hypothesis克拉申输入假说ppt课件.ppt

InputHypothesis 徐静 1 Briefintroduction ThetheoryoftheInputHypothesis Advantagesanddisadvantages ImplicationoftheInputHypothesisforEnglishclassroomteaching Definition characteristics 2 BriefIntroduction 3 BriefIntroduction StephenKrashenisanexpertinthefieldoflinguistics specializingintheoriesoflanguageacquisitionanddevelopment Muchofhisresearchhasinvolvedthestudyofnon Englishandbilinguallanguageacquisition Krashen swell acceptedtheoryofsecondacquisitionhashadalargeimpactonallareasoflanguageresearchandteachingsincethe1980s Histheoryofsecondlanguageacquisitionconsistsoffivemainhypothesis theAcquisition learningHypothesis theMonitorHypothesis theNaturalOrderHypothesis theInputHypothesis andtheAffectiveFilterHypothesis TheInputHypothesisisthecentralpartofthisoverallsystem 4 TheInputHypothesisisthemostimportantoneofKrashen stheoryofsecondlanguageacquisition Theinputhypothesisattemptstoexplainhowlearnersacquireasecondlanguage 5 ThetheoryoftheInputHypothesis 6 Waysofgettinginput Howdowemovefromstagei whereiresponsecurrentcompetence toi 1 thenextlevelinsecondlanguageacquisition TheInputHypothesis 7 TheInputHypothesismakesthefollowingclaim anecessary butnotsufficient conditiontomovefromstageitostagei 1isthatacquirersunderstandinginputthatcontainsi 1 where understanding meansthatacquirersfocusonthemeaningbutnottheformofthemessage Accordingtothishypothesis peoplerequirelanguagebestbyunderstandingcomprehensibleinputthatisslightlybeyondtheircurrentlevel i 1 andwhentheyacquireenough theygettheabilitytospeakfluentlyautomatically 假如目前语言学习者的能力用i表示 那么语言输入 input 的水平既不能远远超过学习者现有的水平 即i 2或i 3 toodifficult 也不可低于或接近学习者的现有水平 即i 0 toosimple nochallenge 最佳的语言输入只有稍高于i 即i 1 mostappropriate 才会被学习者所接受 也才会收到理想的效果 只有当习得者接触到 可理解的语言输入 comprehensiveinput 即略高于他现有语言技能水平的第二语言输入 而他又能把注意力集中于对意义或对信息的理解而不是对形式的理解时 就会自动产生习得 Thebestmethodsarethereforethosethatsupply comprehensibleinput inlowanxietysituations containingmessagesthatstudentsreallywanttohear Thesemethodsdonotforceearlyproductioninthesecondlanguage butallowstudentstoproducewhentheyare ready reconizingthatimprovementcomesfromsupplyingcommunicativeandcomprehensibleinput andnotfromforcingandcorrectingproduction Krashen 1985 8 III Whentheinputisunderstoodandthereisenoughofit i 1willbeprovidedautomatically II Weacquirelanguagebyunderstandinglanguagethatcontainsstructuresabitbeyondourcurrentlevelofcompetence i 1 IV Productionabilityemerges itisnottaughtdirectly I TheInputHypothesisrelatestoacquisition notlearning Fourpoints 9 Comprehensible可理解性 Interestingandrelevant趣味与关联 Notgrammaticallysequenced非语法程序 Sufficient i 1 足够的摄入量 Characteristics 10 Advantagesanddisadvantages 11 A B Advantages emphasizetheimportanceofinput andprovideoneoftheeffectivewayoflanguagelearning payattentiontothelearner scognitiveability 12 Itishardtomakesurethelearner scurrentlevel Andthereisnolingusticcriteriatojudgewhetherthe i 1 inputisjustfarenoughbeyondthelearner scurrentlevel Krashendidn tofferacleardefinitionofcomprehensibleinput Hisinputhypothesislackaindependentlingusticdefinitiontoexplanationwhatiscomprehensibleinput Itoverstresstheinputbutignoretheinportanceofoutput Itisnotbenifitialforthecultivationoflearner scommunicativeability italsoignorethefunctionoftheindividual s Krashen sinputhypothesisreceivedcriticismlaterforhemistook input as intake theactualshareofinputthathasbeeninternalizedbythelearner Disdvantages 13 ImplicationoftheInputHypothesisforEnglishclassroomteaching 14 Modificationoftheteachertalk Establishmentofthestudent centeredteacheringmode Introductionoftherevelantbackgruondknowledge Applicationofthemultimediathchnology 15 TeachershavetoexplaineitherinnativelanguageorsimpleEnglish andbilingualteachingorpureEnglishcanbeusedforexplanationappropriately Therateofteachertalkisanotherveryimportantfactor whichcaninfluencestudents comprehensiononsecondlanguageacquisition Theappreciaterateofteachertalkcanaidstudentsounderstandthelanguageinput Modificationoftheteachertalk 16 Establishmentofthestudent centeredteacheringmode Teachersouldarousethestudents activitiesandmakethemtakepartinclassactvitiesonthebasisofthe student centered teachingmode Student centered teachingmodemakesstudentshavemorechancestogainenoughcomprehensibleinputtoenhancetheirabilityofapplyingEnglish FOREXAMPLETeacherchooseatopic askstudentstomakedialoguesinpairsordiscussingroups askstudentstohaveaspeechinfrontoftheblackboard 17 Introductionoftherevelantbackgruondknowledge Tomakestudentsacquiremoreinput teachersshouldteachthelanguagefromtheperspectiveofcultureandkeepthepaceoflanguagelearningwiththecultu