reference解.docx

如何写出国留学导师的reference(2010-05-22 23:47:46) 转载标签： 教育1。信封(envelop)与中文信封相反，英文信封上收信人的地址和姓名写在信封的中间，发信人的地址和姓名写在信封的左上角，或信封背面。英文书信的地址应从小写到大，先写门牌号码，再写街道、城镇、省或州及邮政编码，最后是国家名称。国家名称的每一个字母都要大写。2。信头/个人信头(letterhead/personalletterhead)公司信纸上方居中一般都印有其名称、地址和联系号码，这就是通常所说的信头。在没有信头的普通信纸上写信，作者就需要写明回邮地址和联系号码。3。封内日期(dateline)封内日期是写信或打字时的日期。封内日期写在信头或作者地址的下两行。4。封内地址(insideaddress)封内地址是收信人的地址，包括姓名，职务(如适用)，公司名称(如适用)，街道名称或信箱号，城市，州或省，邮政编码和国家。封内地址通常写在左手边，在日期线和称呼之间。5。称呼(salutation)称呼是一封信开头对收信人的称呼，写在封内地址或提示句下两三行。称呼后可以写冒号或逗号。在商业信函或其他正式书信中，用冒号。在非正式书信中，称呼后用逗号。(注意：尽量避免使用“towhomitmayconcern”或“dearsirormadam”，因为这种称呼已经过时，并且不很友好。改进方法是争取确定收信人的姓名，或使用“dearhumanresourcesmanager”，“dearfriends”这样的称呼。在给律师或外交领事写信时，可以使用“esquire”或“esq。”这样的头衔，但它们不应出现在称呼中。同样，如果收信人的姓名后面有“jr。”或“sr。”，如“georgebush，jr。”也不能把它们包含在称呼中。)6。头衔(titles)除非写信人与收信人熟到可以直呼其名，通常要在收信人名字前加上“mr。”，“professor”等表示礼貌的头衔。7。提示句(选择性)attentionline(optional)提示句的用途是指明把信送给某个具体的人或部门处理，尽管信是写给这个组织的。另外，在指明的收信人不在时，它也允许组织中其他人查看信的内容。提示句通常写在封内地址的下两行或封内地址的上面。8。主题句(选择性)subjectline(optional)主题句简要说明信的内容。通常写在封内地址和称呼之间。如果写信人不知道收信人的姓名，也可以用主题句代替称呼。为了收到最佳效果，可以给主题句加下划线，或大写主题句。9。正文(bodyoftheletter)正文的格式多种多样。商业信函最好使用齐头式。而私人信件通常不用齐头式。在齐头式书信中，全部内容包括日期和信尾问候语，都从左侧顶格开始。段落开头不空格，各段之间空两行。修正齐头式，是使用最为广泛的一种格式，商业和私人信件都可以使用，尽管在私人信件中不一定要写回邮地址和封内地址。使用没有印刷信头的普通信纸时，这种格式最合适。与齐头式不同，发信人地址、日期，信尾问候语和签名都从中间开始写。其余部分从左边开始。10。写信人签名(writersidentification/signature)写信人的签名、名字和头衔(如果适用)，写在信尾问候语同侧三四行以下的位置。应亲笔签上写信人自己的姓名。如果是用打字机或电脑写的信，在写信人签名的上方，同样应该打上写信人的姓名。11。附注(notions)附注写在写信人签名下两行的位置，附注包括参考缩写，附件的数目和内容以及将收到这封信副本的人员名单。附注写在左侧。12。信尾问候语(complimentaryclosing)信尾问候语是写在信尾的告别话语，例如sincerely，;sincerelyyours，;yourssincerely，;friendlyyours，;trulyyours，;yourstruly，;cordiallyyours，;yourscordially，通常位于正文两三行以下。第一个单词的第一个字母要大写，最后以逗号结尾。13。附言(postscriptpsorp。s。)附言用来说明没有包括在信中的想法和内容。通常在附注下两三行的地方，从左侧顶格写起。在促销和私人信件中，附言也可以用来强调写信人请求收信人采取的行动和做的考虑。除以上几个部分外，有时一些英语书信还包括：（1）附件(enclosure)，以enc。表示，如“附有。证明”应写为enccertificate；（2）再启(postscript)，以p。s。表示；（3）抄送件(carboncopyto)，以c。c。表示，说明一式多份抄送其他有关人员。这些都是次要的补充部分。p。s。主要在私人信件中使用，事务信件中应避免使用，以免造成写信人粗心大意的印象。enc。和c。c。大都用在商贸信函中。2书写款式英语书信的款式一般有两种：齐头式(blockstyle)和折衷式(semi-blockstyle)。齐头式常常在商贸、官方以及一些正式的信件中使用，以显示信件内容的严肃性，真实性，可靠性。而折衷式则显的比较随便，主要用于家人、朋友、私人之间来往的信件。如果两人之间不是第一次通信，相互比较了解，可以省略信内的双方地址。以下分别介绍齐头式和折衷式信件两种款式。a:齐头式信件款式：注：用齐头式信件写信，其正文与称呼之间空一至二行。每段的第一句句子不需要空格，但段与段之间需要空一至二行。齐头式信件的信尾客套话和签名可以有两种款式。第一种写在左下方，这是最常用也是最正式的。另外也可以写在右下方，这种形式则表示写信人与收信人之间的关系比较熟悉随便。下面是另一种齐头式信件的格式。齐头式信件款式：（范文2。）b:折衷式信件款式：用折衷式书写信件，其正文与称呼之间空一至二行。第一段第一句的第一个单词必须在dear称呼的直接下面。以后每段开头都要与第一段第一个字对齐。信尾的客套话和签名都写在右下方。朋友之间写信一般都使用折衷式，而且称呼与正文之间一般不空行。具体款式和要求参见后面的一些信件。以下是一封折衷式信件。c信件书写要求：写英语信件一般可以使用打字机、电脑，朋友之间比较随便的信件也可以用钢笔、圆珠笔甚至彩色笔，但不宜用铅笔。不管你用什么形式书写，一些重要的信件，签名处必须用深蓝色或黑色墨水笔签名。（二）各类常用信件1）感谢信2）祝贺信3）邀请信4）一般信件5）商业信件6）求学信7）出国留学推荐信(recommendationletterorstudyingabroad)随着我国出国留学生日年增多一般，大部分学生需要在出国前让自己的老师、导师或领导写一份出国推荐信，从而可以在信中告知对方学校申请人的学历、能力、为人处世等方面的情况。如果推荐信是写给对方某某人的，开头用dear，如果是写给对方单位或学校的，则开头可以用towhomitmayconcern，或towhomitmayconcern范文To Whom it May Concern: Im writing this reference letter on behalf of Betty Yang. Ive been Bettys supervisor for four years in * University. In just those four short years, Ive watched her rapidly advance from an entry-level position to a Senior * Representative. Ive never hesitated to recommend him for promotion when her time came. Betty derives satisfaction from helping our customers troubleshoot problems. Many of those whove received help from Betty specifically ask for her when they again contact support, and for good reason: Shes professional, courteous and quick to help. Her skills are sharp and without prompting, she keeps them honed to a razors edge. I often see Betty in our lab before or after work hours, replicating problems. Additionally, Betty doesnt abandon her customers when the whistle blows. She sticks to it even after hours, until he resolves her customers problems. Betty is a team player who is always willing to share the knowledge her sponge-like brain soaks up. For example, thanks to Bettys willingness to share the trouble-ticket notes she so meticulously recorded and compiled, our *Department was able to craft symptom-fix, step-by-step, online troubleshooting guides for our field engineers. Consequently, weve seen an increase in customer satisfaction, a reduction in *calls, and a significant savings on the departments bottom line. I have nothing but good things to say about Betty and Id strongly recommend her for any endeavor she chooses. Please dont hesitate to contact me if youd like to hear more good things about Betty. Sincerely, Signature Tom GreenSupervisor*.com推荐信是由申请人以前的老师或单位领导向申请学校写的推荐申请人入学与申请奖学金的信函。推荐信是国外院校了解学生的重要依据，英国大学一般要求申请人提供23封推荐信。英国大学不仅注意申请人的考试成绩，也很在乎学习和工作中反映出来的多方面能力。推荐人须熟悉申请人的学习、工作情况，了解申请人的学习目的是否明确、在学术上是否有前途，以及申请人的适应性、创造性、个性和特长。 写推荐信要注意实事求是，尽量避免对任何人都适用的套语，应力求反映学生的特点。介绍情况应详细具体，不要泛泛而谈，以便学校根据学生的特点判断其是否适宜选学某个专业。推荐人最好能举例说明学生的特点、能力和成就，如曾经获得的奖励、发表过的论文、参加过的学术会议、在学生组织中的任职和社会活动中的表现等。如国外大学提供了推荐表格，则应当使用这类表格，认真填写各项内容。推荐信必须有推荐人亲笔签名，信函最好用英文书写，否则，应附有翻译件。 许多中国学生都请他们的导师、系主任、任课老师来写推荐信，已经参加工作的申请者还可请单位领导、经理或总裁为自己写推荐信。无论是几封推荐信，应根据候选者对自己的了解程度，有侧重地选择推荐人，使每封信的内容在客观评价的基础上重点突出自己的某一方面。例如第一封着重介绍申请者的学术成就，如学习成绩、外语和计算机水平、获奖情况等。第二封着力赞扬申请者的工作能力，如讲求工作方法、能解决工作上的难题等。第三封重点揭示申请者的整体素质和优良品德，如逻辑分析能力、与人沟通的能力、有创新精神、做事果断、乐于助人等。写作推荐信要根据自己的情况具体安排，注意层次和条理。有名望的推荐人无疑对申请者有很大帮助。 推荐信中，必然会提及被推荐人的品性（Characters）。每个人都有其独特的个性，但下列Characters是国外大学所“欣赏”的。 Scholastic aptitude(学习方面的才能) a. Native intellectual ability（天赋） b. Imagination（想像力） c. Creativity(创造力) d. Capacity for analytical thinking（分析思考能力） e. Intellectual curiosity或Spirit of inquiry(好奇心) f. Ability to work independently (独立学习工作的能力) g. Memory(记忆力) h. Accuracy(精确性) i. Methodology(研究方法) j. Capability for abstract reasoning(抽象推理的能力) k. Potential as a researcher(研究的潜力) l. Potential as teacher(教学的潜力) m. Ability to express his ideas orally and in writing(口头或文字的表达能力) n. Capacity, desire and determination for good quality graduate work(是否有获致学业成功的能力、愿望与决心) o. Probable success as a graduate student(作为研究生成功的可能性) Academic performance(学业上的表现) a. Breadth of general knowledge (知识是否丰富) b. Knowledge of literature in his field(本专业领域知识) c. Grade or achievement (成绩或成就) d. Industry; diligence(勤勉) e. Participation in discussion(讨论是否积极) f. Academic maturity(学业上的成熟) Languages(语言能力) a. Ability to speak, understand, read and write the English language(说、听、读、写英文的能力) b. Ability to read significant literature in other languages than English(英语以外的语言能力) Character(品行) a. Honesty; integrity(诚实) b. Sincerity (诚恳) c. Sense of responsibility(责任感) d. Coorperation(合作) e. Enthusiasm (热诚) f. Conscientiousness(自觉性) g. Ethical and moral standards(伦理与道德标准) h. Reliability; dependability(可靠性) i. Concern for others(关怀他人) j. Patience (耐心) k. Perseverance (恒心) l. Seriousness of purpose(求学认真) m. Work habits (工作习惯) n. Initiative(主动性) o. Record of disciplinary action or misconduct(曾受弄罚或品行不良纪录) Personality(个性) a. Amiability; amicability (和蔼) b. Cheerfulness (愉快) c. Ability to work with others (能否与他人相处) Motivation (动力) a. Internal drive for exellence (好胜心) b. Objective defined (有无确定的目标) c. Capability of sustained independent work (长期独立工作的能力) d. Motivation to pursue graduate study(进入研究所的决心) Leadership Ability (领导才能) Emotion (情绪) a. Emotional maturity (心理成熟) b. Emotional balance (情绪稳定) c. Emotional adjustment (情绪调节能力) d. Temper (脾气) Health(健康) a. Physical health(身体健康) b. Mental health (精神健康) c. Physical defects(生理缺陷) Professional experience(工作经验)一般留学（本科，研究生，博士后等）推荐信的写法和模板：Reference Letter Template称呼 Solution如果你写信的对象是个人（比如博士后申请时），需要称呼，比如： Dear Dr. Zhang, Dear ProfessorWang等。如果你写的推荐信并不是给个人看的（比如大多数研究生院申请时），用 To Whom it May Concern, 或者不用。第一段 Paragraph 1这一段介绍推荐人与被推荐人的关系。怎么认识，为什么适合做推荐人。第二段 Paragraph 2推荐。介绍被推荐人的信息。被推荐人的表现，如果是正面的推荐信，可以有为什么被推荐人适合这个工作或者学校，被推荐人可以贡献什么，有什么技能。如果需要，可以写不止一段。第三段 Paragraph 3如果是写一封有针对性的推荐信，（比如博士后申请），这一段可以写为什么申请者的技能，接受的训练很match这个职位。小结，Summary这一段，总结一下为什么你要推荐被推荐者，说明你的推荐程度比如：高度推荐，highly recommend，无保留的推荐，recommend without reservation等.结尾，Conclusion包括一些如果需要，可以提供更多信息之类的话，留下电话号码或者电子邮件。此致，Sincerely,推荐者名字，Writer Name职位，Title下面看个推荐信的样本Sample Recommendation Letter 范文一Reference Letter Sample for Graduate School from a ManagerTo Whom it MayConcern:It is my honor to recommend John Doe for matriculation into the Graduate program at Rochester Institute.I have had the pleasure to know and work with John for the last six years.He he first worked with me as an intern in the software development organization at XYZ in Syracuse, NY. Following his graduation from Rochester Institute, I was fortunate enough to keep track of his career so that when the opportunity arose, I was able to recruit him to his current position at ABCD.The characteristics of John that attracted my attention then, and led me to hire him out of Company B last year, make it easy for me to give him an unqualified endorsement for graduate study.John brings to all of his activities energy, enthusiasm, and commitment. This is to be expected in any successful member of an entrepreneurial organization, and in this regard John fits in well.Be it in the parsing of intricate algorithms in a billing system, the crafting of an object hierarchy, or the establishment of best practices with an emerging technology, John consistently delivers high-quality software for our organization.This speaks to his overall intellect and ability to learn, attributes that will serve him well in graduate study.While John is a relatively junior member of our organization as measured by tenure, he quickly established himself as a go-to person in the product domains in which he has worked.He has been ever-willing to work with members of our organization to share his knowledge and expertise, most notably as a presenter for presentations on product functions.He has a deep-rooted spirit of helpfulness that coupled with his quick grasp of subject matter speaks well to his potential as a teaching assistant or instructor.What I find most engaging in Johns character are his wide-ranging interests outside of software.Two of his abiding interests are game theory and economics.He can be quickly engaged in an in depth discussion, for instance, of the rationale behind EZ-Pass, the lack-of rationality of the financial markets, or the optimal approach for making a few quid on the super-bowl.Johns broad range of interests speaks well to his potential as researcher, both in bringing a wide range of theory to the research at hand, as well as carrying forward new hypotheses of interest to researchers.John Doe is a valued member of our organization whom we have learned we can rely on, regardless of the difficulty of the task to hand or the novelty of the challenge.His combination of intelligence, commitment, perseverance, creativity, and compassionate character will certainly make him a valuable member of any academic program.I encourage you to look favorably upon his application.Sincerely,George SmithTitleCompanyAddressPhoneEmail推荐信例文二Sample Reference Letter for Graduate SchoolI highly recommend Emily Smith as a candidate for graduate school. I have worked with Emily in my position as Associate Director, Name College.Whil