论语境在翻译中的重要性.doc

论语境在翻译中的重要性StudyontheImportanceofContext inTranslation 姓名： * 学号： 2008* 专业： 商务英语 级别： 08级 系别： 外语学院英语系指导老师： * 填表日期：2012年4月16日StudyontheImportanceofContext inTranslation论语境在翻译中的重要性ID NO. 20081411246Zhang, Xiaqing Submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements forthe Degree of Bachelor of EnglishSIAS International College of Zhengzhou UniversityApril,16, 2012Faculty Advisor: Zhang, JingwenAcknowledgmentsFirst, I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to Sias University, who provides me with opportunities to fully understand the communications between East and West, and improve my English language abilities to great extent.Then, I sincerely express my thanks to my tutor, Ms Zhang, Jingwen, through the whole process she helped me without any hesitation, and inspired me to tap the potential that beneath the literary meaning and ponder on the questions needing to be solved and displayed in this paper. Her rigorous attitude and refreshing technique guided me to complete this paper without any regret.Additionally, I formally regard my thanks to Professor Hu, Zhuanglin, for his work Cohesion and coherence of discourse, broadening my comprehension in this area, and Professor Jiang, Bingqing , for his work The exploration of context and translation, which thoroughly and entirely taught me the basic knowledge of context and translation.Last but not least, I am also greatly indebted to my dearest parents for their unchanged love and support.Outline. Introduction1. Context22.1 The general idea of the context22.2 Linguistic context and extra - linguistic context3. The influence of linguistic context in translation4 The influence of extra - linguistic context in translation64.1 Situational context64.2 Social and cultural context and translation94.2.1 The influence of values on translation94.2.2 The influence of the attitude of faith on translation104.2.3 The influence of cognitive style on translation114.2.4 The influence of literary tradition on translation124.2.5 The influence of ideology on translation134.2.6 The influence of national traditions and customs on translation134.2.7 The influence of era and environment on translation14 How to avoid the incorrect context application145.1 Be careful that a word has a different meaning in different contexts145.2 Note the reproduction of the original scene155.3 Note different functions of different discourses15. Conclusion16Bibliography18AbstractAs one of the communicative activities of crossing language and culture, translation cannot serve without context. Context plays an important role in translation, because it has a great effect on understanding the text and semantics. That is, the basis of the right translation lies in knowing context well. This article summarizes the study of context at home and abroad, demonstrates separately through how each part of context affects translation and how to grasp these effects in the process of translation. Whats more, this article illustrates in detail the relationship between context and translation, and further explains the importance of the function of context in the process of translation. No matter in the translation theory or translation practices, content should be given enough attention. When translating, we should pay attention to the different meaning of words in different context and different function in different texts. Translation should reproduce the content of original text. Key words：Context; Translation; Importance; Relationship摘 要翻译作为一种跨语言，跨文化的交际活动，不可脱离语境。语境在翻译中发挥着重要作用，因为它对于理解篇幅，语义具有重大作用。因而正确翻译的基础应在与准确地把握语境。本文参考了国内外对语境的研究，通过对比分析前人的研究成果，确定了和翻译关系密切的语境内容，接着通过大量例子分别论证了语境的各部分内容如何影响翻译及翻译时应该如何把握这些影响，对语境和翻译的关系进行了详尽阐释，进一步说明了语境在翻译过程中的重要性，揭示出不论是在翻译理论还是在翻译实践中，语境都应该得到足够的重视。在翻译中，要注意单词在不同的语境中所具有的不同意义要注重不同的语篇具有不同的功能，翻译应再现原文情境。关键词：语境;翻译;重要性;关系 18Study on the Importance of Context in Translation. IntroductionThe language is an information system specific to the human society; its transmission and acceptation always occur in the real environment and are affected and dominated by real environment. This real environment is the basis of social communication and people who use language in society every time are in a particular environment, that is, in particular occasion, at a specific area, for a particular purpose, with the specific object of communication. Specifically, it is the social environment and natural environment of speaking or writing, the contexts of works, and so on, which we call the language environment, short for context. Translation, as between the two languages to convey the semantics of the main purpose, is the language of communication activities, which occurs in the specific language, situational and cultural contexts, and in large part depends on the context.A well-known English saying said: “No context, no text.” In fact, it can also be said that there is no context, no translation. The former indicates the relationship between text and context, while the latter illustrates the important role of context in translation. Text generation requires a certain language environment, only to place themselves under the same conditions and environment, contextual understanding of the original fathom in the context of the authors thought and sentiment, the translators can be possible to rule out all possible to produce ambiguity and the existence of vague, as much as possible reappear the original charm, translate the best article. Context has always been studied by semantics, pragmatics sociologists, folklorists, anthropologists, philosophers and cognitive scientists, while the study of context in the translation has always been a complex issue, involving more than kinds of cross-disciplinary. Here due to space constraints, only intended the content of the context, the relationship of context and translation, the role of context in the translation to explore the importance of context in the translation. Context2.1 The general idea of the contextContext, just as the name suggests, is the environment of using language. Without context, even the simplest language could not be understood, let alone translated. The concept of context appeared as early as the 1930s, proposed by Anthropologist Malinowski, developed by Firth, Halliday, extended context from linguistic context to the subjective and objective environment of which the language is used. Since 1923 Marino Minkowski proposed this term of context, many scholars from different aspects and different fields make a series of studies. Context is roughly divided into linguistic context and extra - linguistic context. But there are also many number of scholars divide the context differently from different angles. Some people started from the theory of the four worlds in communicative activities, divided the context into four species: the linguistic context, physical context, cultural context and psychological context. Some people recognize seven context types according to the interaction of knowledge and awareness, world knowledge, knowledge of the language, the author, body conference, the collective knowledge, specific knowledge and discourse. Some others think that in addition to the context but also the features of the discourse, scene, behavior, environment, and instant outside knowledge. Some people think that the context is the environment of Cognitive, including not only specific contextual factors, such as, context and the immediate physical environment, but also personal knowledge of factors, such as all the known facts, assumptions, information and recognize ability. More scholars obtained the following different division of context after making a brief summary of previous classification: 1) generalized context and narrow context; 2) the situational context and context; 3) Subjective context and objective context; 4) Context appeared and recessive context; 5) the real context and virtual language; 6) Locutionary context and extra - linguistic context.Tracking the research of scholars, we can find that the analysis of the context has been showing a trend of diversification. Contextual features have been divided more specific, while the naming of some of the contextual features are also very inconsistent, sometimes even overlapping, it is difficult to reach agreement. Although that is just a matter of each person having his or her own ideas about the classification of the context, the most basic division of context is linguistic context and extra - linguistic context.2.2 Linguistic context and extra - linguistic contextTranslators should comprehensively and systematically consider the original context to understand the original context. They not only have to make a careful analysis Linguistic context but also study and analyze extra linguistic context. Linguistic context refers to the contents of writings. According to Linguistic context, the meeting of the words in the chapters can be determined. But sometimes only to consider the Linguistic context, still can not make sure the exact meaning of the words. Then extra linguistic context should be taken consideration. Extra linguistic context mainly refers to the communicational background, the objective existence of the natural environment, human environment. This part due to subtle exists in peoples consciousness, unlike Linguistic context, it is not so specific and sensuous and is more difficult to grasp. The influence of linguistic context in translationWhen understanding original text, translators should first consider context. Phrases are the smallest context, though easy, it also has restrictions to the comprehension and translation of words. For example, the basic meaning of good is “hao”，but if in good parents, good wife, good husband, good boy, good children, good neighbor, good player, good looks, good eyesight, good breeding and good dinner, the meaning of good is “hao”, then the meaning of the phases sounds boring. So we can translate these phases correspondly, that is, Loving parents, virtuous wife, dedicated husband, sensible child, filial daughter, harmonious neighbors, good players, beautiful appearance, keen eye and a good education, great feast. But in most cases, just look at the phrases can not be sure the specific meaning of a word; sentences should also be taken into consideration. For example,（1）Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. 相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。（2）He likes maths more than physics. 他喜欢数学甚于物理学。（3）In the sun beam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃像金子一般闪闪发光。（4）Like knows like. 英雄识英雄。“Like”, this simple word can have so many different meanings. If we do not look at the whole sentence, it is difficult to determine its meaning. And in the above examples, In addition to the empty word and proper nouns, almost any pumping word in different sentences has different meanings. Thus we should determine the meaning of the word according to the sentence.When only considering the sentence itself can not make an accurate translation, we should take context, Paragraph, even the whole text. Here we take context as an example, if we do not consider the whole text; it is hard for us to judgment whether station refers to bus station or police station.Later, an officer telephoned for additional details. He said the pairs methods suggested they might be the same men who had committed a number of robberies in the area over the past few months. He asked me to come to the station and look through mug shots. The influence of extra - linguistic context in translation4.1 Situational contextSituational context mainly refers to the condition where discourse occurs, such as, the content of the speech, participants, speech, media and channels and so on. It consists of three parts: field, tenor and mode. Field refers to what happen, the social nature of the activity and activities which participants are engaged in and so on. Tenor refers to who are the participants, the characteristics, nature, status and role of participants, the relationship between the participants, including temporary relationships of exchange role and long-term relationship of social role. Mode refers to the role of language in the scenario, symbolic organization of discourse and its status and functions in the scene, Including channels and rhetoric, such as advice, instructions, theory and narrative. According to the definition of field, tenor and mode, we can sure that field, including the theme, time, Place, occasion. Mode includes the norms of communication, and communication tools and so on. Tenor includes communicational participants and their mutual relations. Three aspects of the situational context, decide the language style of the article through specific communicative themes, communicative participants and communicative manners. Translators have to fully take into account these three factors in order to translate the original style. There is such a poem of Masefield, (18781976) Its a warm wind, the west wind,Full of birds cries;I never hear the west wind,But tears in my eyes.For it comes from the west lands,The old brown hills.And Aprils in the west wind,And daffodils.From his writing specifications, we can see that it is a poem. Then look at his theme, we can see that it is full of love and praise of his hometown. Look at the time of description of scenery, it is in April. It is early summer In China. The poem refers to the west Wind, namely westerly, which is difficult to understand in China.Because of Chinas major blow in April should be warm and humid southeasterly winds, while in autumn and winter should blow cold, dry northwest wind. Thus Chinese do not have a good impression on the westerly, but the author of the poem yet seems descript westerly warm and passionate. Only from the article, the author and we can not reach a resonance, but if analyzing the scenery of the location the authors described, we can understand why the author show special preference to westerly. Because the author is British, the west of British is Atlantic; the east is the European continent, the warm westerly wind slowly blowing from the Atlantic, just like the Chinese east wind. So when Chinese translators translate this poem, it is necessary for us to have the same feeling of British westerly and the Chinese east which feels like spring coming. Just like this, can we translate the spirit of the original poem. Article is the poetry, which expresses the admirable thoughts of hometown. Thus the translation should try to use the language of poetry to translation the phonology of the original beauty, beautiful image, and thoughts of hometown. In a word, the translator should pay attention to the range of utterance in order to decode a proper and decent article. The following piece of text is another example:“Impertinent!” Snorted Imelda. “Have I not also taught you, What the tongue says, the neck pays for? I will not have it said that I could never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders. And before you go to beg their pardon, change those trousers for a dress. You know how your mother in-law feels about pants on a woman.” She always says, “What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster!”First, though analyzing its tenor, we can see that this is a dialogue between a mother and her married daughter. Second, look its manner; it is casual and intimate spoken English. Last, see the language field, it is the remarks of the mother to educate her daughter to respect her in-laws, to apologize to her in-laws. Understanding the original text from the three aspects, it is relatively easy to determine the translation of selecting words. For example, the translation of Impertinent” If there is no context restriction we can translate into rude or rude and so on. Taking the specific context into account, these two translations are not appropriate. From the mothers words, we can conclude that she is a certain identity, status, better-educated and has stringent requirements of daughter. If the translation is impolite, it does not reveal the intimate relationship of the mother and her daughter; if it is translated into really rude, it appears to the utterance of the mother has no level; and if it is translated into no tutor, then fit the original context. Though when outstanding translators are translating, they do not like the above analysis to step-by-step analysis of the original context, subconscious understanding of the original at the same time analyzing the original field of language, tenor, and manner in order to decode a decent article. In a word translators have to make a thorough understanding of the original text, translate the original style and must take into account the three aspects of the situational context.4.2 Social and cultural context and translationZhang, Delu (1998:4) believes that context of culture is the environment of the whole language system, plays a decisive role in the language system. The context of the social environment as a whole language system is called the (context of culture), the context of the environment as a communicative event known as the (context of situation). The context of culture is a concrete manifestation of the cultural context, In turn; the cultural context is achieved by numerous specific context of situation. (Zhang, Delu, 1998:3). Thus, though socio-cultural context plays a decisive role in the language system, at all times affects language, more abstract than the situational context, and more difficult to grasp. Due to social and cultural context both extensive and profound, here we are to discuss from a few points. We know that, affect the translation of social and cultural context including values, beliefs, attitudes, cognitive style, literary tradition, ideology, national habits, and time environment and so on.4.2.1 The influence of values on translationEnglish-Chinese or Chinese-English translators should grasp the different values of East and West. Chinese value collective, stress that the individual is subordinate to the collective, take social inter