高中句子成分.结构分析.doc

句子成分表示一个完整概念的语言单位叫做句子。组成句子的各个部分（单词或词组等）叫做句子成分，句子成分有主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补足语和同位语等，主语和谓语是句子的主要成分，其他为次要成分。知识点1：主语 主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。1名词作主语。 如：A tree has fallen across the road. Little streams feed big rivers. 2代词用作主语。如：Youre not far wrong. He told a joke but it fell flat. 3数词用作主语。如：Three is enough. Four minus three is one. 4名词化的形容词用作主语。 The old need help.5不定式用作主语。 如：To find your way can be a problem. It would be nice to see him again. 6动名词用作主语。如：Smoking is bad for you. Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work. 7 名词化的过去分词用作主语。如：The disabled are to receive more money. The deceased died of old age. 8. 介词短语用作主语。如：To Beijing is not very far. 到北京不很远。From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback. 从延安到南泥湾要三个小时。 9.从句用作主语。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine. Whether we go or not depends on your father.10.句子用作主语。如：”How do you do ?” is a greeting.“你好”是一句问候语。知识点2：谓语 谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词主要动词）构成。 1由简单的动词构成。 (1). What happened? (2). He worked hard all day today. (3). The plane took off at ten oclock. 2由动词短语构成的谓语。 (1). I am reading. (2). Whats been keeping you all this time? (3). You can do it if you try hard. 3英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。如： (1). I had a swim yesterday. （had a swim 代替了swam） (2). Take a look at that! （take a look 代替了 look） (3). He gave a sigh. （gave a sigh 代替了sighed） (4). I got a good shake-up.（a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分，彻底的)） 知识点3：表语 表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构中，联系动词只是形式上的谓语，二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。 1The wedding was that Sunday. （名词） 2So thats that. （代词） 3We are seven. （数词） 4Are you busy? （形容词） 5Are you there? （电话用语）（副词） Is anybody in? （副词） 6All I could do was to wait. （不定式） My answer to his threat（威胁） was to hit him on the nose.（不定式） 7Complimenting（赞美，祝贺） is lying.（动名词） Is that asking so much? （动名词） 8I was so much surprised at it. （过分） Im very pleased with what he has done. （过分） 9She is in good health. （介词短语） The show is from seven till ten. （介词短语） 10Is that why you were angry? （从句） 11This is where I first met her. （从句） 【补充】 能做系动词的实义动词： come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词) fell，sound ,smell , look , taste （感观动词） seem, appear (似乎，好像) 例如： 1Our dream has come true. （Come后常加 easy ,loose natural 等） 2. He fell sick. Keep fit. Keep作为系动词还常接quiet ，calm ，cool， well， warm ，silent，clean，dry 3The well ran dry. （short , loose , wild , cold 等） 4A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is. 知识点4：宾语 宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。如： Our team beat all the others. 可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。 1Do you like a drink? （名词） 2They wont hurt us. （代词） 3If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. （数词）。 4I shall do my possible. （名词化形容词） 5He left there last week. （副词） 6Does she really mean to leave home? （不定式） 7He never did the unexpected.（名词化的分词） 8Do you understand what I mean? （从句） 【扩展】 宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物（多指人），具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词(dative verb), 常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等；间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用，通常放在直接宾语之前。如：I have found him a place. 我给他找到了一个职位。 知识点5：补语 补语（complement）是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语（subject complement）；补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语（object complement）. (1). 容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。 Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困，就去睡了。 有时可以置于主语之后，前后都有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。如： The man, cruel beyond belief, didnt listen to their pleadings. (2).可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等 1. They named the child Jimmy.（名词用作并与补语） 2. My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister.（名词短语作宾语补语） 3. He boiled the egg hard.（形容词用作宾语补语） 3.I found the book very interesting.（形容词短语用作宾补） 4. The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover.（不定式用作宾语补语） 5.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.（动名作宾补） 6.Dont take his kindness for granted.（介词短语作宾补） 知识点6：定语 定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。 1形容词用作定语是大量的。 （1）She is a natural musician. （2）He must be the best violinist alive.（后置定语） 2. 名词用作定语。如 （1）A baby girl 女婴 （2）well water 井水 (3) Sports car 双座轻型汽车 （4）A fools paradise 梦幻的天堂 2代词作定语。 （1）Your hair needs cutting.（物主代词用作定语） （2）Everybodys business is nobodys business. （不定代词所有格作定语） 3数词作定语 （1）Theres only one way to do it. （2）Do it now, you may not get a second chance. 基数词用作后置定语： page 24 Room 201 the year 1949 4. 副词充当定语时常后置，如： the room above 楼上的房间 the world today 今日世界 the way out 出路 a day off 休息日 5不定式用作定语 （1）Her promise to write was forgotten. （2）Thats the way to do it. 6动名词用作定语. A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠药 eating implements 吃饭用具 learning method 学习方法 7分词充当定语 a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者 a retired worker 一个退休工人 a faded flower 一朵谢了的花 7介词短语用作定语。 （1）This is a map of China. （2）The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words. 8从句用作定语，即定语从句 The car thats parked outside is mine. Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one. 知识点7：状语 状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。如： 1The girl is improving remarkably. 2可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。 副词最常用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置句末、句首和句中。 He speaks the language badly but read it well. Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors. 3状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等 (1) 时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中 Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow? In China now leads the world. (2) 地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。 There are plenty of fish in the sea. She kissed her mother on the platform(月台). (3) 原因状语，包括表理由的状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。 Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job. I eat potatoes because I like them. (4) 结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。 She woke suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway. She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what she said. (5) 目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。 He ran for shelter(隐蔽处). In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder. (6) 条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。 Well be lucky to get there before dark. If he were to come, what should we say to him? (7) 让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。 For all his money, he didnt seem happy. He helped me although he didnt know me. (8) 程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。 The lecture is very interesting. To what extent would you trust them? (9) 伴随状语，常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。 My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten. He stood there ,pipe(烟斗) in mouth.检测题（一）：指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.检测题（二）：选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall.A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this.A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor.A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music.A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. give B. did C. whom D. book检测题（三）： 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brotherhasntdonehis homework.A B C DPeoplealloverthe worldspeakEnglish. A B C D You must paygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation. A B C D How many newwordsdidyoulearnlast class? A B C D Some of thestudentsin the school wantto go swimming,howaboutyou? A B C D Theold mansittingat the gatesaidhe was ill.A B C DTheymadehimmonitorof the class.A B C D Goacrossthebridgeand youwill findthe museumon the left. A B C D You will finditusefulafteryouleaveschool. A B C DTheydidnt knowwhoFatherChristmas really is.A B C D检测题（四）：挑出下列句中的表语 The old manwasfeelingverytired. A B C D Why isheworriedaboutJim? A B C DTheleaveshaveturnedyellow. A B C D SoonTheyallbecame interestedin the subject. A B C D Shewasthe firstto learnabout it. A B C D(五) 挑出下列句中的定语 （完成前2题，其余做课后作业）TheyuseMr. Mrs. with thefamilyname. A B C DWhatisyourgivenname?A B C D On thethirdlapareClass 1 and Class 3. A B C D I amafraidsomepeopleforgotto sweepthe floor. A B C DThe mandownstairswastryingto sleep. A B C DIam waitingforthe soundof the other shoe! A B C D检测题（六）：挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 Shelikesthe childrento read newspapers and booksin thereading-room. A B C D Heaskedherto take the boyout of school. A B C D Shefounditdifficultto do the work. A B C D TheycallmeLilysometimes. A B C DIsawMr. Wangget on the bus.A B C D Did you seeLi Mingplaying footballon the playgroundjust now? A B C D检测题（七）：挑出下列句中的状语 Therewasa big smileon her face.A B C DEvery nightheheardthe noiseupstairs. A B C D Hebeganto learnEnglishwhen he was eleven. A B C DThe manon the motorbikewas travellingto fast. A B C DWith the medicine box under her arm,MissLihurried off. A B C DShelovesthe librarybecause she loves books. A B C DIamafraidthatif youve lost it,you must pay for it.A B C D The studentsfollowedUncle Wangto see the other machine.A B C D检测题（八）划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen.Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?课后作业：1. We always work hard at English. 2. He said he didnt come. 3. They love each other. 4. What did you bye? 5. She watched her daughter playing the piano. 6. Your job today is to help the old. - 7. Speaking doesnt mean doing. 8. Bye the time I got to the station, the train had left. 9.The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage. 10. It takes me an hour to get there. 检测题 1、often ,She ,five ,for, times ,homework , a ,does, week.2、sometimes，TV ,watches，He.3、of, two, I ,cups, want, water.4、book, on, desk, The, is, the.5、a, country, is ,China, great.6、an, A, is, animal.7、is, very, The, beautiful, city.8、have, I, sisters, two.9、is, a, the, There, in, desk, classroom.10、morning, on, My, football, Saturday, plays, father.句子结构英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：S十V主谓结构S十V十P主系表结构S十V十O主谓宾结构S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构说明：S主语；V谓语；P表语；O宾语；O1间接宾语；O2直接宾语；C宾语补足语知识点1S十V句式在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi)。例如：He runs quicklyThey listened carefully He suffered from cold and hunger。China belongs to the third world country The gas has given outMy ink has run out知识点2S十V十P句式在此句式中，V是系动词(link v)，常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，become，turn等。例如：He is older than he looksHe seen interested in the book The story sounds interesting The desk feels hard The cake tastes nice The flowers smell sweet and nice You have grown taller than before He has suddenly fallen ill He stood quite still He becomes a teacher when he grew up He could never turn traitor to his country 注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO句式，例如：He looked me up and down He reached his hand to feel the elephant They are tasting the fish They grow rice in their home town Hes got a chair to sit on Please turn the sentence into English 知识点3S十V十O句式在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt)，因此有宾语。例如：I saw a film yesterdayHave you read the story? They found their home easilyThey built a house last yearTheyve put up a factory in the villageThey have taken good care of the childrenYou should look after your children well知识点4.S十V十O1十O2句式在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。例如：He gave me a book/a book to me He brought me a pen/a pen to me He offered me his seat/his seat to me 注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：Mother bought me a book/a book for me. He got me a chair/a chair for me Please do me a favor/a favor for me He asked me a question/a question of me知识点5S十V十O十C句式在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。They made the girl angry They found her happy that day I found him out I saw him in They saw a foot mark in the sand They named the boy Charlie I saw him come in and go out They felt the car moving fast I heard the glass broken just now He found the doctor of study closed to him专题过关 检测题：划分句子结构1. They are working on the farm now.2.Seeing is believing3.All of us like Kobe Bryant very much4.She became a doctor in 19985.The