前置与倒装.doc

第十四讲 前置与倒装 把在正常词序中通常较晚出现的成分移至句首，使之处于突出的位置，从而受到特殊强调，这种语法手段叫做前置 (Fronting)。使用前置手段表示强调，有时不必改变主、谓语词序，有时则引起倒装 ( Inversion)。1 不引起倒装的前置 1.1 最常见的前置结构是以what和how 开首的感叹句。例如： What an intelligent boy he is!What nonsense you talk! How pleasing her voice is! How dare you speak to me like that!1.2 句子的宾语、主语补语和宾语补语前置，表示强调、使上下文紧密衔接、意义的对比和结构的对称。例如： A horrible mess youve made of it!Very strange it seemed. Keener and keener the competition became. A scandal I call it.I know you were careless, but dishonest I never thought you. Mr. White fried two small pieces of fish. One of these he fed to his cat. The other he ate himself. Tactless she may be, but ungrateful you should not think her. John he gave nothing, but George he gave 10 dollars.Fool Joe may be, but thief he is not.1.3 as引出的让步状语从句须用前置结构；though引出的让步状语从句也可前置。例如：Exhausted though she was, there was no hope of her being able to sleep. Much as I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man. There was not a soul to be found in the house, search as they would. 2引起倒装的前置2.1 由there, here, then, now, so, neither, nor开首的句子须倒装。例如： There came a knock at the door. Here is Chinas largest tropical forest. Then came a new difficulty. Now comes your turn. He never went again, nor did he write to apologize. Nor will I deny that.2.2 省略了if的条件分句须倒装。例如：Should they decide to investigate it, we would welcome it. Were I to do it I would do it another way.Were I Tom, I would refuse.Had I realized that, I would have done something. 2.3 一些状语前置会引起倒装。例如：a) 一些具有否定意义的副词，如: not, no, never, little, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom等，位于句首时，一般引起局部倒装。例如：Never in history had technology made such spectacular advances. Nowhere will you find better roses than here. No longer these days is it necessary for women to wear veils. Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadnt done a very good repair job either. Not for one minute do I think I have any hope of getting promoted. Peter will retire soon. No more will his genius delight millions. Not for the life of me can I understand how I passed the exam. Not for nothing has he got the reputation of being a football fanatic. I have a terrible time at the casino. Not a winning number did I have all night.I lost a fortune at Royal Ascot. Not a single winner did I back the whole meeting. b) only + 副词、 only + 介词词组、 only + 状语分句位于句首，也可引起局部倒装。例如： Only very hard did he go on working with his colleagues. Only in this way can our honor be saved. Only because there are some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.c) 一些短语、 一些介词 + no短语位于句首，也引起局部倒装。例如：In vain did they try to creep out of the door. Not until I had read your letter did I understand the true state of the affairs. At no point south of the river did the enemy advance more than a mile. On no account must this switch be touched.( at no time, by no means, in / under no circumstances )d) 当一些方式状语、频度状语等移至句首时，有时也引起局部倒装。例如：Often did we warn them not to do so. Many a time has Mike given me good advice. Gladly would he have given his life to save the child. 当句中主语为代词时，常常不倒装。例如：Slowly and impressively he rose from his seat. Lower and lower she bent.e) 当句子主语较长，且没有宾语时，作地点状语的介词词组常常前置，引起全部倒装；为了描写生动，一些与介词同形的副词可前置，也引起全部倒装。例如：In the doorway stood a man with a gun. Over the wall came a shower of stone. From the distance came occasional shots. To the list may be added the following names. Along the river banks stood stacks of hay. She rang the bell. In came a girl she had not seen before. Up went the arrow into the air. Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes. Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 2.4 主语补语前置引起倒装的情况a) 当主语较长或主语结构比较复杂时，主语补语或分词的前置会引起全部倒装。例如： More serious was the question of how the President would present the joint announcement. Happy indeed are those who receive marvelous news after a long silence.b) 介词、形容词或副词短语作主语补语前置，引起全部倒装。例如：Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard. On either side were rows of fruit trees. Especially popular are the musical and theatrical groups. Nearby are houses built by the peasants themselves. c) ing分词短语作主语补语前置，引起全部倒装。例如：Standing beside the table was an interpreter. Running across it is a stream named Peach brook. Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen. （状态）(A boy aged seventeen was lying on the floor. （动作）) d) ed分词短语作主语补语前置，引起全部倒装。例如：Seated on the ground are a group of young people. Scattered like stars in the deep mountains are numerous reservoirs and ponds. Shown together with these products were models of steel works and blast furnaces.2.5 sothat 和suchthat 结构中，so + 形容词/副词或such位于句首，引起全部倒装。例如：So absorbed was he that she hadnt dared to make a sound. So quickly did the women finish their work that they were given a bonus. Such was his strength that he could bend iron bars. 2.6其他倒装情况 a) 一些表示祝愿、愿望的结构须部分倒装或全部倒装。例如：Long live the solidarity of the people of the world. May your country grow prosperous and strong. b) 一些表示强调的句子结构，情态助动词后