修辞：Ironyppt课件.ppt

Irony Ironyisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense 冯翠华 1995 213 1 2 Ironyistheexpressionofone smeaningbyusinglanguagethatnormallysignifiestheopposite typicallyforhumorousoremphaticeffect 2 ClassificationsofIrony therearetwodifferentwaysofdividingIrony Thefirstcaseisbasedonthegenre thesecondcaseisontheform amildformornot 3 Generallyspeaking IronycanbedividedintofourcategoriesonthebasisofGenre 1 VerbalIrony 语言倒反 2 StylisticIrony 风格倒反 3 DramaticIrony 戏剧倒反 4 SituationalIrony 情景倒反 4 1 VerbalIronyWhatanobleillustrationofthetenderlawofhisfavoredcountry theyletthepaupersgotosleep Dickens 这是证明他那可爱的国家的仁慈法律的一个多么漂亮的例证 他们允许穷人睡觉 5 b Itisincrediblethatmereignoranceshouldhaveachievedsuchmasterpiecesofhorror H L Mencken TheLibidofortheUgly 很难想象人们仅仅出于无知会搞出这些可怕的杰作 masterpiecesheremeanstheopposite theextremelyuglybuilding 6 c Afterawhile itisthesettingofmanagainstmanandcreeduntilwearemarchingbackwardstothegloriousageofthesixteenthcenturywhenbigotslightedfaggotstoburnthemenwhodaredtobringanyintelligenceandenlightenmentandculturetothehumanmind JohnScopes theTrialThatRockedtheWorld ZhanghanxiAdvancedEnglish 7 用不了多久 就会出现人与人 宗教与宗教之间的相互争斗 直到我们退回到16世纪那个辉煌的年代 那时偏执的教徒们点燃柴堆活活烧死那些敢于给人类带来智慧 启迪和文明的人 gloriousheremeanstheopposite dark 8 BackgroundInformation Eightyyearsago inJuly1925 themixtureofreligion scienceandthepublicschoolscaughtfireinDayton Tenn TheScopestrial or MonkeyTrial asitwascalled dominatedheadlinesacrossthecountry Thetriallastedjustaweek butthequestionsitraisedareasdivisivenowastheywerebackthen 9 10 Now hehadnotevenapennywithhimanddidnothavetothinkaboutwhattoeatforlunch wonderful RobertTressell TheRaggedTrouseredPhilanthropists 现在他一名不文 也不必操心午饭吃什么了 真棒 wonderfulmeanstheopposite bad hereitisusedinarakishmanner e Thisdiligentstudentseldomreadsmorethananhourpermonth 这个勤奋的学生每个月读书时间不超过一小时 11 f 根据报纸上官方介绍 他是天底下头等大好人 浑身上下毫无缺点 连肚脐眼都没有 宗福先 于无声处 Accordingtotheofficialwrite upsinthepapers he sthebestmanintheworld Hedoesn thaveasingledefectinhiswholebody Why hedoesn tevenhaveabelly button 12 Notethat SomeoftheVerbalIronyislight heartedandhumorous forexample wecallaverythinboy Fatty afatone Skinny Butmoreoften itisusedtoveilfeelingsinasubtleway usingwordsofpraisewherecondemnationismeant orviceversa 13 LightIrony a Wearelucky It stheothersideonthethirteenthofDecember Thatmakesusfeelreallygood DavidParks G I diary Theauthormeansexactlytheoppositeofwhathesays 13isanunluckynumbertomostWesterners Sinceonthatday December13 theywilllandontheothersideofthePacifictofightintheVietnamWar theydon tfeelgoodatall 14 b LikealltheotherofficersatGroupHeadquartersexceptMajorDanby ColonelCathcartwasinfusedwiththedemocraticspirit hebelievedthatallmenwerecreatedequal andhethereforespurnedallmenoutsideGroupHeadquarterswithequalfervor JosephHeller Catch22 ThispassageimpliesthatColonelCathcartwasnotdemocraticatall hisdemocraticspiritextendedonlytohisowngroup allothershetreatedwithscornandhigh handedness 15 HeavyIrony AfamousexampleofheavyironyisMarkAntony sspeechattheburialceremonyofCaesarinShakespeare sJuliusCaesar 16 Friends Romans Countrymen lendmeyourears IcometoburyCaesar nottopraisehim Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem Thegoodisoftinterredwiththeirbones SoletitbewithCaesar ThenobleBrutusHathtoldyouCaesarwasambitious Ifitwereso itwasagrievousfault AndgrievouslyhathCaesaranswer dit Here underleaveofBrutusandtherest ForBrutusisanhonorableman 17 Soaretheyall allhonorablemen ComeItospeakinCaesar sfuneral Hewasmyfriend faithfulandjusttome ButBrutussayshewasambitious AndBrutusisanhonorableman 18 Antonymeansexactlytheoppositeofwhathesays Byconstantrepetitionofthestatement Brutusisanhonorableman aftershowingCaesarwasnotambitious heisreallycondemningBrutusasdishonorableforhispartinkillingCaesar 19 2 StylisticIrony指用与内容相反的风格来表现主题的一种手法 比如叙述一件小事时故意虚张声势 讲述滑稽故事时板着面孔 处理严肃的主题时冷讽热嘲 Acaseinpointis AModestProposalforPreventingtheChildrenofPoorPeopleinIrelandfromBeingBurdentoTheirParentsorCountry andforMakingThemBeneficialtothePublic writtenbyJonathanSwift 他一本正经地以 建议者 的身份 提出了一个十分残忍的 建议 把孩子养肥 屠宰后运送到英国市场上出售 20 3 DramaticIrony 主要指小说或戏剧中的人物的语言或动作表明他们不知道某些情况 而读者或观众却一清二楚 这种手法在于人物所表达的意义和读者或观众所知道的的不同意义之间的对比 比如在RomeoandJuliet中 读者 观众清楚地知道Juliet并没有死 而剧中Romeo却并不知道 他以为自己的心上人已经死去 悲痛万分 甚至于徇情自杀 21 4 SituationalIrony常常用来描写事物的现象与本质的矛盾 行为与反应的矛盾 预料与结果的矛盾 常理与现状的矛盾 作者通过这些矛盾的揭露和描绘来表现世情的颠倒和荒谬 情景倒反有助于反应复杂的现实 准确地展示作者对现实的分析 从而更有说服力地表现主题 22 Itwasanimmaculately perfectly plannedcrimebythreeNorwegiansafe breakerswhoknewtheirbusiness Theyfoundthecompanysafeandplacedasmallexplosivecharge Calmly theylitthefuseandshelteredinthenextroom Therecamethebangandawholewallwasheddownroundthetrioonaroarofflyingbricksandmortar Thesafedidnotcontainmoney Itcontainedexplosives 23 ThesecondcaseoftheclassificationofIronyisbasedupontheForm mildornot A InnuendoAmildformofIrony hintinginaratherroundaboutwayatsomethingdisparagingoruncomplimentarytothepersonorsubjectmentioned 24 Theweathermansaiditwouldbewarm Hemusttakehisreadingsinabathroom DavidParks G I Diary Theauthorishintingattheinaccuracyoftheweatherman sweatherreport Theweatheriscold ratherthanwarm 25 B SarcasmWhileInnuendoisamildformofIrony Sarcasmisjusttheopposite Itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner anditsaimistodisparage ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked 26 1 FromJonathanSwift s AMODESTPROPOSALforPreventingtheChildrenofPoorPeopleinIrelandfromBeingBurdentoTheirParentsorCountry andforMakingThemBeneficialtothePublic 27 BackgroundInformation ItisneverthelessimportanttounderstandtheeconomicsofSwift stimeinordertofullyunderstandthepiece Withthestartofanewindustrialageinthe18thcenturyitwasbelievedthat peoplearetherichesofthenation andtherewasageneralfaithinaneconomywhichpaiditsworkerslowwages highwagesmeantworkerswouldworkless 28 Furthermore inthemercantilistviewnochildwastooyoungtogointoindustry WecanbetterunderstandSwift ssatiricalcannibalisticproposalwhenwetakeintoaccountthisideainhistimeofthehumanbeingasanumberorcommodity Inthistext SwiftattackedtheEnglishmistreatmentoftheIrishpoor 29 AModestProposal Ishallnowthereforehumblyproposemyownthoughts whichIhopewillnotbeliabletotheleastobjection IhavebeenassuredbyaveryknowingAmericanofmyacquaintanceinLondon thatayounghealthychildwellnursedisatayearoldamostdelicious nourishing andwholesomefood whetherstewed roasted baked orboiled andImakenodoubtthatitwillequallyserveinafricasseeoraragout 30 31 32 Idothereforehumblyofferittopublicconsiderationthatofthehundredandtwentythousandchildrenalreadycomputed twentythousandmaybereservedforbreed whereofonlyone fourthparttobemales whichismorethanweallowtosheep blackcattleorswine andmyreasonis thatthesechildrenareseldomthefruitsofmarriage acircumstancenotmuchregardedbyoursavages thereforeonemalewillbesufficienttoservefourfemales 33 Thattheremaininghundredthousandmay atayearold beofferedinthesaletothepersonsofqualityandfortunethroughthekingdom alwaysadvisingthemothertoletthemsuckplentifullyinthelastmonth soastorenderthemplumpandfatforagoodtable Achildwillmaketwodishesatanentertainmentforfriends andwhenthefamilydinesalone theforeorhindquarterwillmakeareasonabledish andseasonedwithalittlepepperorsaltwillbeverygoodboiledonthefourthday especiallyinwinter 34 在此请允许我冒昧的提出我的拙见 希望不会遭到异议 我在伦敦结识的一个博学的美国朋友曾经向我保证 一个被细心的看护至一岁大的年幼的健康的小孩是最美味 滋补和健康的食品 无论是用炖 烘烤或是煮的 而且我毫不怀疑 将这样的小孩做成炖肉丁或菜炖肉都会一样美味 35 因此 请允许我冒昧的向公众提出我的拙见 将记录在册的120 000孩童中留下20 000个用来繁殖后代 其中1 4须是男孩 这个数目比我们养的羊 黑牛和猪多多了 我的理由是 这些孩子大部分都不是婚姻的结晶 而既然我们这些野蛮人并不注重婚姻这种形式 那么一个男人足以应付4个女人 对于剩下的100 000个孩子 可以在他们一岁时卖给上流社会人士 食用 叫他们的妈妈在出售前一个月喂足奶 让他们又肥又胖可以卖个好价钱 一般而言 一个孩子可以做成两个菜招待朋友 而当家庭自己聚餐时 身体的前后1 4段就足够提供一盘好菜色 如果加少许胡椒粉和盐 在第四天下锅就能煮出美食 特别是在冬天 36 Analysis SwiftappearstosuggestinhisessaythattheimpoverishedIrishmighteasetheireconomictroublesbysellingchildrenasfoodforrichgentlemenandladies Swift srhetoricalstylepersuadesthereadertodetestthespeakerandpitytheIrish Swift sspecificstrategyistwofold usinga trap tocreatesympathyfortheIrishandadislikeofthenarrator 37 SwifthashisproposerfurtherdegradetheIrishbyusinglanguageordinarilyreservedforanimals Thespeakeruses thevocabularyofanimalhusbandry todescribetheIrish Oncethechildrenhavebeencommoditized Swift srhetoriccaneasilyturn peopleintoanimals thenmeat andfrommeat logically intotonnageworthapriceperpound 38 2 FromSamuelJohnson slettertoTheRightHonorabletheEarlofChesterfield Isnotapatron mylord onewholookswithunconcernonamanstrugglingforlifeinthewater and whenhehasreachedground encumbershimwithh