蒋军虎英语小作文笔记.doc

英语写作要求一、 大纲要求：1、 第一节：小作文 应用文：书信、备忘录、报告等，要求100词左右。 摘要：从1500词的汉语文章中提炼文意，再进行汉翻英，要求80-100词左右。2、大作文：要求不少于150词。年份类型备注08、09年文字型次重点06、07、10、11年图表型重点？图画型次重点二、 阅卷要求：1、 语言要求： 准确性：无语法错误，贴切的语体。 多样性：措辞的多变。2、 内容要求： 完整性，包含题干中的要求，不能遗漏。 连贯性：运用多种衔接方法，层次清晰。3、 字数要求：不少于150词。4、 拼写、标点：无明显错误。5、 卷面：整洁，干净，书写较差，影响阅读可酌情降低一个档次。三、 作文应具备的意识：1、 取巧意识：先扫一下作文主题，然后再做阅读理解，标出有用的词句，为后面作文积累素材。乾坤大挪移！2、 审题意识： 不跑题； 注意题干要求的指令点的完整性； 提炼、借用写作套路，以己为主；3、 内容与语言关系意识： 语言大于内容； 写自己能写的，要让老师看得懂； 作文字数自我要求：小作文120-150词，大作文180-220词。4、 语言的措辞意识： 词汇运用选择： 词义首选备选大部分，绝大多数a vast majority ofmost of出自，源于derive formcome from认为holdthink大楼skyscraperbuilding 多样性大于重复性：but yet- however-still-nevertheless(然而，不过) 短语大于单词 句子结构：长/短句、复合/简单句，多结构穿插使用；a、 雕琢意识：把名词通过添加前后定语、状语进行精装修；b、 句型包装意识：套语包装：A famous American psychologist said,A survey conducted recently by government,Which was based upon the responses over 100,000 citizens shows that, c、 强倒非分否，独比并十三从句结构的综合运用；d、 多用被动词，少用主动；e、 语体意识：多用书面语，少用口语体；5、 语言的检查意识： 单词拼写：确定不了就要换词； 名字前一定要加: a /an /the,复数的话后面加s； 时态、语态和语气：尤其是主谓一致，时态一致！ 搭配的检查: a an 句子结构的检查：英语注重形式，从句不能独立； 标点符号大小写； 标题意识：大作文不需要写标题；小作文通知：Notice;摘要Abstract； 段落意识：写三段，段首内缩4-8个字母； 模板+范文的准备：重视模板；范文必须准备10篇；对模板要精读理解，做到熟读-背诵-背写-比对；零活仿写是最终目标。第一章 摘要一、热点话题范文：1、 水资源保护：With the development of society, mans demand for water has been increasing constantly, but the water resources available for the human species have been decreasing (reducing) dramatically (sharply).Such problems as the worsening (deterioration) of ecosystem brought about by the water crisis are threatening human beings survival seriously. How to make better use of the water resources and promote sustainable development and protection their, has become an urgent problem faced by all countries in the world.随着社会的发展，人类对水的需求不断增加，但人类可利用的水资源却急剧减少。水资源危机所带来的生态系统恶化问题严重威胁着人类的生存。如何更有效地利用水资源，推进水资源的可持续开发和保护，已经成为世界各国共同面对的紧迫问题。2、 能源节约： A recent survey shows (indicates/manifests/reveals)that , most building in China ,whether for office or residential purpose, consume a lot more electricity and water resources than those in developed countries, for example(instance),consumption of Beijing citizens is 3 times as much as that of the families in Northern Germany with the similar climate. As China is a country short of energy, we have to economize (save) on resources so as to ensure the sustainable development of our economy. 最近一项调查表明，中国大部分的建筑无论是办公楼还是居民楼，消耗的电资源或水资源比发达国家的同类建筑都要多。例如，北京的居民平均消耗是气候类似的德国北部家庭的三倍。中国是资源短缺的国家，我们必须节约资源，才能保证我国经济的持续发展。3、 老龄化： With the rapid development of our society and economy, the improvement of the peoples living standard ,and the rising of health of undertaking medical care, the population of senior citizens ( the aged/the elderly) in our country increased significantly(remarkably). A good many people are worried about (show great concern) this trend (issue), but those with great insight point out that, we should not only see the huge pressure brought about by the aging population, but also pay attention to the potential business opportunities behind it, as well as such resources as the elders rich intellect and experience, therefore, we should turn the pressure into opportunities. 随着我国社会经济的迅猛发展、人民生活水平的提高和医疗卫生事业的改善，我国老年人口明显增多。不少人对此忧心忡忡，但有识之士指出，我们不仅要看到人口老龄化所带来的巨大压力，也要看到人口老龄化背后所蕴涵的商机以及老年人丰富的智力、经验等资源，要将压力变成机遇。4、 中国文化：在17世纪和18世纪，中国的艺术、建筑和哲学在西方很受欣赏。此外，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器在西方也备受欣赏，并在一定程度上改变了许多西方的生活方式。进入20世纪后期，西方人再次转向中国文化。他们除了喜欢中国的菜肴外，还学习汉语，尝试中国医药，联系中国武术，观看功夫电影。5、 经济投资： In order to host the 2008 Olympic Games successfully, Beijing plans to invest 23 billion (hundreds of/thousands of/dozens of/lots of) US dollars in the construction of basic facilities (infrastructure). It is said that (officially reported that/ widely rumored/ universally believed) some foreign companies have noticed these business opportunities. Some American companies (firms/ corporations/businesses/ enterprises) intend to provide products and services in terms of (in the areas of) telecommunication and information technology. Some British firms are also seeking business opportunities around Beijing Olympic Games. They are trying to find the areas where they enjoy advantages, such as the architectural technology which will not pollute the environment. 为了成功举办2008年奥运会，北京计划投入230亿美元用于基础设施建设。据说一些外国公司已经注意到了这些商机。美国的一些公司打算在电信和信息技术方面提供产品和服务。英国的一些公司也正在围绕着北京奥运会寻求商机，他们试图找到自己有优势的领域，如不污染环境的建筑技术等。6、 中国外贸发展： In the past twenty years (Over the past 2 decades), no country in the world has developed (expanded) its foreign trade so fast as China.Japan spent more than 20 years in doubling its foreign trade, while China has quadrupled its foreign trade for the same length of time. China has already become worlds 3nd largest producer (manufacturer) of electric appliances and is going to play (evolving into) a leading role in the global market. In addition, China is major producer of labor-intensive products in the world. 在过去的20年中，世界上没有任何一个国家的外贸发展速度像中国那么快。日本用了20多年的时间将其外贸总额翻了一番，而中国却翻了两番。中国现在已是全球第三大电器生产国，并且正在成为全球电器市场上的主角。中国还是世界上劳动密集型（labor-intensive）产品的主要生产国。二、摘要训练： 题目：Abstract (Notice)1、经济全球化的主要原因：20世纪50年代初以来，经济全球化获得迅猛发展。简单归纳，其原因组要包括以下几方面。科技进步为全球化快速发展提供了技术基础、物质基础和技术手段。市场经济、跨国公司和国际经济组织的不断发展为经济全球化奠定了坚实的经济基础。首先，市场经济体制成为世界各国的首选；其次，力量不断壮大的跨国公司成为经济全球化的中坚力量；最后，国际经济组织是经济全球化发展的组织保障。 Fundamental cause of Economic Globalization dramatically Economic globalization has been developing rapidly since the beginning of the 1950s. Briefly speaking (in short/to be brief/ to conclude/to sum up)，the reasons summarized as follows (the contributing factors are as follows).On the one hand (for one thing), advances in science and technology have offered a technical foundation for economic globalization (this situation/ phenomenon).On the other hand, a solid economic foundation has been laid by the system of market economy, multinationals, and international economic organizations. Chief among them, the market economy has become quite popular (prevailing) over the world. In addition, the ever-growing international corporations are playing a role of pillar.Finally, global economic organizations can exert a coordinating and controlling function in international economic activities.2、 话说“真话”这些年来，“要敢讲真话”叫得很响，在弄文墨的圈子里，是人人皆知。从实际情况看，辨别真话至少有两个标准：一个是心里怎么想，口头怎么说；一个是说的符合实际。但两种标准产生了提倡“讲真话”时的歧义。因此，我们不能只提倡“口心一致”的真话，还要进一步提倡实事求是的真话。当然，提倡追求真理的真话，并不否认讲心里话。 On “telling the truth”These years, “telling the truth” has become an increasingly hot topic (issue) among the public. As a matter of fact, there are at least two criteria to distinguish (discern) the truth. One is to speak out what one thinks arbitrarily, the other to be in accord (line) with actual conditions. The two criteria may result in (give rise to) much misunderstanding. Therefore, we should not only advocate the practice of saying what one thinks, but also the sprite of seeking truth form facts.Of course, the pursuit of truth does not contradict speaking out ones mind.第二章 书信一、格式：缩进式：内缩4-8个字母二、结构： 1、信头：heading-寄信人地址+日期 2、信内地址：inside address: 收信人地址 3、称呼：salutation ,slju:tein 4、 正文：body 5、落款：signature signt 6、附信：postscript pustskript 7、附件：attachment ttmnt三、书信考试的基本格式：1、称呼：对象称呼私人Dear Judy, John, Tom,公共场合Dear Sir, Mr. Wang, Professor, President单位机构Dear Sir or Madam,To Whom It May Concern,To Those Concerned,2、正文：段落几句内容备注Para11写信目的50%自写para25详情50%自写para32礼貌收尾借用老师的3、 落款： Yours faithfully, Yours truly, Yours sincerely, Zhang Wei四、 考试书信的主要类型：大类小类历年考试求（辞）职信求职信辞职信05建议信建议信07，09推荐信11请求信请求信06申请信邀请信感谢信10，感谢+邀请致歉信08祝贺信投诉信五、 各种书信的模板范文：1、求职信：段落内容提要1有工作经验内容提要2应届毕业生Paras1:自我介绍自我介绍s2：写信的目的-求职写信的目的Paras1:有应聘的资质（总句）有资质s2：资质1-教育背景优秀的教育背景s3：资质2-工作背景英语水平s4：资质3-综合素质素质s5：其他资祥见简历自我评价Paras1 :表示感谢请求面试s2:期待回复期待回复范文1-有工作经验者Dear Sir or Madam, To Whom It May Concern, To Those Concerned,Im writing the letter for the purpose of applying for the position as advertised in local newspaper (Talent Website, Talent Market, Job Market) of last week.My qualifications, I believe, amply meet your requirement. In the first place (At the top of the list), my major, marketing (English education) ensures (guarantees) that my education background is right in accord (line, agreement) with this job. In the second，my previous experience as a sales (professional manager, assistant)has helped lay a solid foundation for the job here. Finally (last but not the least), I am a good team player, self-motivated and eager to learn. Please refer to my resume for more details.Thank you for your due attention to the letter. Looking forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience. Yours truly Zhang Wei 范文二：应届毕业生Dear sir or Madam, I am an undergraduate from Sichuan University. Im writing the letter for the purpose of applying for the position of your Public Relationship Department manager. My qualifications are as follows. Firstly, in the past 4 academic years, I have proved myself to be a straight-A students, awarded a succession of scholarships. Besides, my English is particularly excellent, which will reach the requirements set by a foreign company like yours. Finally, I am a good team player, self-motivated and eager to learn. In short, I believe that I deserve your consideration. I should be very happy if you would schedule an interview with me. Im looking forward to your reply. Yours faithfully, (sincerely) Zhang Wei2、辞职信：段落内容提要ParaS1：写信的目的 ParaS1：辞职原因（总述）S2：原因1 工作性质不适合S3：原因2 薪水S4：呼应开头，强调目的 ParaS1: 感谢S2：致歉范文： Dear Mr. Wang, Im writing the letter for the purpose of telling you my decision to quit. The reasons are as follows. After two months of work, I find that the work (it) inappropriate for me to serve (act as, work as) an editor here for the following reasons. First and foremost, (At the top of the list, Firstly, To begin with), I ever expected the job to be challenging and rewarding, which has turned out to be the opposite. In addition, (Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, also,) the salary has proved to be much lower than you originally promised and I have a large family to support. I intend to spend more time staying with my family. In short, Ive made up my mind to quit the job (resign from the job, depart from the position) after much deliberation. Thank you for having offered me the splendid opportunity to work with the outstanding staff here. (you due attention to the letter. spending time reading the letter.) I am sincerely (genuinely) sorry for any inconvenience caused. Please let me know if there is anything I need to do before my resignation. (departure) Yours truly, Zhang Wei3、建议信 段落内容提要ParaS1： 自我介绍S2：写信的目的ParaS1：问题严重性S2：有建议(总述)S3：建议1S4：建议2 S5：建议3ParaS1: 感谢S2：期待范文1：给当地报纸建议治理白色污染Dear Editor, (Dear Sir or Madam, To Those Concerned,) I am a faithful reader of your newspaper and Im writing the latter for the purpose of conveying (expressing/extending) my deepest concern about “White Pollution”. It must be admitted (pointed) that the current situation is going from bad to worse. Therefore, its urgent (imperative) for us to take even more drastic measures. Firstly, we should appeal to the authorities concerned to institute (set up) stricter regulations against this pollution. Secondly, we must enhance the publics awareness of its gravity, which is of vital importance to the solution. Finally, mass media (the scientists) should help devise ways of alleviating the worsening trend. Thanks a lot for your due attention to this letter. Im looking forward to some changes in our society. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 范文2：给学校图书馆提出改进服务水平的建议信Dear Sir or Madam, I am a student (freshman/sophomore/junior/senior) from the Foreign Languages Department (college/school). Im writing the letter for the purpose of convey my deepest concern about the librarys service. It must be pointed out that the current situation is going from bad to worse. Therefore, its urgent (imperative) for us to take some drastic measures. To begin with, why not arrange an inquiry desk at the circulation hall? In addition, the student should have access to the latest issues of foreign magazines. Last but not the least (Finally), youd better maintain strict order at the reading room. Thanks a lot for your due attention to this letter. Im looking forward to seeing some new changes in our library. Yours sincerely, Li Ming4、 道歉信 从加拿大回国，不小心把房东的CD给带到了中国 段落内容提要ParaS1：自我介绍S2：写信的目的（致歉）ParaS1：缘由S2：深表歉意S3：解决方案S4：方案实施ParaS1: 再次致歉S2：期待谅解Dear Bob, I am the Chinese student who lodged at your house during my stay in Canada. Im writing the letter for the purpose of conveying (expressing/extending) my sincere apology to you for my carelessness. When I got home, I found that I had forgotten to return the music CD that you were so kind to lend me. Im feeling awfully sorry for it.As I understand that this CD is one of your favorites, Ill try my best to send you as soon as possible. Based upon (According to/In the light of) the regulations concerned of Chinas Postal services, it will take almost a week to reach Canada. Please accept my heartfelt (sincere/genuine) apology. I do hope that you would forgive me for my carelessness. (Im looking forward to your reply at your convenience. Wish you all the best.) Yours truly, Li Ming5、 推荐+介绍信段落内容提要ParaS1：写信的目的S2：被推荐人的目的ParaS1：有资质S2：资质1S3：资质2S4：因此推荐ParaS1: 感谢（关注）S2：期待（回复）Dear Li Ming: Im writing the letter for the purpose of recommending to you Judy, one of my friends. Shes seeking employment as an English teacher in your school. (as a sales manager in your corporation.)As far as I know, his qualifications just amply meet your requirements. For one thing, his previous working experience as middle school English teacher (as a sales manager assistant) lay a solid foundation for the work here. For another, she is a good team player, self-motivated and eager to learn. Accordingly, Im certain that she deserves your consideration.Thanks a lot for your due attention to this letter. Im looking forward to your reply at your convenience. Yours sincerely, Zhang Wei 范文2 介绍信段落内容提要ParaS1：写信的目的ParaS1：当事人现状S2：目的S3：当事人困难S4：愿望S5:请帮助ParaS1: 感谢S2：期待（回复）Dear Li Ming, Im writing the letter for the purpose of introducing to you Judy, one of my best friends. (colleagues/ classmates) Presently, she is studying at Sichuan University. She will graduate in July and go to America to study further. (for further study) As it is the first time for her to study abroad, she is likely to encounter a variety of problems. (troubles/difficulties) Therefore, she hopes to obtain (receive) your guidance in some ways. I would be grateful if you could kindly lend her a hand. Thanks a lot for your due attention to this letter. Im looking forward to your reply at your convenience. Yours sincerely, Zhang Wei6、 祝贺信段落内容提要ParaS1：写信的目的（祝贺）ParaS1：你艰辛S2：你心情S3：你值得S4：鼓舞我S5:我为你骄傲ParaS1: 再次祝贺S2：祝福更成功Dear Judy, Im writing the letter for the purpose of conveying my sincere (genuine/heartfelt) congratulations on your promotion to general manager of the company. (graduation from the graduate school / admission into Sichuan University) I know how hard youve worked to attain achieve (achieve) this goal. Therefore, I can image your excitement when you realized (accomplished) such an ambition. Indeed, no one could have been more deserving than you. On the other hand, for me, it is a real encouragement to see your efforts (endeavors /pains ) rewarded. In short, I take great pride in your present (current) success (achievement). Please accept my heartfelt congratulations. Wish you still further success. Yours truly, Zhang Wei7、 感谢信段落内容提要ParaS1：写信的目的（感谢）ParaS1：原因1 （帮）S2：原因2 （友情）善意S3：邀请ParaS1: 再次感谢S2：祝福Dear Judy, I am writing the letter for the purpose of conveying my sincere (heartfelt/genuine) thanks (gratitude) to you for your warm reception during my stay in America. It was your generous help that made it possible for me to have a very pleasant time in the America and a chance (to know America culture). In addition, I consider it as a great honor to make friends with you and I will cherish (value) the good will (friendship) you presente