtakelongertofinish WecandeterminetheearliestcompletiondateforProjectXbylookingatallthepossiblepathsthroughthediagramandfindingtheonethatrequiresthemosttime Inthiscase thelongestpath thatis the critical pathwilltakeatotaloftenweeksminimumfromstarttofinish Interviewer Isee SotheCriticalPathMethodhelpsyoutoestablishatimescaleforaproject R Dexpert That sright ButaCPMdiagramlikethisalsogivesusotherusefulinformation Forexample inProjectX theearliesttimewecanbeginStepHiseightweeksafterthestart thatis onceStepsA C andFhavebeenfinished Aswecansee StepBonlyneedsoneweekandsoitdoesnotneedtobestartedimmediatelyinordertobefinishedontime Inotherwords StepBhasacoupleofweeksof slacktime Interviewer Andhowisthisinformationuseful R Dexpert It susefulbecauseitallowsustoallocateourresourcesmoreefficiently Wecankeepthecriticalstepson scheduleand ifnecessary postponesomeoftheslackstepswithoutcausingadelaytothewholeproject Interviewer Thatway thesamepeoplecanworkondifferentstepsintheprocess R Dexpert Exactly orthesameequipmentcanbeusedfortwodifferentsteps forexample Ofcourse thisdiagramhereisaverysimpleexamplejusttogiveyouanidea InactualprojectstherelationshipsbetweenthedifferentpartsareoftenverycomplexandaCPMdiagrammightcoverawholewallofmyoffice Interviewer Butisn titverytime consumingdecidingonthesequenceofthedifferenttasks estimatingthetimeneededforeachone anddrawingthediagrams R Dexpert Yes itistime consumingbutwefindthatitisagreataidtoplanningandcontrol Ofcourse thejobhasbeenmadealoteasierinrecentyearsbyspecialcomputerprogramsthatcandocriticalpathandslacktimecalculationsforus Howoftendoyouhavetohandleorpresentdataintheformofgraphs 2 Whatothervisualaidsdoyouusetopresentinformation Lesson5Graduallyincreasingexpenditure a Discussthequestions 50 70 160 230 100 150 300 Listentothelecturerandlabelthegraphswiththecorrectnumbers Thenlistenagainandcompletethesentences b Key Script Figure Figure Figure 2 3 1 1 Intheearlystagesofatypicalproject R Dexpenditure 2 Salesusuallyfallgraduallyas 3 Salescanfallabruptlyif 4 Ideally acompanyaimstooperateanumberofprojects isquitelow aproductbecomesobsolete aproductisreplacedbyanewone eachoneatadifferentstageinthecycle Key Script 1 R Dplanningconsistsofchoosingprojectsthat 2 ManagershavetomakesurethatthetotaleffortneededtocarryoutanR Dprojectis 3 Ifitisgreater 4 Ifitissignificantlyless 5 So managershavetobesurethatthedemandsontheircapacityandtheirresourcesare 6 Tomaintainabalancedsituation 7 Eachproposalmustbestudiedby 8 AndR Dmanagershaveanimportantroletoplayinproposingnewprojects Completeeachsentencebymatchingitwiththeappropriateending c c h f d a b g e Key StudentA YouareR DprojectmanagerforTeknik Inc Chooseoneoftheproblemsbelow presentittoStudentB aseniormanager anddiscusspossiblewaystoimprovethesituation Workinpairs Rol