材料科学与工程专业英语1-19单元课后翻译答案.docx

Unit 1 1.“材料科学”涉及到研究材料的结构与性能的关系。相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构与性质的关系来涉及或操控材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。 2.实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学、腐蚀性。 3.除了结构与性质，材料科学与工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分，即加工与性能。 4.工程师或科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、性能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术，根据以上的原则，他或她就会越自信与熟练地对材料进行更明智的选择。 5.只有在少数情况下，材料才具有最优或最理想的综合性质。因此，有时候有必要为某一性质而牺牲另一性能。 6.Interdisciplinary dielectric constant Solid material(s) heat capacity Mechanical property electromagnetic radiation Material processing elastic modulus 7.It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. 8. Materials engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing and application of materials. 9. 10.Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force. Unit 2 1. 金属是电和热很好的导体，在可见光下不透明；擦亮的金属表面有金属光泽。 2. 陶瓷是典型的导热导电的绝缘体，并且比金属和聚合物具有更高的耐热温度和耐恶劣环境性能。 3. 用于高科技领域的材料有时也被称为先进材料。 4. 压电陶瓷在电场作用下膨胀和收缩；反之，当它们膨胀和收缩时，他们也能产生一个电场。 5. 随着能够观察单个原子或者分子的扫描探针显微镜的出现，操控和移动原子和分子以形成新结构成为可能，因此，我们能通过一些简单的原子水平的构建就可以设计出新的材料。 6. advanced materials ceramic materials high-performance materials clay minerals alloy implant glass fibre carbon nanotube 7. Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. 8. Many of polymeric materials are organic compounds with very large molecular structures. 9. Semiconductors hace electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors(viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulators(viz. ceramics and polymers). 10. Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues. Unit 3 1金属的行为（性质）不同于陶瓷的行为（性质），陶瓷的行为（性质）不同于聚合物的行为（性质）。 2原子结构主要影响化学性质、物理性质、热学性质、电学性能、磁性能、光学性能。微结构和宏观结构虽也能影响这些性能但是他们主要影响力学性能和化学反应速率。 3金属的强度表明原子是通过强的键结合在一起的。 4元素的原子序数表明该元素的原子核内带正电的质子数。而原子的原子量则表明该原子核中质子数与中子数。 5Microstructure macrostructure Chemical reaction atomic weight Balanced electrical charge positively charged proton 6. 100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to support tall buildings, 7The facts suggests that metallic atoms are held together bu strong bonds. 8. Microstructure which includes features that cannot be seen with the naked eye,but using a microscope. Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with the naked eye. 9. The atomic weight is the sum of proton number and neutron number in the nucleus. Unit 4 1当密度小于水的密度时，物体将漂浮在水面上，当密度大于水的密度时，物体会沉降。相似的，当比重小于1时，物体将漂浮在水面上，当比重大于1时，物体会沉降。 2由于相互排斥而往相反的方向移动，导致磁通量密度比真空中小，这种材料为反磁性材料。 3使磁通量密度提高1倍以上小于或等于10倍的材料叫顺磁性材料，使磁通量密度提高10倍以上的材料叫铁磁性材料。 4某些铁磁性材料，特别是一些粉末状或夹层铁，钢或镍合金的相对导磁率可高达1000000。反磁性材料的相对导磁率小于1，但是到目前还没有哪种材料的相对导磁率远小于1。 5当顺磁性或铁磁性的芯插入线圈时，其磁感应系数等于相对磁导率乘以空芯时的磁感应系数。 6specific gravity boiling point magnetic induction coefficient of thermal conductivity glass transition temperature non-ferrous metals linear coefficient of thermal expansion mass per unit of volume 7. Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties. 8. Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma. 9. At some temperature below the melting point, polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which tesults in a soft and pliable material. 10. In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute. Unit 5 1. 金属的力学性能决定了材料的使用范围及期望的服役寿命。 2. 因此，一般多测几次以得到力学性能，报导的数值一般是平均值或者计算的 统计最小值。 3材料的承载方式极大地影响了材料的力学性能，也决定了材料失效形式，以及在失效前是否有预警。 4然而，受力弯曲时会产生一个应力分布，应力大小与到轴线的垂直距离有关。 5材料受到低于临界压力即屈服强度的力时，材料才会发生弹性形变。 6 Test specimen static loading force normal axis Engineering strain critical stress yield strength stress area Stress- strain curve 7. Temperatures below room temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties of metallic alloys; while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually decrease. 8. From the respective of what is happening within a material, stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it. 9. Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material. 10. A material with high strength and high ductility will hace more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility.Unit 6 1. 随着影响我们星球上人类生存条件的社会问题的即将出现，材料科学与工程界有责任和机遇通过解决未来世界的需求在能量、交通、住房、饮食、回收和健康方面的需求来改变世界。 2. 不发达国家的人口增长率远高于1.4%的世界平均人口增长率。 3. 全球能源使用的预算在2025以前将以每年1.7%速度增长，这比世界人口增长率快多了。 4. 此外，发达地区的人均能量使用量是不发达地区人均能量使用量的九倍以上。 5. gross domestic product materials science and engineering market economy Societal issues economic index sanitation Gross national product popilation growth rate 6. Some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity, the engineers ability to address societal needs, and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering. 7. We have witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that hace taken place in medicine, telecommunications, and transportantion industries. 8. Eighteen percent of the worlds population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40% has no access to sanitation. 9. Materials and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe. Unit 7 1. 从化学角度来说，金属是一类容易失电子以形成正离子的元素，它与其他金属原子形成金属键。 2. 金属键的无方向性被认为是金属具有延展性的主要原因。 3. 存在着共价键的晶体只有在原子之间的键断裂的情况下变形，从而导致晶体破裂。 4. 合金特别是为满足更高应用要求的合金比如喷气发动机，可能含有十种以上的元素。 5. delocalized electron electronic structure alkaline earth metal chemical cell nuclear charge electric conductivity 6. Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons. 7. Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density, and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving. 8. An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal. 9. Combining different ration of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics. Unit 8 1. 超耐热合金的发展非常依赖于化学与加工的创新，并主要受到航空和能源工业的推动。 2. 抗蠕变性能主要取决于晶体结构内位错速度的放缓。 3. 超耐热合金在加工方面的发展使超耐热合金的操作温度大幅度提高。 4. 单晶高温合金是运用改进的定向凝固技术而形成单晶的，因此在材料中并无晶界。 5. faced-centred cubic crystal structure turbine entry temperature metallic materials phase stability nuclear reactor synthesis of nanoparticle 6. Superalloys typically hace an sustenitic faced-centered cubic crystal structure. 7. Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance. 8. Superalloys are widely used in aircraft ,submarines, nuclear reactors and military electric motors. 9. At high temperatures the gaseous aluminum chloride(or fluoride) is transfereed to the surface of part and diffuseds inside. Unit 9 1. 腐蚀过程从本质上说是一个电化学的过程，有着与电池相同的本质特征。 2. 从矿物中提炼金属所需能源的问题与后续的腐蚀和能量释放直接相关。 3. 当电子与中和的正离子（如电解液中的氢离子）发生反应时，阴极处电子得 以平衡。 4Protective film circuit Free electron electron transfer Metal cation anode reaction 5. Some metals, such as gold and silver, can be found in the earth in their natural, metallic state, and they have little tendency to corrode. 6. Oxidation is the process of stripping electrons from an atom and reduction occurs when an electron is added to an atom. 7. If the surface becomes wet, corrosion may take place through ionic exchange in the surface water layer between the anode and cathode. 8. Corrosion is commonly classification based on the appearance of the corroded material. Unit 10 1. 我们要观察（研究）这些性能，看它们与我们所期望的陶瓷的组成有多匹配。 2. 在高于玻璃化转变温度的高温下，玻璃不再具有脆性行为，而表现为粘稠液 体。 3. 它们显示出优异的力学性能、抗腐蚀/氧化性能，或电学、光学抑或是磁学 性能。 4. 一般认为，先进是最近100年才发展起来的，而传统的基于粘土的陶瓷早 已在25000多年前就被使用了。 5. the glass transition temperature ionic-covalent bond Stress distribution coefficient of thermal expansion Glass optical fibre materials science and engineering Solid-oxide fuel cells electron microscopy 6. Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material. 7. Ceramic are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strength. 8. Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property. 9. The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure, which determines their properties. Unit 11 1. 材料科学与工程领域经常是根据四大方面合成与加工，结构与组成，性质 与性能之间的相互联系来定义的。 2 我们不仅要考虑具有完美晶格和理想结构（的情况），我们也要考虑材料中 不可避免的结构缺陷的存在，甚至是无定形的。 3. 通过热压可使孔径减小从而得到高密度产品。 4. 在运输时，厂方要提供关于产品危害方面的信息。 5. crystalline ceramics grain boundary Alkaline earth oxide oxide additive Triple point saturation magnetization Television tube the color scale 6. To understand the behavior and properties of any material, it is essential to understand its structure. 7. The grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were consolidated. 8. Transparent or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phase particles. 9. Alumina ceramics are used as electrical insulators because of theie high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant.Unit 12 1. 材料的选择是任何组分设计至关重要的环节，尤其在植入体和其它医疗器 械方面是特别重要的。 2. 我们能进行承载应用的三种主要材料是金属、聚合物和陶瓷。 3. 高密度、高纯度的氧化铝被大量的用于植入物，特别是在需要承载压力的 髋关节修复和牙移植中。 4. 在陶瓷或陶瓷复合材料中，氧化锆的磨损率远远高于氧化锆铝的磨损率。 5. controlled reaction stress shielding Total hip prosthese strain-to-failure ratio Mechanical stress flexural strength Martensitic transformation 6. Biomaterial is a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems. 7. These repairs become necessary when the existing part becomes diseased, damaged, or just simply wears out. 8. Because of its low density, cancellous bone has a lower E and higher strain-to-failure ratio than cortical bone. 9. Eliminating stress shielding, by reducing E, is one of the primary motivations for the development of bioceramic composites. 10. There are questions concerning the long-term effect of a radiation emission from zirconia ceramics. Unit 13 1. 聚合物的俗名叫塑料，这个词指的是一大类具有许多性质和用途的天然材料和合成材料。 2. 聚合物合成是一个把叫做单体的小分子通过共价键的结合形成链的过程。 3. 支化聚合物分子是由一条带有一个或多个侧基或支链的主链组成。一些特 殊的支化聚合物有星型聚合物、梳状聚合物和刷状聚合物。 4. 某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的胆识结构却相关的单体组成的，例如聚核 苷酸是由核苷组成的。 5. persistence length cross-link Polar monomer nucleic acid Polymerization polyelectrolyte 6. Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques. 7. Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide sbunits. 8. A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network. 9. In polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer. Unit 14 1. 大量合成的聚合物具有碳-碳骨架，这是因为碳原子具有与其它原子形成更强 更稳定的键的优异性能。 2. 它们在一定范围内软化，这与完好晶体相具有非常明确的熔点不同。 3. 分子量取决于其合成时的条件，因此分子量可能分布很宽或分布很窄。 4. Goodyear 很偶然的发现了在橡胶中加入硫磺并加热这个混合物能使橡胶 变硬，对氧化和化学进攻能力的敏感性降低。 5. thermosetting plastic cross-sectional area Polymerization reaction double bond Chemical composition carboxylic acid Melting point degradation by oxidation 6. Polymer with different chemical composition has different physical and chemical property. 7. A thermosetting plastic is shaped through irreversible chemical processes and therefore cannot be reshaped readily. 8. Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically reactive. 9. Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against degradation by oxidation. Unit 15 1. 逐渐增强的环境意识促使包装薄膜及其加工既要方便使用又要具有环境友 好的特点。 2. 显而易见，实现这些性能对控制和改进机械性能和阻隔性能是非常重要的。 3. 在羧酸、醇、醛、酮的含氧生物降解过程中，由水和热引发的过氧化反应可 以使之降解成低摩尔质量的物质，这就是碳氢聚合物力学性能降低的主要原因。 4. 用持久耐用的聚合物做短期使用的包装材料并不合理，另外也是因为包装材 料被食物污染后再进行物理回收是不切合实际的。 5. natural gas packaging materials Aroma compound bioplastic material Chemical structure the life cycle of biomass 6. Bacteria , fungi, enzymes start the bioassimilation giving rise to biomass and CO2 that finally form the humus. 7. The bioplastic aim is to imitate the life cycle of biomass, which includes conservation of fossil resources, water and CO2 production. 8. During the oxo-degradation of carboxylic acid, molecules of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones degradable with low molar mass are produced by peroxidation initiated by heat or light . 9. While most of the commercialized biopolymer materials are biodegradable, these are not fully compostable in real composting conditions, which vary with temperature and relative humidity. Unit 16 1. 比如，多相金属在微观尺度上是复合材料。但一般意义上的复合材料是指通 过键的作用使两种或多种不同的材料结合在一起的材料。 2. 最常见的是，复合材料有一个连续的叫基体的本体相，还有一个分散的非连 续的叫增强相的相。 3. 先进材料采用了树脂与纤维的复合材料，一般为碳/石墨，凯芙拉或玻璃纤维 与环氧树脂的复合材料。纤维具有高的硬度，而聚合物树脂基体能保持复合材料的结构。 4. 如果复合材料设计和制备合理的话，复合材料就既具有增强相的强度又具 有基体的韧性从而得到了性能的理想组合，这是任何一种组分单独存在时所具备的性能。 5. composite material reinforcement material Fiberglass matrix material Strengthening mechanism conventional material 6. A composite is commonly defined as a combination of two or more distinct materials, each of which retains its own distinctive properties, to create a new material with properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone. 7. Carbon-epoxy composties are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as stiff. Composites are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh enviroments, and are repairable. 8. According to the conception of composite , reinforced plastics, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix composites and concrete are composites. 9. In fiber-reinforced composites, the fiber is the primary load-bearing component. Fiberglass and carbon fiber composites are examples of fiber-reinforced composites. Unit 17 1. 震荡、撞击或者重复的周期性应力能导致两层的界面处发生薄层分离，这种 情况叫剥离。 2. 3. 事实上，工业材料既要质轻又要牢固的要求是推动复合材料发展的主要动 力。 4. 提到飞机，值得铭记的是复合材料不像金属（如铝）那样在压力的作用下会完全解体。 5. orthotropic thermoset Thermoplastic Youngs Modulus Mechanical property constants extreme enviroment 6. In contrast, isotropic material ( for example, aluminuim or steel), in standard wrought forms, typically have the same stiffness regardless of the directional orientation of the applied forces and /or moments. 7. The greatest advantage of composite materials is strength and stiffness combined with lightness. 8. This makes them ideal for use in products thar are exposed to extreme enviroments such as boats, chemical-handling equipments and spacecrafts. 9. Composites will never totally replace tranditional materials like steel, but in many cased they are just what we need. Unit 18 1. 具有相分离的聚合物共混材料经常出现纳米尺度的相。 2 在过去几十年