必修3-Module6-Old-and-New单元重难知识点总结.doc

Unit 6. Old and New一. 重点词汇及拓展 1. date vi.始于(某一历史时期)2generate vt.发(电)3harness vt.利用；将(自然力)变成动力4narrow adj.狭窄的5remove vt.迁移；搬迁6ridiculous adj.荒唐的；可笑的7enormous adj.庞大的；巨大的8foggy adj.有浓雾的9crash vi.(飞机)失事；坠毁 10. civil adj.民用的，国内的civilize v使文明，使开化civilization n文明11engineering n(土木)工程engineer n工程师engine n发动机12accommodate vt.容纳(乘客等)accommodation n容纳13construction n建造；建筑construct vt.建造constructive adj.建设性的14freezing adj.极冷的freeze v冷冻 二. 重点短语 1. date from起源于2hold back阻止3come true(梦想等)变成现实4bring an end to结束，终止 5. work out算出，解决6dream of梦想7now that既然8make sense有意义，有道理 三. 重点句型1. It took six years to build and cost US $20 billion.它花费了6年时间建成，耗资200亿美元。2sb.be surprised to do sth.某人惊奇地做某事zxxkw四. 语法 1. Nondefining attributive clauses(非限制性定语从句)2Contraction of attributive clauses(定语从句的省略形式) 一. 重点词汇及拓展1date n日期，年代；时代；约会v加日期于；起始于(某时期)；属于(某时期)归纳拓展(1)date from/back to属于(某一历史时期)；始于；追溯到(二者作谓语时常用一般现在时，且无被动语态和进行时态。若句中有信息提示从过去某一时间往前推，则用过去时态。)(2)to date到目前为止；迄今，至今out of date 过时的；过期的 up to date现代的，直到最近set a date for选定的日期go out for a date出去约会例句：The use of peas as food _ very early time.豌豆作为食物很早以前就开始了。The computer is _.这台电脑是过时/新式的。_ there has been no improvement in his condition.到现在为止，他的状况还是没有好转。Whats the date today？/What date is it today?今天是几月几号？ 【链接训练】Though this kind of clothes are beginning to be _，she was very happy to wear it.Aout of date Bup to date Cold Dbad 2accommodate vt.&vi.容纳；向提供住宿；(使)适应；使迁就；调节归纳拓展(1)accommodate sb.for the night留某人过夜accommodate sb.with.向某人提供accommodate oneself to使自己适应(to为介词，故其后的宾语应用doing形式)(2)accommodation n住宿，住处，膳宿服务 例句：This hotel can accommodate 600 guests.这家旅馆可供600位客人住宿。We could _ on the second floor for the period you mention.我们可以按你提供的住宿期限向你提供2楼的一个房间。Wherever he goes，he can _new circumstances.无论走到哪里他都能适应新环境。 【链接训练】The new apartment built a few months ago is large enough to _ over two hundred people.Ainclude Bprovide Creside Daccommodate 3remove vt.移动；搬迁；除去；使离开vi.迁移，搬家n移动，距离，升级归纳拓展(1)remove.from.把从移开remove sth. from some place to.把某物从搬迁到be removed from school被开除，勒令退学be removed from与远离，与疏远，与不一样(2)removal n移动，迁居；免职10例句：Because of the serious airpollution，the family is _ the countryside.由于空气污染严重，这一家决定要搬到乡下。He _ for playing truant too often.他因逃学太多被开除了。 move与remove(1)move指从一地到另一地的移动，移动某物的位置或改变某人的姿势，既是及物动词又是不及物动词。 (2)remove“取消，去掉”，含有把不利的东西“除掉”的意思，强调完全放弃原来的地方而到达新的位置，有时相当于take away/off，表示“迁居”时，二者均可。 【链接训练】The department store will_forty employees after the holiday rush.Ahire Bfire Cremove DB or C 4freezing adj.冻结的；极冷的；冷淡的n冰点归纳拓展(1)freeze v使冻结；冻僵frozen adj.冷冻的；冻结的be frozen to death 被冻死(2)above/below freezing 零度以上/以下the freezing point 冰点freezing cold 极冷 例句：The cold weather can even freeze petrol in car engines.寒冷的天气甚至能使汽车发动机里的汽油凝固。The temperature has dropped to the _.气温已降到了冰点。Seeing the car accident，he was frozen with terror.看到车祸，他吓呆了。 【链接训练】用freeze的适当形式填空Its _ cold outside.The water of the lake_ last night.Take _meat from the fridge and I will use it.二. 重点短语1hold back阻挡；抑制，控制(情绪、情感等)；犹豫归纳拓展(1)hold on to 抓住不放，保留hold up阻挡，使停顿(常用于被动语态)；把抬起来；支持住(2)get/catch/take hold of抓住例句：They had erected the barriers to _ the flood.他们筑起屏障阻挡洪水。 Hearing her daughters success，she could not _ tears of joy.听到她女儿成功了，她禁不住流下喜悦的泪水。She _，not knowing how to break the terrible news.她踌躇着，不知如何说出这一可怕的消息。 【链接训练】Why are you so late?Bad luck.A car accident took place not far outside the town，and so we were _ on the way.Astopped Bkept Cheld up DpreventedDespite the attacks we_the bridge for 3 more days.Ahold on Bhold over Chold up Dhold on to 2make sense有意义，有道理；讲得通，可理解归纳拓展(1)make sense of了解的意义，懂得a sense of duty/humour/beauty/direction责任/幽默/审美/方向感in no sense绝不come to ones senses恢复理性，苏醒There is no sense in doing sth.做某事没道理/没意义 (2)make sense与make sense of的区别：make sense“有意义；有道理；讲得通；可理解”，物作主语，无被动语态，用to引出人。make sense of“弄懂；理解”，人作主语，可以用于被动语态，用of引出物。注意：以上两个短语中，sense前不加冠词，也不能用复数形式。 例句：What he said just now makes no sense to me.I _ what he said just now.我没明白他刚才说的话。He has _.他的方向感很强。_ getting upset about it now.现在为这件事苦恼是没有意义的。 【链接训练】In a word，I dont think what you said _ at all.Amakes some sense Bmake any senseCmakes sense Dmake sense 四. 语法1非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词进行附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然很清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，翻译成汉语时一般都另成一句，一般不用that引导。(1)非限制性定语从句的主要应用场合若先行词指代明确时，如专有名词和独一无二的事物。 例句：Paul，whom everyone suspected，turned out to be innocent. 若关系代词作复杂介词的宾语时。He is ill，in spite of which he keeps on studying. 若关系代词作of的宾语，且of前有数词、代词或名词时。例句：The buses，most of which were already full，were surrounded by an angry crowd. 先行词指代主句的整个内容时。例句：He invited us to dinner，which was very kind of him. (2)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别语法结构上的区别限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，若去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义；而非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不那么密切，只是对先行词进行一些补充说明，若去掉，主句意思仍然清楚和完整。例句：I was the only person in my office that was invited. Mr Smith，for whom I was working，was very generous about overtime payments. 关系代词和关系副词的区别非限制性定语从句中的关系代词不能使用that，而应使用which，且不能省略，同时也不能使用关系副词why；限制性定语从句中既可使用that，也可使用why，that在从句中作宾语时也可省略。例句：Football，that is a very interesting game，is played all over the world.()28Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world.()足球是一项非常有趣的运动，世界各地都踢足球。先行词的区别限制性定语从句的先行词为名词或代词，但专有名词除外；非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词、短语、另一从句或整个主句。例句：We are ready to do anything that is of some help to others. He said that Li Hong had passed the college entrance examination，which I thought to be possible. He has to work on Sundays，which he doesnt like. 形式上的区别限制性定语从句同其先行词的关系十分密切，是先行词不可缺少的成分，因此，书写时不能用逗号隔开；而非限制性定语从句可和主句用逗号隔开，译成汉语时主句、从句间有停顿。 例句：The man who lives next to us sells vegetables. This is George，whose class you will be taking. 译文的区别在译成汉语时，限制性定语从句往往在先行词之前，有时也可译为并列分句或状语从句；非限制性定语从句多译成并列句。 例句：One morning an elephant was led down the road where they stood. They went to the Royal Theatre，where they saw Ibsens Peer Gent. 【链接训练】The humans are destroying nature day by day，_ of course，will cause severe punishment from it sooner or later.Awho Bwhen Con which Dwhich Three minutes of silence on May 19th were kept to mourn for those _ died in the earthquake.Athat Bwhom Cwho Dwhich Michael Phelps，_ the feet are bigger than others，won eight gold medals at the Beijing Olympic Games.Awhose Bwhom Cof who Dof whom Chinese Women Football Team lost the game against Japanese in the 29th Olympics，_ we didnt expect.A/ Bas Cwhich Dthat 2定语从句的简化有些含有定语从句的复合句很复杂，不容易理解，这就需要我们将其简化。简化方式主要有以下几种：(1)在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语时，关系代词可省略。例句：The dam (that) we saw in the film wasnt the Three Gorges Dam. (2)在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在从句中担任介词宾语而介词在句尾时，关系代词可省略。例句：I met a man (whom) my grandfather worked with thirty years ago. (3)定语从句简化为分词短语一般情况下，在定语从句中，如果谓语动词是主动语态，从句转化为现在分词短语；如果谓语动词是被动语态，则从句转化为过去分词短语。 例句：The girl who is reading English aloud is my younger sister.The girl reading English aloud is my younger sister. I have heard the report which was made by Professor Li.I have heard the report made by Professor Li. 注意：并非所有的定语从句都能简化，以下情况都不能简化。定语从句的谓语动词是现在完成时的主动语态。 例句：The man who has finished the work is Jack. 不能变为：The man having finished the work is Jack.定语从句中的谓语动词含有情态动词。The professor who can speak Japanese is from Japan. 不能变为：The professor speaking Japanese is from Japan. 定语从句的谓语动词是一般过去时的主动语态。The man who gave us a talk was his father. 不能变为：The man giving us a talk was his father.(因为现在分词giving表示动作正在进行)(4)定语从句简化为不定式短语如果定语从句中的谓语是一般将来时或先行词前有序数词或last，only等修饰语时，该从句往往简化为不定式结构。Ma