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Design Proposal for Luyang Sea Crossing in Phase I Project of Yang Shan Deepwater Port Chapter IIChapter IIEngineering Condition21 Topographic featureThere is sand and oil beach at the Luchaogang situating at the western end of Luyang Bridge over sea to be constructed. From the beginning of the bridge to G1 arch, there is fishpond currently developed; From G1G3 arch, there is sands with reeds growing on thereon; From G3 arch to 1.0m elevation, there is sands. The topography with the bridge over is plane and smooth, with natural water depth of 58m, and elevation of 7.5-12.5m. And there are optical and electric cable through this area. Islands in this area are covered by 2040cm earth related to low section. The holes, channels established as a result of sea. 22 Geotechnical Condition221 Geological ConditionThe Bridge site is located in the Quaternary deposit zone, whose thickness is about 160220m. Status of each stratum is as follows: I1 plain fill（KC）The layer is Lark, saturated and fictile. Its essential constituent is clay with botanic roots and stems, and parts of it are viscid powdery soil. The layer, 1.3m in thickness is only testified by the hole G1. I2 lark mud (QR)The layer is Saturated and shaped by streams. It consists of a little rotten plants, plants of powdery sandy slender layers and some parts of it are mixtures of sullage and sand. The texture is so soft that the borer can sink into it by itself. The layer, 0.3-0.8 in thickness, distributed dispersedly except that the region of Luchao port Xiaowugui and Xiaowugui-Dawugui appears steadily. The number of blows of standard penetration is less than 1.II1 lark powdery clay (Q4) The layer is Saturated, soft fictile- fictile on the soft side. This layer is uneven, parts of which are made of mucky powdery clay combining with powdery sand and little rotten plants. The layer, 1.1-5.5m in thickness, is revealed near holes G2, G51 ,G57-G59 and 98-6, roof standard is from +1.0 to 23.9m in height. In general, the number of blows of standard penetration is 5-6 times and parts of layer needs 1215 times.II2 lark-gray sandy clay (Q4)The layer is saturated, soft-lightly dense. Its texture is uneven. Some parts of it are composed of powdery sand mixed with clay or viscid powdery soil. Its distributed unstably .The layer, generally 1.2-3.5m in thickness, is mainly revealed by the holes G5 and G341 near Luchao Port and those between XiaoWugui and Xiaoyanshan Archipelago while the layer near holes G1-G4 and 98-1 are much thicker (13.3-16.7m in thickness) and roof height is usually 2413m especially that near the hole G1,which is the thickest (4.9m), and that near the hole G40,the thinnest (22.4m).number of blows of standard penetration is always 49 times，and parts of layer needs 1-18 times.II3 lark gray powery fine sand (Q4)The layer is saturated，soft- lightly dense. The layer is composed of mica，fragments of shells and a bit rotten plants, in some parts of which there is viscosity soil slender layer or sandy powdery clay。It is contributed unstably and mainly found near the holes G46-G47, G57-G50 between Dawugui and Kezhushan, G53 between Kezhushan and Xiaoyangshan and DK3 by the side of Luchao Port. It is 2.1-5.0m in thickness. The thickest part (near the hole DK3) is 7.0m in thickness and the thinnest one is only 1.1m(near the hole G60). The height of roofs 2 .8 to 21.9m. In general, number of blows of standard penetration is 2 to 5 times，and parts of layer needs 1214times.II4 lark-gray silty powdery clay combined with powdery fine sand（Q4）The layer is Saturated , shaped by streams and uneven. Tt is composed of powdery silver sand and clay in some parts .The layer ,2.6-4.7m in thickness, is scattered near the hole G44,G45,G53,G59,G60,G50 . And roof elevation is from 8.4 to 16.0m number of blows of standard penetration ranges from 34times。III1 lark-gray silty clay（Q4）The layer is Saturated, shaped by streams and with smooth section surface. It contains a little black organism, fragments of shells, rotten plants and a small quantity of powdery fine sand slender layer. And in some parts of the layer there are plenty of powdery sandy interlayer which is made of salty clay with powdery fine sand, in parts of which clay can be found. The layer are widely spread in the explored area except the absence near the holes G24, G43, G48, G49, G56, G64 and G98-6 along shore of the islands. It is found that the layer between Luchao Port and Xiaowugui is very thin (generally 6.0-12.0m) and that near river mouths between Xiaowugui and X iaoyangshan is quite thick (14.8-34.0m). The roof is rather stable between Luchan Port and Xiaowugui where the BioaGao is usually from 11.8 to 14.0m and the its roof fluctuates remarkably near river mouths of Xiaowugui and Xiaoyangshan where elevation is from 4.1 to 42.6.The number of blows of standard penetration is generally less than 1 3.III2 lark gray silt powdery clay (Q4)The layer is saturated and shaped by streams. It consists of rotten plants and a few fine sand slender layers. It is scattered between the river mouths of the islands in the explored area. The thickness of the layer varies from 1.9-33.0m and the roof fluctuates intensively .The Elevation is from 9.4 to -38.7m. The number of blows of standard penetration is 24 in general.III3 Lark-gray powdery fine sand (Q4)The layer is saturated and soft. Mingled with glutinous soil slender layer, it contains a little rotten plants and fragments of shells and some parts of it are made of sandy powdery clay. In lentoid form, it is scattered near the river mouths of islands in the explored area. The thickness varies from 0.6 to 8.2m and roof fluctuates from 0.6 to 8.2m. The elevation is from -144 to -40.6m. The number of blows of standard penetration is 25 in general .IV1-1 Gray mucky clay (Q4)The layer is saturated, shaped by streams and its section surface is smooth. The layer consists of plenty of sandy slender layers and some yellowy bola tubercular. This type of layer, which is 4.3-17.5 in depth, scattered near the holes G12, G13, G50 and G55.The roof elevation is from 12.9 to -20.3m. The number of blows of standard penetration is 13 in general.IV1-2 Gray clayThis layer, with smooth section surface and well-distributed soil texture, is saturated, soft fictile- fictile. It consists of rotten plants, yellowy bolar tubercula and black organism powdery fine sand slender layers can also be found in parts of it. This type layer can be testified in large scale between Dawugui and river mousse of KeZhushan, while in the rest of area only fragmentary layers appear in lentoid forms. It is also indicated that the layers between Dawugui and river mouths of Kezhushan are much thicker (generally 17.1-30.0m) than that in other parts of the explored area (1.1-2.0m). The roof is notably undulated. And the elevation ranges from 28.5 to -57.2m. The number of blows of standard penetration is 48 in general .IV2 gray powdery clay (Q4)The layer is saturated, soft fictile(fictile in parts of it ). It contains rotten plants, black organism and punctates of calcic mud, in parts of which powdery fine sandy slendery layers also appear. This unstable layer, scattering in the explored area, ranges from 1.0-6.2m. And the roof is from 18.7 to -55.0m in height.V1-1 sage green-lark powdery clay (Q3)The layer is lark or gray in some parts, fictile on the hard side-hard fictile. The layer, decorated with punctates of oxidized halo, contains rotten plants, black organism. Parts of the layer, much glutinous, is nearly Soil. The layer distributed steadily between Luchao Port and Xiaowugui (not found near holes G13, G14, G32 and 98-6). In rest of the explored area the type of layer appears only near holes G50 and G51. Generally its thickness is from 1.6 to 5.0m.The thinnest part, near the hole G4, is merely 0.9m, while the thickest one, near the hole G50,reaches 8.8m. The roof fluctuates to a certain extent ,and the elevation is from -18.5 to -23.1m, which is much lower near holes G12,G30 and G31(f-27.4-36.7m in height).number of blows of standard penetration id 1015 in general. V1-2 lark gray powdery clay (Q3)The layer is saturated, fictile-fictile on the hard side. And the layer, stippled with punctates of oxidized halo, contains a few rotten plants, in parts of it, powdery fine slender layer can also be found. Varying from 2.0-13.0m in thickness, this type of layer scatters near the holes G50,G51,G63 and 97-6.Its roof is from -23.9 to -37.2 in height The .number of blows of standard penetration is 912.V4-1 brown- lark sandy powdery clay (Q3)The layer is saturated and middle dense .Its texture is not well-distributed. Parts of the layer contain a few glutinous soil slender layers or some glutinous soil。The layer is distributesd extensively between Luchao Port and Xiaowugui However Between Xiaowugui and Xiaoyangshan,only near hole G51and G63 the layer appears. In general, It is from 2.1 to 8.4m in thickness,while the thickest one (near the hole 97-14) is 1.2 and the thickest(near the hole G51) reaches 12.0m. Its roof is always from 22.6 to -26.8m in height, Moreover, roof height near hole G63 is much lower, only about 40.2m. number of blows of standard penetration is 1328 in general .V4-2 lark powdery fine sand (Q3)This layer is saturated, middle dense dense. Its texture is well-distributed and parts of it contains glutinous soil layers. The layer, from 7.0-23.7m in thickness, appears between Luchao Port and Xiaowugui and is distributed stably. However other parts of the explored area lacks this layer. The roof of the layer fluctuates greatly and elevation ranges from 24.0 to 38.5m. The number of blows of standard penetration is generally 2238.V4-3 gray-lark powdery fine sand (Q3)The layer is saturated, dense. Granule sizes are even and the quality is pure. It contains mica and some slend layer or fragments of shells. In the engineering area, the layer distributed stably except the absence between Xiaowugui and river-mouths of Xiaoyangshan islands. The explored thickness of the layer varies greatly. Its so thick between LuchaoPort and Xiaowugui that it wasnt penetrated through during the exploration .The revealed Thickness is from 15.8 to 53.0m. Nevertheless, that is relatively thin between Xiaowugui and xiaoyangshan, which is only 2.2-15.0m. The roof of the layer fluctuates rather fiercely from 34.1 to -70.2m. The number of blows of standard penetration is generally 3850 times，partly 50 times .V4-4 gray lark middle sand with grit (Q3)The layer is saturated and dense. 5-20% of the layer is Grit with the diameter of 0.5-1.0cm. And parts of it are made of middle fine sand .The layer only appears near the holes G6, G7, G13 and G15, not penetrated. The thickness revealed is from 2.1-5.0m. The height of rooffluctuated greatly and the elevation is from 67.0 to 88.7m. The number of blows of standard penetration is more than 50.V4-5 gray powdery clay with fine sand (Q3)The layer is saturated and fictile. Its texture is not very well-distributed and parts of it are made of powdery fine sand combining with powdery clay. The layer is found near holes G9,G34, 39 and 97-14.The depth of holes G39,97-14 and DK3,that penetrate through the layer is 2.2-17.5m.And the depth of holes G9 and G34 ,not penetrating through the layer during the exploration ,is 5.6-7.2m. The roof fluctuates notably and the elevation ranges from 42.2 to -68.9m.number of blows of standard penetrations more than 2434 time. The ultimate friction along the pile side (qr), the ultimate friction at the pile end (qr) and recommended value of prefab and poured piles of unit stratum are listed in the Table 2-1.Table 21The parameter recommendation sheet in pile foundation designProject geological unitsLimit resistance of Pile-side qf(KPa)Limit resistance of pile tip qR(KPa) Precast pile Bored pile Precast pile Bored pileI1 Lark mud551 Lark clay powdery soil15102 Lark-gray muco-sands253520303 Lark-gray fine sand253520304 Lark gray mud powdery clay with fine sand15101 Lark-gray mud clay154010202Lark-gray mud powdery clay152510203 Lark-gray powdery fine sand353011 gray mud clay40308000100001500200012 2 Gray powdery clay 406030502 Celadon-isabellinus powdery clay5545V11 lark gray powdery clay50604050V12 isabellinus-lark sands 5040V41 2 lark powdery fine sand60705060V42 lark powdery fine sandV4-3 709060754000550015002000V43 gray-lark fine sand10012070906000800020003000V44gray medium coarse sand with grave1101208010080001000025003500V45 gray powdery clay with fine sand7080607030004000150020002 motley powdery clay95105758535004000180020003gray clay mixed coarse grave10590350018003gray clay mixed coarse grave11095600025002 motley coarse grave120100800030005 motley grit10013080110800010000300040001 full-strong mantle rock120012000222 Evaluation of Geotechnical Condition1 Considering long distance of the the Luyang over-ocean bridge to be built, complicated water power condition of gates of passing islands with mutable flowing way and complex geological condition, it is advisable to design by part and section.2 For the geological conditions of the project from The Luchao Port to The Xiaowugui are relatively simple. Layer V4-2 and V4-3 can be used as the bearing layer of pile foundation which is advisable to be driven pile foundation with the impact of local development of layer V4-5 on pile foundation design taken into consideration.3 Generally there is no accidents of pile-sinking in the exploratory areas, however if layer V4-3 and the lower part of layer V4-2 are used as the bearing layer of pile foundation from The Luchao Port to The Xiaowugui, or layer VI soil from The Kezhushan Mountain to The Xiaoyangshan Mountain, and the length of accession to sand seam needs to be over 20 meters or to pass through layer V4-3, some related technology and pile driving equipment ought to be used to avoid the trouble of pile-sinking.4 It is advised that the construction of the project is protected according to Degree 7.Soil of the water area in the exploratory area is soft to moderately soft while soil in islands is hard. As for the area classification, water area is Class III while islands Class I.5 Yellowish gray to gray sandy silt of 1.2 to 16.5-meter-thick layer II2 developed locally and yellowish gray to gray silt layer of 3.0 to 4.0-meter-thick layer II3 in the shallow part of exploratory area below 20 meters and yellowish gray to gray silt layer of 8.2-meter-thick layer III3 developed locally near the G45 hole are considered Degree 7. Liquidation judgment is taken to the layer II2, II3 and III3 soil in the exploratory area, with preliminary result that layer II2 in The Luchao Port has become liquefied seriously in water area from non-liquefied in land area and that layer II2, II3 and III3 are non-liquefied soil layer in each gate between The Xiaowugui and The Xiaoyangshan Mountain.6 NO fracture structure has been found in islands of the exploratory land area, but there arise F1 concealed fracture passing from The Luchao Port to The Xiaowugui Island and F2 concealed fracture passing at the bottom of the sea from The Xiaoyangshan Island to Dayangshan Island near the exploratory area, which should be paid attention to by design. There are four groups of relatively developed joints, the form of which is 1501755585, 1852055388, 2322855888, 3053137278 individually. The joint trend generally is in the same direction of or oblique crossing or in adverse slope of the bank slope of mountain body. In case of design, the impact of joints on integrity and stableness of mountain body should be taken into consideration.7 The exploration is at the stage of feasibility study and the exploratory holes spacing is from 100 to 1000 meters. In the next stage, the exploration is to further identify the distribution and development rule of granite layer and soil layer in the exploratory area, special efforts made to find the distribution and development law and the geological character of the project of V4-2, V4-3, VI2, VII1, VII2, and VII3, the bearing layer of pile foundation and V4-5 that distributes like lens and is relatively bad in geological character from The Luchao Port to The Xiaowugui.23 Meteorological conditionsThe area lies in the South edge of Northern subtropical belt, where Eastern-Asian monsoon is frequent. Under the influence of monsoon, the climate here is cold in winter while hot in summer with different characteristic from season to season, ample rainfall and complicated climate change. The analyzing material for meteorological conditions refers mainly to the meteorological observation material for consecutive 5 years from 1986 to 1990 in the bridge-neighboring meteorological observation station (coast belt observation: Nanhui Meteorological Station, island observation station: The Dajishan Mountain, Chensi and Daishan Mountain Station) and meteorological observation material for 2 years from Aug. 1997 to Aug. 1999 in the Jinqimen Station in The Xiaoyangshan Mountain, the meteorological factors are as follows:231 TemperatureMean annual temperature 15.8 Historical maximum temperature 37.5