生理学 Human_Physiology名解

薛皓制作生理资料绝密 绝密薛皓制作生理资料Physiology 生理学Physiology is one of the biological sciences dealing with normal life phenomena of all living organisms.Human Physiology人体生理学Human Physiology （人体生理学） is one of the biological sciences dealing with normal life phenomena of human being.Organ Physiology器官生理学 （Integrative Physiology 整合生理学）How things work together at different levels of organs as a whole organism.Internal Environment 内环境Extracellular fluid directly baths body cellsInternal environment = Extracellular fluid Homeostasis （ 稳态）Homeostasis means a condition in which physical and chemical properties of internal environment is kept at a “dynamic constancy”.Regulation 调节Regulation- the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal conditions in a constantly changing environmentNervous Regulation 神经调节a process in which body functions are controlled by the nerve system.Pathway: nerve reflex Structure basis: reflex arcTypes: unconditioned reflex and conditioned reflexHormonal Regulation体液调节 a regulatory process performed by hormones or active chemical substances in blood or tissue. Auto-regulation 自身调节direct response of the organ to stimulus, independent of nervous and hormonal control. Feedback Control System反馈控制系统 a process in which a part of output (feedback signal) from controlled organ returns to affect or modify the action of the control system. closed loop system very important control systemNegative feedback 负反馈If the feedback signals produce effect opposite to action of control system, this type of feedback is called negative feedback.Positive feedback 正反馈 If the feedback signals from controlled system increase the action of the control system, this type of feedback is called positive feedback. Feed-Forward Control 前馈控制a direct effect of stimulus (interference or disturbance signal 干扰信号) on control system before action of the feedback signal occursFluid Mosaic Model（ 液态镶嵌模型）Fluid：To be able to flow freely as gases or liquids.Mosaic: a special material that can be inlaid into a picture or patchwork. Cell membrane consists of a double layer of lipid molecules (lipid bilayer ) , in which globular protein molecules are inlaid.Simple Diffusion 单纯扩散a random thermal movement of the substances across membrane down concentration gradientSubstances: O2 CO2 N2 H2 steroids fatty acid alcohol H2OFacilitated Diffusion 异化扩散a diffusion process of lipid insoluble or water soluble substances across cell membrane down their concentration or potential gradients by aid of membrane proteins.Substances: ions: K+ Na+ Ca2+ glucose, amino acid, urea Primary Active Transport 原发性主动转运It is a process, in which the membrane moves substances uphill against their chemical or electrical gradients by directly expending energy (ATP). Substances: ions: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, H+ , I- etc. Mechanism: ion pump /ATPase (离子泵/ATP酶) Secondary Active Transport / cotransport 继发性主动转运It is one of the active transports，in which process the expending energy is supplied indirectly from ATP.Substances: glucose, amino acid, Ca2+, H+ etc. Mechanism: symportersymport, antiporter or exchangerantiport Examples: Na+ - Glucose symporter, Na+-Ca2+ exchangerPhagocytosis吞噬 “cellular eating” （吞噬） cell engulfs a particle and packages it with a food vacuole.Pinocytosis 吞饮 ”cellular drinking” （胞饮）cell gulps droplets of fluid by forming tiny vesicles. (unspecific) including fluid-phase endocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis Endocytosis 入胞The big molecules or the big particles go into the cell with phagocytic vesicles or pinocytic vesicles. Exocytosis出胞Vesicle containing the secretory protein fuses with plasma membrane, to remove contents from cell.Electrotonic potential 电紧张电位The membrane potential whose distribution decides by the passive electronic properties of the membrane.Resting Potential (RP) 静息电位It is an electrical potential difference across cell membrane in a resting cell Polarization 极化( -70 mV, A) （极化 ）It is a state in which membrane is negative inside and positive outside at rest. Depolarization 去极化( A to B ) （去极化） Membrane potential becomes less negative than resting level. Hyperpolarization 超极化 ( A to C ) （超极化） Membrane potential becomes more negative than resting level.Repolarization 复极化( B to A ) （复极化）restoration of polarization stateReverspolarization 反极化( B to D )(反极化) reversal of polarizationAction Potential 动作电位a rapid, reversible and conductive change in membrane potential after cell is stimulated. Threshold / threshold intensity:阈强度It is the minimal or smallest intensity of stimulus to induce action potential when its wave and duration are fixed. Threshold potential 阈电位It is a critical membrane potential level at which an action potential can occur.Value: 15 - 20 mV How to reach it Threshold stimulus depolarizes the membrane to this level. Threshold stimulus:阈刺激 The stimulus with the intensity equal to thresholdSubthreshold stimulus: 阈下刺激The stimulus with the intensity weaker than the thresholdSuprathreshold stimulus:阈上刺激 The stimulus with the intensity greater than the threshold.local response:局部反应 a small local change in membrane potential caused by a subthreshold stimulus.Electrochemical driving force 电化学驱动力The summation of the difference of concentration and the difference of potential which are both the driving force of the ionic transmembrane movement. Excitation: 兴奋The process of the cell to generate the action potentialExcitability:兴奋性 The ability of the cell to generate the action potentialExcitable cells: 可兴奋细胞Cells that generate action potential during stimulus.in excitable cells (muscle, nerve, secretery cells), the action potential is the marker of excitation.a cross bridge cycling 横桥周期 Myosin head is energized. Attachment of cross bridge to actin. Power stroke causes contraction. Detachments of heads from actin. Myosin head is energized again.Power stoke 扭动One angular movement of each cross bridge is called a “power stroke” of the myosin head. Excitation Contraction Coupling 兴奋-收缩耦联It is an intermediary process to link excitation with contraction of the skeletal muscle. Mechanics 收缩力学 Mechanics refers to the study of effects of some factors on muscle shortening or force.Load 负荷a force exerted on muscle by an object (or a weight ).preload 前负荷The force exerted on muscle by an object (or a weight ) before the muscle contraction. It affects the initial length. afterload后负荷The force exerted on muscle by an object (or a weight ) during the muscle contraction. It affects the velocity of the contraction.Twitch 单收缩a brief contraction caused by an action potential at low frequency stimulation.Tetanus 强直收缩 a summation of twitches that occurs at high frequency stimulation.Isometric contraction 等长收缩 a type of contraction that only produces an increase of tension, without shortening. Isotonic contraction 等张收缩 muscle shortening against a constant load, without change in tensionContractility (inotropic state 变力状态，肌力作用 ） It means the intrinsic function state of the contractile elements in the muscle cell.At optimal initial length (最适初长度，Lo) a maximum tension is developed.Hematocrit (Ht ) 血细胞比容 percentage of blood volume occupied by all blood cells 40% 50% in men, 37% 48% in women (45 %)Suspension Stability of RBC ( 红细胞悬浮稳定性 ）a phenomenon that RBC are stable in plasma suspension. Plasma Osmotic Pressure (血浆渗透压) Osmotic pressure : a force produced in higher concentration side to attract H2O in lower side.Crystal Osmotic Pressure (晶体渗透压)It is the osmotic pressure caused by crystal substances. Maintain H2O balance between plasma and intracellular fluid to keep cells in normal volume and shape. 维持细胞内外水平衡及正常Colloid Osmotic Pressure (胶体渗透压)It is the osmotic pressure caused by colloid substances.Role:Maintain H2O balance across blood vascular wall to keep normal blood volume. 维持血管内外水平衡及正常血量Physiological Hemostasis生 理 性 止 血It is a process of clot formation in the damaged vascular wall to prevent bleeding (Gannong) It is a process to arrest bleeding by clot formation automatically. (Guyton)Blood Coagulation （blood clotting 血液凝固）a process of conversion of circulating blood to jelly like clot. Clotting Factors: (凝血因子) a series of substances in plasma or tissues to participate in blood coagulation. Two types Extrinsic factor (only one, TF or FIII)(外源性凝血因子)(It comes from extravascular damaged tissue ) Intrinsic factors ( factors in blood) (内源性凝血因子) Fibrinolysis（纤维蛋白溶解 ， 纤溶）Lysis of blood clot.Blood Groups 血型The types of antigens on surface of RBC. Blood Typing (查血型)It is determined by types of agglutinogens (antigen) on RBC surface.Blood circulation: 血液循环circulation system is made up of the heart and vessels in which blood is flowing in certain direction , going round and begin again.血液循环：心脏和血管组成机体的循环系统，血液在其中按一定方向流动，周而复始。Fast Response Cell快反应细胞The cardiac cell whose action potential causes by the opening of voltage sensitive fast sodium channels, the regenerative process of sodium channels entering the cell quickly.Slow Response Cell 慢反应细胞The cardiac cell whose action potential causes by the opening of voltage sensitive slow Ca2+channel.inward integration 内向整流The K+ permeability decreases during the process of depolarization of I K1 channel.Excitability:兴奋性 It is ability of the excitable cells to develop action potential after stimulated.Effective refractory period (ERP) 有效不应期 ：0 -60mVNo excitability, Na+ channel is in inactivation, or only little reactivated. Stronger stimulation than normal cannot induce a premature potential. Absolute refractory period (ARP) 绝对不应期：0 -55mVNo excitability, Na+ channel is in inactivation. Stronger stimulation than normal cannot induce a premature potential. Local response (no AP)局部反应期 ：-55 -60 mV No excitability, Na+ channel is only little reactivated. Stronger stimulation than normal cannot induce a premature potential.Relative refractory period (RRP)相对不应期 -60 -80mVExcitability lower than normal, Na+ channel is in reactivation, but not fully reactivated. Stronger stimulation than normal induces a premature potential. Supra-normal period (SNP) ：超长期 -80 -90mV Excitability is higher than normal, Vm at this period is less negative than normal RP, and its distance to threshold potential is shorter than normal. The new AP is still smaller than normal. The premature systole (extrasystole)期前收缩If an irritable ectopic focus discharge, the result is a beat that occurs before the cardiac rhythm.Compensatory pause 代偿间歇If the normal impulse reaches the ventricles, they are still in the refractory period following depolarization from the ectopic focus.The second succeeding impulse from the SA node produces a normal beat. Thus ventricular premature beats are followed by a compensatory pause. Phase 4 spontaneous depolarization 4期自动去极化during phase 4 the membrane potential is unsteadiness a slow and spontaneous depolarization(缓慢自动去极化)occurs.Autorhythmicicty（自律性）Some tissues or cell have the ability to produce spontaneous rhythmic excitation without external stimulus.this kind of ability is called Autorhythmicicty.（组织、细胞能够在没有外来刺激的条件下，自动发生节律性兴奋的特性称为自律性。）Latent pacemaker：潜在起搏细胞 Normally, normal pacemaker discharge of SA node is more rapid than their rate of spontaneous discharge, so the His bundle and Purkinji system are called the latent pacemaker. Ectopic pacemaker：异位起搏细胞In abnormal conditions, the His bundle or Purkinji system or myocardial fibers may discharge spontaneously.capture effect (抢先占领) normal pacemaker discharge of SA node is most rapid. overdrive suppression (超速驱动压抑) The larger difference of excitation frequency between two pacemakers, the stronger suppression.Calcium-induced calcium release 钙诱导钙释放 In cardiac muscle, it is opened by Ca2+ entering the cell through L-type of Ca2+ channel on the T tubul (calcium induced calcium release , CICR). Cardiac Cycle 心动周期It is the period from end of one cardiac contraction to the end of next.(1)systole is the period of ventricular contraction within one cardiac cycle.(2)diastole is the period of ventricular relaxation within one cardiac cycle.period of isovolumic contraction 等容收缩期bicuspid valve closed二尖瓣关闭semilunar valve closed 半月瓣关闭 Ap Vp，心室肌强烈收缩，有张力无缩短。Closure of AV valves :first heart sound 房室瓣关闭：第一心音Characteristc:The amplitude of intraventricular pressure pressure increases greatly and sharply .This phase lasts about 0.05s. 室内压大幅度升高，且升高速率很快。period of rapid ejection 快速射血相semilunar valve open 半月瓣开启bicuspid valve closed 二尖瓣关闭 ApVp，AopVp 心室向主动脉快速射血，室内压迅速上升到峰值。Characteristic: The time course takes about 1/3 of the whole ejection period ,and the ejection volume takes about 2/3 of the whole ejection volume.This phase lasts about 0.10s.时间占射血相1/3左右，射血量占总射血量 的2/3左右。 period of slow ejection 减慢射血相semilunar valve open半月瓣开启 bicuspid valve closed二尖瓣关闭 ApVp 心室射血速度减慢， Ap 和Aop都由峰值下降。Characteristic: The time course takes about 2/3 of the whole ejection period ,about 0.15s.The intraventricular pressure and aortic pressure begins to decrease from peak amplitude gradually. 时间占射血相2/3左右，约0.15s。心室内压 和主动脉压都相应由峰值逐步下降。period of isovolumic relaxation 等容舒张相semilunar valve closed半月瓣关闭 bicuspid valve closed 二尖瓣关闭 ApVp 心室继续舒张， Vp快速下降，心室容积不变。 Closure of aortic valves and pulmonary valves : second heart sound 主动脉瓣和肺动脉瓣关闭：第二心音Characteristc: The intraventricular pressure pressure decreases sharply .This phase lasts about 0.06s-0.08s . 心室内压急剧下降，心室容积保持不变。持续时间约 0.06s-0.08s。period of rapid filling 快速充盈相bicuspid valve open二尖瓣开启semilunar valve closed 半月瓣关闭 Ap Vp，AOpVp 血液快速进入心室，心室容积迅速增大。Characteristic: The phase takes 1/3 of diastole period ,lasts about 0.11s .The filling volume takes about 2/3 of the whole filling volume . period of reduced filling 减慢充盈相bicuspid valve open二尖瓣开启semilunar valve closed 半月瓣关闭 Ap Vp，AOpVp 血液缓慢流入心室，心室容积进一步扩大。Characteristic: The filling volume takes about 2/3 of the whole filling volume .Which lasts about 0.22s. Following this phase the cardiac enters into next cardiac cycle.特点：占总充盈量的1/3，持续时间约 0.22s。此后心脏进入下一个心动周期。stroke volume （搏出量） The blood volume expelled (pumped out ) by one ventricle at each heart beat. LV=RV,70mlCardiac Output 心输出量 minute volume (每分输出量) The output of each ventricle per minute is called the cardiac output. (LV=RV) Cardiac Output = Heart RateStroke Volume CO=HRSV =75 70 =5250（ml）ejection fraction（ EF,射血分数）:The percentage of left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV) occupied by stroke volume. (搏出量占心室舒张末期容量的百分比。)cardiac index (CI 心指数) The cardiac output per square meter (m2) of the body surface area. (以单位平方米体表面积计算的心输出量。) It averages 3.0-3.5L/min.m2Cardiac Reserve (心力储备) It is a capacity of the heart to increase cardiac output with the needs of enhanced metabolism.1Stroke Reserve 2.Haert Rate ReserveHeterometric Autoregulation （异长调节） (Starling law) (i.e, effect of preload) It means a kind of regulation that contraction force or tension is controlled by changes of myocardial initial length (i.e, preload, LVEDV, LVEDP) Frank-Starling Mechanism During one specific scope，the bigger the LVEDV, the longer the initial length, and the stronger the strength of the cardiac contraction ，the larger the stoke volume and stoke work .在一定范围内，心室舒张末期容积（压力）越大，初长度越长，收缩力量越强，搏出量和搏功越大。contractidlity (inotropic State,变力状态)心肌收缩能力Through this mechanism the cardiac output may be greatly -increased without changing initial length. (指心肌不依赖于前、后负荷而改变其力学活动的一种内在特性。)homometric regulation 心肌收缩能力的调节等长调节Blood Pressure (血压, BP)It is a force exerted by the blood against unit area of the vascular wall. （intensity of pressure）压强mean circulatory filling pressure MCFP（循环系统内血液充盈的程度可用循环系统平均充盈压表示） when heart beat is stoped, the pressure in any point of cardiovascular system is equal. This pressure is called MCFP.SystoIic Pressure 收缩压 The highest value of aortic blood pressure in systole. 指心室收缩主动脉压达到的最高值。Diastolic Pressure舒张压 The lowest value of aortic blood pressure in diastole.心室舒张时，主动脉压下降，在心舒末期动脉血压的最低值。The mean arterial pressure (MAP) 平均动脉压is the average pressure throughout the cardiac cycleCentral venous pressure （CVP）中心静脉压 It is the pressure in right atrium or large vein in thorax. 腔静脉 (412cmH20)Microcirculation微循环Microcirculation is the blood circulation between arteriole and veinule. The microcirculation is the place where the blood and interstitial fluid to carry out the exchange of substances. 微循环是指微动脉和微静脉之间的血液循环。 微循环是血液和组织之间进行物质交换的场所。 Thoroughfare channel(直捷通路) Arterioles metarteriole后微动脉 thoroughfare capillaries venules Function: The thoroughfare capillaries bypass the exchange areas, and the blood return the heart rapidly.Effective filtration pressure 有效滤过压 EP= ( Pc +pif ) (pp + Pif ) Pc ： capillary blood pressure pif ：colloid osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid pp ： plasma colloid osmotic pressure Pif ： interstitial hydrostatic pressure p ： 以大