lecture 8 Semantic features and Componential analysisppt课件.ppt

Lecture7SemanticFeatures Componentialanalysis 1 ConceptualMeaning sometimescalled denotative or cognitive meaning iswidelyassumedtobethecentralfactorinlinguisticcommunication ConceptualMeaning 2 Thephoneticsymbol b maybeexplicatedbyabundleofdistinctivefeatures bilabial voice stop nasal 3 Inasimilarway theconceptualmeaningsofalanguagecanbestudiedintermsofdistinctivefeatures sothatthemeaningoftheword woman couldbespecifiedas human male adult asdistinctfrom say boy whichcouldbe defined Human male adult 4 Semanticfeatures meta languageslanguageuniversalbinaryopposition distinctivefeatures Characteristics 5 Vs 1 dynamicverbs dynamic a activityverbsabandon ask call play work writeb processverbschange grow mature widenc verbsofbodilysensationache feel hart itchd transitionaleventverbarrive die fall land leave losee momentaryverbs2 stativeverbs dynamic a verbsofinertperceptionadore astonish believe desire detest feel hateb relationalverbs be concern contain deserveR Quirk GrammarofcontemporaryEnglish 6 Todistinguishdifferentnouns Animate todifferentiate man dog sparrow from book chair dictionary Vegetable todistinguishplants Male and Adult toberelevantfornounswith Animate Concrete totellnounslike boy table from hope thought 7 Grammaticalclassesthemselvescanbetreatedasfeaturesofmeaning IfwenoteSmithisabiggerquackthanJonescanmeanthatSmithismoreofquack whileSmithisabiggerheadshrinkerthanJonescanreferonlytoSmith ssizeorimportance wecansaythatquack belongstotheclassofintensifiablewords or hasthefeature Intensifiable andheadshrinkerhasthefeature Intensifiable Itisacommonpracticetoadoptthesegrammaticalfeaturesastheonesthatarestatedfirstandthenaddtherest 8 Someexampleswillshowthegreatvarietyoffeaturesthatwebuildintothewordsthatsegmentnatureinallitsvariety 9 1 somesuchfeatureas entity initsownrightisneededtodistinguishdiseasefromillnessandailment Diseasesareclassifiedlabeled andadiseasecanbe caught wedonotordinarilysaycatchanillnessorcatchanailment 10 Inthesetfall topple collapse wehavewhatappearstobe intentionality Lackinganyindicationtothecontrary wewouldassumethatJanefellmeantthatithappenedwithoutherintendingit Yetthisfeatureisnotpermanentlystucktofall thoughitistothetwootherverbs wecansayShefellonpurposebutnotShetoppledonpurpose Toppleiscompletelyunintentional fallisjustmostlyso 11 Featuresareusefulforanalysisonlyiftheyareshared themorewidelythebetter Atleastsomeoftheonesjustciteddoappearinotherwords Thefeature goal forinstance iswhatdistinguishesarriveandreachfromleaveanddepart ItalsodistinguishesIwenthomefromIheadedhomeandIcontributeditfromIofferedit belongingness isnecessaryforsteal borrow propertybequeath andtrespass 12 Thefeaturecomposites Human Young Male havetobeusedtoanalyzeagreatmanywordsandaccordinglyhaveaclaimtobeingthekindofirreduciblecomponentthatonehopestofind Semanticformula featurecomposites 13 Common Count Concrete Human Adult Male Married spinster老姑娘 Animate Mammal Plant eating Heavy Thick skinned Short legged Hippopotamus河马 14 Thesemanticfeaturesofnouns common concrete human adult male count 15 Sodogmighthavethedisplay 16 Levelsofsemanticfeatures Thehighestlevel distinguishword classThelowestlevel distinguishonewordfromanothere g male distinguishmanandwoman polar distinguishlongandshort 17 ComponentialAnalysis Theanalysisofwordmeaningisoftenseenasaprocessofbreakingdowntheconceptualmeaningofawordintoitsminimalcomponents whichareknownasbinarydistinctivefeatures 18 ComponentialAnalysis Wecanusethreesemanticfeaturestodefinefourwords Man human adult male Woman human adult male Boy Girl 19 SemanticFeatures Assignment Inmakingcomponentialanalysis itisimportanttofocusonthedefiningfeatures i e featureswhichcandistinguishonewordfromanother horse cat machine chairroad house thought philosophywater gas stone treesit cry read give 20 AdvantagesofCA CAcanhelpuschoosetherightwordincollocation e g Amonth anhourelapsed Time Abike apersonelapsed Time CAcaneffectivelydistinguishtwosynonyms CAcanhelpusseeclearlydifferentsenserelations Forexample iftwowordssharethesamesemanticfeatures theyaresynonyms CAcanhelpusbuildasemanticfield whichisusefulincoherenceindiscourseanalysis 21 DisadvantagesofCA 1 Theyarenotfiniteanddiscrete 2 Thescopeofexplanation Wecannotfindasetoffeaturesthatcapturewhatiscommoninmeaningforallwords Itdoesnotincludeothertypesofmeanings Forexample Beaman HerewecannotuseCAtoexplaintheword man e g thefigurativeusageofsomewords threatenrequiresananimateobject foronecanonlythreatensomethinganimate threatenone senemythreatensomeone ssecurity dichotomy 22 以颜色为例 颜色是人目视觉的基本特征之一 不同波长的可见光引起人目不同的颜色感觉 大致可划分如下 红7 700 6 220 橙6 220 5 970 黄5 970 5 770 绿5 770 4 920 蓝 靛4 920 4 550 紫4 550 3 900 red 23 从以上的划分可以看出各色之间是连续变化的 在颜色的连续体中我们很难找到一个点使红和橙 橙和黄 黄和绿 绿和蓝以及蓝和紫截然分开 如果在红与橙之间再划分桃红 粉红 铁锈红 紫红 绯红 砖红 水红 朱红 栗红 猩红 胭脂红 洋红就更难以 非A即B 的排中律对色彩进行定性 语义的模糊性是对客观世界的模糊性的再现 24 一种观点认为 语义的模糊性关系到主体对对象类属边界 性态的把握 其测度与主体密切相关 因而是主观的 25 E g thewordbaldis lackinganaturalorusualcoveringasofhair vegetation etc Webster sNewCollegiateDictionary 但问题是如何去量化 bald 的值使之达到natural或usual的值呢 natural或usual的值又是什么呢 26 对于一个连续体上的两个极端端点的确立有时并不困难 如果一个人的头上一根头发也没有 我们会毫不迟疑地说 Heisbald 但是如果他的头上有一根头发呢 或许我们还会使用 bald 如果他的头上有两根 三根 四根 以此类推 我们还会使用 bald 一词吗 27 如果我们把 bald 和 notbald 的分界值人为地定在100根 那么 这就意味着头上有99根头发的人是 bald 而头上有101根头发的人是 notbald 如果我们这样做 这种主观的划分将是荒唐可笑的 28 事实上 语义的模糊性和精确性只有与人的认识相联系才有意义 客观世界本身无所谓精确和模糊 无论它是精确的还是模糊的都会以其特有的规律运动着 而人的认识却有 知 与 不知 以及 知多 和 知少 的问题 因此精确性和模糊性属于认识论的范畴 29 Example wetanddry 30 当我们说 Itiswet 或Itisdry 时 在我们脑海中往往形成p p这样一种关系 但是客观世界的真实情况又可能是怎样的呢 如果我们把wet和dry放在一个 湿度 的连续体中来考察 情况就有可能不同 31 32 在哲学界和语言学界何谓 意义 是一个争论不休的问题 不同的学派从不同的角度都对意义进行了各种界定 如果说客观事物的类属边界不清晰和形态不确定导致了词义的模糊性 那么一个话语是否有意义同样存在类属边界不清晰性或不确定性 同样涉及到人的主体对话语的认识 33 Whatismeaning 34 1 Cametheintoyesterdayheclassroom 2 Heswitchedontheblanketandslept 3 Hesleptstandingononetoe 4 Hesleptawake 5 Heturnedontheclothes 35 经验世界 在解析意义中的优先地位 但是人们对经验世