定语从句(高考复习完整版).doc

。定 语 从 句一、定义及特点：在复合句中用来修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。其特点是定语从句的引导词是先行词的替身，既起联系作用，同时又充当定语从句的一个成分，所以掌握定语从句的关键在于：弄清楚其先行词的所指、所作成分和可否省略。 二、分类及区别：定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。它们的区别有四点：1、从重要性上看：限制性定语从句在整个句子中比较重要，省去后会影响整个句子意思的表达；而非限制性定语从句则反之。 2、从句子形式上看：限制性定语从句的引导词前面无逗号，而非限制性定语从句的引导词前面有逗号。 3、从引导词上看：that，why可以引导限制性定语从句，但却不可以引导非限制性定语从句。 4、从引导词可否省略上看：在限制性定语从句中作宾语的引导词可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中的引导词无论作什么成分都不可以省略。 三、用法（详解）一、限制性定语从句的用法：（一）关系代词引导的定语从句。1、关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose，as引导的定语从句的用法。 that可以指人，也可以指事物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语（作宾语时可以省略）。如：Who is the man that is reading a newspaper there？（作主语指人）The girl（that）we saw yesterday is Jims sister.（作宾语指事物）A dolphin is an animal that lives in the sea.（作主语指事物）The moon cakes that mother cooked taste nice.（作宾语指事物） which指事物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语（作宾语时可以省略）。如：The silk which is produced in Suzhou sells well.（作主语指事物）The song（which）the singer sang were very popular.（作宾语指事物）who，whom指人：who，whom在定语从句中分别作主语或宾语（who也可以作宾语，who/whom作宾语时可以省略）；whose可以指人（= of whom）或事物（=of which）不可以省略）。如：The student who sits on my left is an American.（作主语指人） The person（who/whom）you just talked to is our headmaster.（作宾语指人）I know the woman whose daughter studies abroad.（作定语指人）as指物，常用于suchas，the sameas，asas结构中，在定语从句中作宾语、表语、定语和状语，不可以省略。如：This is not such a book as I expected.（作宾语指物） It is the same place as it used to be.（作表语指物） I like the same book as you do.（作定语指物）I shall do it in the same way as you did.（作状语指物）（二）关系副词引导的定语从句。1、关系副词when，where，why引导的限制性定语从句的用法。when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，不可以省略。如：We still remember the years when/during which we studied together.where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，不可以省略。如：This is the place where/in which he lives.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，不可以省略。如：Do you know the reason why/for which I was late for class？定语从句考点讲解根据定语从句先行词的所指（指人/物/时间/地点/原因）、先行词的所做成分、及其可否省略，三个因素来综合确定定语从句的引导词。一、 四个引导词1.只用that引导定语从句的情况：当先行词既有人又有物时，只能用that。如：They talked about the things and persons that they remembered in the school.当先行词是数词或all，much，little, everything，anything，nothing，none，the one等指物的不定代词时，只能用that。如：Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive. I had to remember everything that the teacher taught me.注意：当先行词是something时，关系代词用that/which都可以；当先行词是someone，anyone，everyone，somebody，anybody，nobody，everybody，all，those，one（s）指人时，关系代词用that，who，whom都可以。 当先行词被all，much，some，any，（a）few，(a) little，no, none, no one等修饰时，只能用that。如：I have done all the things that he told us to do. He has no books that I need. 当先行词是序数词/形容词最高级或被序数词/形容词最高级修饰时，只能用that。如：He was the first（person）that got to the top of the Mount Qomolangma.He worked out the most difficult problem that I had seen.I like the tallest（person）that was asked to come here. 当先行词被the very，the only，the last修饰时，只能用that。如：It is the very book that I am looking for. 当主句主语为what, who，which开头的特殊疑问句时，只能用that。如：Who is the boy that was here just now？Which is the bike that you lost？ 主句是There/Here be结构时，当主语指物时，修饰其主语的定语从句用that引导；同时，定语从句部分是there be句型时，也只能用that引导。如：There is still a seat that is free. He asks for a book that there is on the subject. 当句子中有两个以上从句，其中一个已经用了which时，只能用that。如：Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 当先行词是主句的表语而引导词又在定语从句中作表语时，只能用that。如：China is no longer the country that it used to be.2.只用which引导定语从句的情况： 作介词的宾语且介词提前的时候（此时which不可省略）。如：This is the house of which the windows face south. 引导非限制性定语从句的时候（此时which不可省略）。如：His dog，which was very old，became ill. 一个句子有两个定语从句时，为了避免重复，一个用that引导，另一个用which引导。如：He built up a factory that produce things which had never been seen before. 先行词为that/those时。如：What was that which we saw last night? 先行词后面有插入语时。如：The book, I thought, which you lent me yesterday is very expensive.3. as引导定语从句的情况： as可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语、表语和宾语。如：We have found such materials as are used in their factory. (as作主语)These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected. (as作宾语)He is not the same man as he was. (as作表语) as引导限制性定语从句的情况：a.当先行词被such, so, as修饰的时候，常用as引导定语从句。此时应注意与such/sothat引导的结果状语从句区别开来。如：He is such a good person as I always dream of making friends with. （as引导的定语从句）He is such a good person that I always dream of making friends with him. （suchthat引导的结果状语从句）He is so clever a boy as everyone likes. (as引导的定语从句)He is so clever a boy that every one likes him. (as引导结果状语从句) b.注意the sameas与the samethat引导定语从句的区别：如：This is the same pen as I lent to you. (这和我借给你的那支笔相似。)This is the same pen that I lent to you. (这就是我借给你的那支笔。) c. 注意：.such as结构中，such为代词，意为这样的人或物，as在从句中作成分，修饰先行词such的用法。.如：The book is not such as I expect. as引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别：a. as引导非限制性定语从句时，可以位于主句前面、中间或后面；而which引导非限制性定语从句时，不能位于主句前面。如：As anybody can see，this elephant is like a snake.= This elephant is like a snake，as anybody can see. He is from America，which I know from his composition. b. as通常用于一些常用结构或习惯用语中：as be known /expected /reported /announced /shown, as is well-known, as is known to all, as has been pointed out, as has been said, as is mentioned above, as anybody can see, as often happens等。如：As is shown in the chart, the private cars are more and more in our country. c. as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词只能是主句的整个内容；而which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词既可以使整个主句的内容，也可以是主句中的一个词。如：He is a famous scientist, as/which we all know.He has a beautiful house, which is very expensive.d. as引导非限制性定语从句时，仍然保持作连词的某种含义。如：He is tall, as are my brothers. (as正如.，像一样)She opposed the idea, as could be expected. (as正如)e. 非限制性定语从句表否定或否定含义时多用which。如：It will rain tomorrow, as we all know now. His father is a robber, which isnt a secret. f. 引导词在非限制性定语从句中作主语时，如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用which引导；如果后面常接动词的被动语态，多用as引导。如：be known, be said, be reported, be announced等。如：It will rain tomorrow, as is known to all now. It will rain tomorrow, which makes us very happy.g.当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时，只能用which引导定语从句。如：Betty always tells a lie, which her parents found strange.4. where引导定语从句的情况： where引导定语从句时，其前面一般不加介词，但from where是个例外。如：They stood near the window, from where he can see the whole yard. (where指near the window) 注意where引导定语从句和状语从句的区别：如：Beijing is a city where there is a beautiful lake. (定语从句)The trees should be planted where there is a beautiful lake. (地点状语从句)Youd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions. (定语从句Youd better make a mark where you have any questions. (地点状语从句) 高考试题中对于where的用法趋于复杂，从先行词为“明显的地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上，对于where这个词，考生不能只理解为表地点。当先行词表示某人、物得situation, 或某事物发展的stage,或表达某事物的某个方面时都可以用where这个关系副词。如：They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.注意这种用法不是仅仅限于定语从句，特殊疑问句中的where, 名词性从句中的where都有这种用法。如：Where will all this trouble lead? That is where you are mistaken.二. 四种结构1.when = 适当介词(in/at/during等)+which，where = 适当介词（in/at/on/under等+ which，why = for which。关系副词when, where, why引导定语从句时，可以变成“介词 + 关系代词（which）”结构引导定语从句。如：We still remember the day when/on which we met for the first time.This is the place where/in which he lives.Do you know the reason why/for which I was late for class？2.介词 + 关系代词（which/whom/whose）.此结构中的关系代词不可以省略。注意此结构常有两种考法：一是考查介词（即介词的确定或错用）；二是考查关系代词（即关系代词的确定或错用） 此结构中介词的确定方法（可以根据定语从句的谓语动词、引导词和句子意思确定）。a. 根据与定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯选用介词。如： on which I spent five yuan. for which I paid five yuan.This is the book from which I learnt a lot. about which Tom often talks. b. 根据与先行词的搭配习惯选用介词。如： the day on which I joined the army.I still remember the days during which I lived in the country. the years in which I stayed there.Yesterday，on which I saw you，is Monday.Shanghai，in which I was born，is very beautiful.c. 同时考虑先行词和介词的搭配关系以及介词和定语从句中谓语动词的搭配关系选用介词。如：He made a hole in the wall，through which he could see what was happening inside the house.d. 根据句子意思确定介词。如：The brave man by whom the tiger was shot is a good hunter.The clever boy made a hole in the wall，through which he could see the garden.注意：当介词和定语从句中的谓语动词构成固定的不可分割的短语时，不能将介词拆开来提到引导词which，whom，whose + 名词的前面来。（动词短语是否可以拆分，关键看拆分后与拆分前的意思是否相同。如果意思不变，便可以拆分，否则不行。）如：The girl whom（who）I am looking for is my sister.（look for为“寻找”，拆开后look为“看”，两者意思不同，所以不可以将for拆开来放在引导词前面） 此结构中关系代词的考查：先行词指人时多用whom/whose，先行词指物时多用which。注意此结构中不可用that，并且引导词不可以省略。如：The man from whom I borrowed an umbrella is a friend of mine.= The man whom I borrowed an umbrella from is a friend of mine. Yesterday，on which I saw you，is Monday. Shanghai，in which I was born，is very beautiful. 3. whose + 名词（指人时）= the + 名词 + of whom; whose + 名词（指物时）= the + 名词 + of which.I know Tom whose father is a scientist. = I know Tom, the father of whom is a scientist.This is the house whose door is red.= This is the house, the door of which is red.4.数量词（one third, three fourths等），形容词最高级（the tallest, the earliest等），代词（all, both, some, most, several, (a) few, (a) little, many, much, none, half等）+ of whom/which结构，此结构引导定语从句常常表示整体与部分关系。如：There are about 1,000 people here, many of whom are workers.I have a lot of books, most of which are well worth reading.三、与三类先行词的关系1.先行词是表时间、地点、原因的名词时，定语从句的引导词不一定必须用when，where，why（当它们在定语从句中作状语时，分别用when，where，why；当它们在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，只能用that/which）。如：I will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.I will never forget the days that/which we spent together.Hangzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake.Hangzhou is a beautiful city that/which has a beautiful lake.The reason why he was late for school is that he was ill.The reason that/which he gave isnt believable. 2. 先行词是case, condition, situation, position, point, stage等名词表示情况、方面、处境，并且在定于从句中作状语时，常用where引导定语从句；在定语从句中作主语、宾语时，常用which/that引导定语从句。如：I met the situation where I cant find my direction. I met the situation that/which I have never met before. 3. 先行词为way时，在定语从句作状语时，常用that/in which引导，或者省略引导词；当先行词time表次数时用that引导定语从句(that可以省略)，表一段时间时用when（或at/during + which）引导定语从句。如：Can you tell me the way (that/in which) you solve the problem? (指代way的先行词在定语从句中作状语)Can you tell me the way (that/which) you solve the problem with? (指代way的先行词在定语从句中作宾语)This is the second time（that）the president has visited the country.I could hardly remember how many times (that) Ive failed.This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones and no TV sets. 四、与三种句型的关系1. 限制性定语从句与同位语从句的关系。定语从句与同位语从句的区别：定语从句的先行词在定语从句中要作成分，而同位语从句的先行词在同位语从句中不作成分。 定语从句的先行词可以是人，也可以是物，而同位语从句的先行词一般是表示抽象概念的名词（fact，idea，belief，information，news，message，question，answer，reply，thought，hope，doubt等）。 定语从句的引导词要受先行词的限制（与先行词保持一致），而同位语从句的引导词不受先行词的限制，只根据从句表达的意思选择。如：We all know the fact that is explained in the paper.（定语从句）We all know the fact that the earth moves around the sun.（同位语从句） 2. 限制性定语从句与强调句型的关系。高考时，常将定语从句和强调句型相结合，应特别注意。It is the house where I live that is very beautiful. 3. 非限制性定语从句与并列举的关系。注意区别其结构。He has three sons, two of whom are teachers. (非限制性定语从句)He has three sons, and two of them are teachers. (并列句)He has three sons; two of them are teachers. (并列句)五、其他1. 定语从句引导词的可省与不可省。关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语且介词未提前时，关系代词可以省略；当介词提到关系代词前面时，关系代词不可以省略，非限制性定语从句中的关系代词也不能省略。如：We can borrow the pen（that/which）Mr. Smith write with.We can borrow the pen with which Mr. Smith write with.The man from whom I borrowed an umbrella is a friend of mine. = The man whom I borrowed an umbrella from is a friend of mine. He is from America，which I know from his composition. 2. 定语从句的主谓一致情况：当先行词在定语从句中作主语时，应注意定语从句的谓语动词应与前面的先行词保持数的一致。尤其注意如下结构：one of/not the only one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 复数谓语动词；the only one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 单数谓语动词。如：He gave me five yuan that/which isnt enough for me. He gave me two apples that/which are enough for me.He is one of the students who/that have passed the examination.He is the only one of the students who/that has passed the examination. 3. that, why不能引导非限制性定语从句，分别用which, for which代替。如：I had told him the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting. 4. which引导非限制性定语从句，代替前面整个主句时，which = and this。如：The teacher turned out to be very good, which=and this was more that we could expect.5. “复合介词短语 + which”引导的定语从句。这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号隔开，定语从句常用倒装语序。如：He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree. 6. “介词 + whom/which + 不定式”。如：The poor man has no house in which to live. = The poor man has no house to live in. = The poor man has no house in which he can live.附：1、定语从句的考点错用引导词This is the book who he is looking for.（）This is the book that/which he is looking for.（）定语从句的引导词由先行词决定，当先行词为人时用who，that，whom或whose；当先行词为事物时用that，which。You can tell me anything which I dont know.（）You can tell me anything that I dont know.（）定语从句的先行词为anything，nothing等表示事物的不定代词时，定语从句的引导词只能用that。I like the book from that I borrowed the library.（）I like the book from which I borrowed the library.（）定语从句作介词的宾语且介词提前时，只能用which，whom引导定语从句。I still remember the days when we spent together. （）I still remember the days that/which we spent together. （）表示时间、地点或原因的先行词在定语从句中作时间状语时才能用when，where，why；当这些先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时用that/which。This is the most popular film，that I saw yesterday. （）This is the most popular film，which I saw yesterday. （）that，why不可以引导非限制性定语从句。错省引导词The boy is standing there is my brother. （） The boy who/that is standing there is my brother. （）关系代词做主语时不可以省略。The place in（which）I live is very quiet. （）The place in which I live is very quiet. （）当介词提前时，定语从句的引导词不能省略。He is from America，（which）I know from his composition. （）He is from America，which I know from his composition. （）非限制性定语从句的引导词不能省略。错用、遗漏介词或动词短语中的介词被拆开The pen by which I write a letter is on the table. （）The pen with which I write a letter is on the table. （）错用介词The place which I live is very quiet. （）The place in which I live is very quiet. （）遗漏介词This is the watch for which he is looking. （）This is the watch which he i