具有环境意识的设计与制造中英对照.doc

4.3 Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing(ECD&M) 4.3.1 Introduction Industrial countries are beginning to face one of the consequences of the rapid development of the last decade. Wide diffusion of consumer goods and shortening of product lifecycles have caused an increasing quantity of used products being discarded. 4.3环保意识的设计和制造(ECD&M)4.3.1介绍工业国家开始面临的后果之一,过去十年的快速发展。广泛扩散的消费品和缩短产品生命周期造成了越来越多的产品被丢弃的使用。n In Europe, 800,000 tons of old television sets, computer equipment, radios, and measuring devices, and 3 million tons of automobile equipment are thrown into the national garbage center each year.n In the United States, the municipal solid waste (MSW) generated by house- holds and industrial establishments is about 4 pounds per person each day.n According to a current report, the United States has lost more than 70% of its landfill sites in the past 10 years. The report also infers that landfills in many states are reaching their permitted capacities. n Facing this environmental problem, both the government and industrial companies are making more strict regulations to promote environmentally friendly products and technology. 在欧洲, 每年的国家产生800000吨的旧电视机、电脑设备、无线电和测量设备,300万吨汽车设备被扔进垃圾中心。在美国,城市所产生的固体废弃物(垃圾)房屋持有者和工业机构大约是每人每天4磅。根据当前的报告,美国已经失去了超过70%的垃圾填埋场在过去的10年。该报告还指出,医改垃圾填埋场在许多州已经到达了饱和。面对这种环境问题,包括了政府和工业公司正在更严格的规章制度来促进环境友好的产品和技术。n For example ,the governments of Germany and the US require that manufacturers take responsibility for the disposal of their products. The Green Plan of Canada was proposed in 1990 to reduce the stabilization of CO2 and other greenhouse emissions by the year 2000.例如,德国和美国的政府要求厂家负责处置他们的产品。加拿大的绿色计划在1990年提出了减少稳定的二氧化碳和其他温室气体排放到2000年。n Some governments have set up official eco-labeling schemes intended to inform customers of environmentally friendly products. n All of these regulations intend to minimize the environmental impact of products.一些国家的政府已经建立了官方的环保标签计划旨在告知客户的环保产品。所有这些法规打算减少产品对环境的影响。n Products affect the environment at many points in their lifecycles. These environmental effects result from the interrelated decisions made at various stages of a products life. Once a product moves from the drawing board into the production line, its environmental attributes are largely fixed.产品影响环境在很多方面上是他们的生命周期。这些环境影响相关的决策的结果在不同阶段的一个产品的生命。一旦产品移动从图纸到生产线,其环境属性基本上是固定的。n Therefore, it is necessary to support the design function with tools and methodologies that enable an assessment of the environmental consequences (such as emissions, exposure, and effects) in each phase. n Environmentally conscious design and manufacturing (ECD&M) is a view of manufacturing that includes the social and technological aspects of the design, synthesis, processing, and use of products in continuous or discrete manufacturing industries. 因此,有必要以支持设计功能与工具和方法,使评估环境影响(如排放、曝光、和效果)在每个阶段。环保意识的设计和制造(ECD&M)是一个视图的制造,包括社会和技术方面的设计、合成、加工、使用产品在连续或离散制造行业。n The benefits of ECD&M include safer and cleaner factories, worker protection, reduced future costs for disposal, reduced environmental and health risks, improved product quality at lower cost, better public image, and higher productivity. n Environmentally conscious technologies and design practices will also allow manufacturers to minimize waste and to turn waste into a profitable product.ECD&M的好处包括:更安全、更清洁的工厂,工人的保护,降低了成本,减少了未来处理环境和健康风险,改进产品质量以较低的成本,更好的公众形象,和更高的生产力。环保意识的技术和设计实践也将允许制造商减少浪费和把废物变成有利可图的产品。 4.3.2 Overviewn Although manufacturing industries contribute significantly to prosperity, they also generate approximately 5.5 billion tons of non-hazardous waste and 0.7 billion tons of hazardous waste each year.n Historically, much effort focused on the proper treatment and disposal of toxic and hazardous waste from industries. 4.3.2概述尽管制造业繁荣做出显著贡献,他们也产生约55亿吨的无害废物和危险废物07亿吨每年。历史上,很多工作集中于适当的处理和处置有毒和危险废物从产业。n Unfortunately, this reactive environmental protection approach cannot completely solve the problems of potential toxic or hazardous materials releasing from products or the waste stream into the environment. n To effectively protect the environment, pollution control must be incorporated into every aspect of manufacturing.不幸的是,这种活性环保方法不能完全解决问题的潜在有毒或有害物质释放与产品和废物流到环境中。有效地保护环境,污染控制必须被纳入生产的方方面面。n As opposed to the traditional end-of-pipe treatment for pollution control, ECD&M is a proactive approach to minimize the products environmental impact during its design and manufacturing, and thus to increase the products competitiveness in the environmentally conscious market place.n There are two general approaches to ECD&M. 与传统的“末端治理”治疗污染控制,ECD&M是积极的方法来减少产品的环境影响在其设计和制造,从而提高产品的竞争力,在环保意识的市场的地方。有两个ECD&M的一般方法。n In the first approach (zero- wasted lifecycle), it is assumed that the environmental impact of a product during its lifecycle can be reduced to zero. The cycle can be absolutely sustainable, and the product may be designed, manufactured, used, and disposed of without affecting the environment. n The emphasis in this approach is to create a product cycle that is as sustainable as possible.在第一种方法(零浪费生命周期),假定环境影响的一个产品在其生命周期可以减少到零。这个周期可以绝对可持续,产品可能是设计、制造、使用和处置而不影响环境。这种方法的重点是创建一个产品周期,尽可能是可持续的。n Sustainable production means that products are designed, produced, distributed, used and disposed of with minimal (or none) environmental and occupational health damages, and with minimal use of resources ( material and energy).n The sustainability of a system can be considered as the ability of that system to be maintained or prolonged. 可持续生产意味着产品的设计、生产、分配和处理使用的最小(或没有)环境和职业健康损害,以最少的利用资源(物质和能量)。可持续性的一个系统可以被认为是该系统的能力是保持或延长。n The second approach (incremental waste lifecycle control) is based on the premise that there is a certain amount of negative impact from the current process cycle. This impact can be reduced or cleaned based on some improvement in technology that is named as incremental waste lifecycle control.第二种方法(增量浪费生命周期控制)是基于一个前提,存在一定程度的负面影响当前过程循环。这种影响可以减少或清除基于一些改进技术,被誉为增量浪费生命周期控制。n This approach is to reduce the negative impact of hazardous materials through clean technology. A cleaner technology is a source reduction or recycling method applied to eliminate or significantly reduce hazardous waste generation.n Research on ECD&M can be categorized into two areas, namely, environmentally conscious product design and environmentally conscious process design, also called environmentally conscious manufacturing (ECM).这种方法是减少负面影响,有害物质通过清洁技术。一个“清洁技术”是一个源还原或回收法用于消除或显著减少危险废物生成。ECD&M研究可分为两个区域,即,环保意识的产品设计和环保意识的流程设计,也称为环境意识制造(ECM)。n I. Whitmer II, Olson, and Sutherland developed a hierarchy comprised of environmentally conscious products (Fig. 3. 7).即Whitmer II,奥森,萨瑟兰发达一个层次组成的环保意识的产品(图。3。7)。EnvironmentallyConscious ProductRUSERemanufactureRecycleDisposal TimeModularityEnergyMaterialsCostLevel 1：ObjectiveLevel 2：Post-Use ProcessLevel 3：Design Factorn At the first level of the hierarchy, the overall objectives for the system are considered when creating an environmentally conscious product. n At the second level, the four groups represent a post-use process that can be employed to achieve the objectives.n The third level consists of the five design factors that can facilitate the post-use processes and in turn accomplish the overall goal. 在第一个层次,总体目标为系统被认为是当创建一个环保意识的产品。第二层次,四组代表一个帖子用的过程,可以用来实现目标。第三层次包括五个设计因素,可以促进邮报使用过程,进而完成总体目标。n This hierarchy shows the method of retiring products, whether the designers intend to have the product discarded in a landfall, or whether they plan to reuse or recycle part or all of the product.这个层次结构显示了退休产品的方法,是否有产品设计师打算丢弃在一个登陆,或者他们是否打算重用或回收部分或所有的产品。n The principle of ECM is to adopt those processes that reduce the harmful environmental impacts of manufacturing, including minimization of hazardous waste and emissions reduction of energy consumption, improvement of materials utilization efficiency, and enhancement of operational safety.ECM的原理是采用这些流程,减少有害的环境影响的制造,包括危险废物和排放最小化减少能源消耗,提高材料利用率,提高运营安全。n Sandia National Laboratories Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing Programs Department describes ECM as the deliberate attempt to reduce ecological impacts of industrial activity without sacrificing quality ,cost, reliability, performance, or energy utilization efficiency.桑迪亚国家实验室的环保意识的生产计划部门描述ECM是“故意试图减少工业活动的生态影响不牺牲质量、成本、可靠性、性能、或能源利用效率。”n The activities of ECM emphasize largely extracting the useful product from raw materials, the avoiding of waste generation at the source, or using waste to create other products. In addition, ECM involves refining operating procedures, replacing existing processes and developing new, waste-free processes, finding innovative ways to redesign products, and increasing recycling.ECM的主要活动强调产品从原材料提取有用的部分,避免浪费的一代在源,或者使用浪费创建其他产品。此外,ECM涉及炼油操作程序,替换现有的流程和开发新的、杜绝浪费的过程,寻找创新的方法来设计产品,增加回收。 4.3.4 Environmental Engineeringn All aspects of environmental problems are considered in environmental engineering, such as water and wastewater, environmental hydrology, environmental hydraulics and pneumatics, air, solid waste, noise, environmental modeling, and hazardous waste. 4.3.4环境工程环境问题的所有方面都被认为是在环境工程,比如水和废水、环境水文、环境水力学和气体、空气、固体废物、噪声、环境建模、危险废物。n Sincero defined environmental engineering as the application of engineering principles, under constraint, to the protection and enhancement of the quality of the environment and to the enhancement and protection of public health and welfare. Sincero定义环境工程作为“工程应用的原则,在约束,保护和提高环境的质量,增强和保护公共健康的福利。“n As the US environmental policy expanded from clean air to cradle-to-grave solid and hazardous waste management, environmental engineering research helped us better understand how pollutants migrate through soils, groundwater, and air, and developed treatment technologies to minimize their impact on natural and human environment.作为美国环境政策扩大从清洁空气从摇篮到坟墓的固体和危险废物管理、环境工程研究帮助我们更好的理解如何通过土壤、地下水污染物迁移、和空气,和开发治疗技术来最小化对自然和人文环境。n The water resource management system includes water pollution, wastewater disposal, and the measurement of water quality, supply, and treatment. n Crook presented guidelines for water reuse. These guidelines were developed to encourage and facilitate the orderly planning, design, and implementation of water reclamation. 水资源管理系统包括水污染,废水处理,测量水的质量、供应和治疗。克鲁克提出指导水重用。这些指南被开发来鼓励和促进有序的规划、设计和实现的水填海。n The air resource management system includes air pollution control and the measurement of air quality. The solid waste management system includes solid waste collection and landfill design.n Williams indicated that source reduction, recycling and compositing, waste- to-energy facilities, and landfills are the four basic approaches to waste management.空气资源管理系统包括空气污染控制和测量空气质量。固体废物管理系统包括固体废物收集和垃圾填埋场的设计。威廉姆斯表示,源减少,回收和合成,浪费能源,设施和垃圾填埋场的废物管理的四种基本方法。 (1) Pollution Preventionn The term pollution prevention was coined in 1976 by the 3M Co. and is based on the technological and management advances program. The purposes of this program are 1) to reduce environmental releases and 2) to lower costs in production from previous methods associated with pollution.(1)污染防治术语“污染预防”一词在1976年由3 m公司,是基于技术和管理进步程序。这个程序的目的1)减少环境释放和2)降低成本在生产从先前的方法与污染有关。n The Pollution Prevention Act defined pollution prevention as source reduction. Considering this definition, it may infer that the creation of pollutants may he reduced or eliminated through increased efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy, water, or other resources, or protection of natural resources by conservation.污染预防行为定义为“源削减污染防治。“考虑这个定义,它可以推断出污染物的生成可能他降低或消除了通过提高效率在使用原材料、能源、水、或其他资源,或保护自然资源的保护。n The second preference is reuse and recycling of wastes that cannot be reduced at the source. n The third preference is waste treatment, and the least preferred alternative is disposal. n Two methods of source reduction can be used. product changes and process changes. These two methods reduce the volume and toxicity of production wastes and end products during their lifecycles.第二偏好是重用和回收废物,不能从源头上减少。第三个偏好是废物处理,和最不喜欢的替代方法是处理。两种方法可以使用减少来源。产品变更和工艺变更。这两个方法减少体积和毒性废物和生产终端产品在其生命周期。n The pollution prevention techniques used in industry are waste minimization and clean technology. Waste minimization includes source reduction and environmentally sound recycling. n Source reduction is defined as many practice that reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste stream or otherwise released into the environment prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal.污染预防技术用于工业废物最少化和清洁技术。废物最少化包括减少来源和环保回收。源还原被定义为许多实践,减少数量的任何有害物质、污染物或污染物进入任何废物流或释放到环境之前,治疗,或处置回收。 Fig 4.8 shows source reduction methods.图4.8显示了源还原方法。Source ReductionProduct Changes*Design for environmental impact*Increase product life Process ChangesInput Material Changes*Material Purification*Substitution of Less-ToxicMaterialsTechnology Changes*Layout Changes*Increased Automation*Improved Operating ConditionImproved Operating Practices*Operating and Maintenance Procedure*Management Practicesn Clean technology uses less raw materials, energy, and water, generates less or no waste (gas, liquid, and solid), and recycles waste as useful materials in a closed system. n The clean technology used in pollution prevention can be categorized into five groups: improved plant operations, in-process recycling, process modification, materials and product substitutions, and material separations.清洁技术使用更少的原材料、能源和水,生成更少或没有浪费(气体、液体、固体)和回收废物作为有用的材料在一个封闭的系统。清洁技术用于污染防治可分为五组:改善工厂操作,进程内的回收、流程改造、材料和产品替换,和物质的分离。 (2) Design for Environmentn Design for Environment (DFE) is defined by Lenox, Jordan, and Ehrenfeld as the systematic process by which firms design products and processes in an environmentally conscious way. Another definition provided by Fiksel and Wapman is the systematic consideration during new production and process development of design issues associated with environmental safety and health over the full product life cycle. (2)设计环境设计环境(DFE)被定义为雷诺克斯、乔丹,艾伦菲尔德为“系统性的过程,公司设计产品和过程在一个环保意识的方法。“另一个定义Fiksel和Wapman提供的是“系统考虑在新的生产和过程开发设计相关的问题与环境安全健康在整个产品生命周期。“n The scope of DFE encompasses many disciplines, including environmental risk management, product safety, occupational health and safety, pollution prevention, ecology, resource conservation, accident prevention, and waste management.DFE的范围包含了许多学科,包括环境风险管理、安全生产、职业健康和安全、污染防治、生态、资源保护、事故预防、和废物管理。n Horvath et al. provided three main goals of DFE: 1) minimize the use of nonrenewable resources, 2) effectively manage renewable resources, and 3) minimize toxic release to the environment. n The elements of DFE include : metrics, practices, and analysis methods. 霍瓦特等人提供的三个主要目标的DFE:1)减少不可再生资源的使用,2)有效管理可再生资源,和3)减少有毒释放到环境中。DFE的元素包括:指标、实践和分析方法。Mizuki, Sandborn, and Pitts explained that DFE requires the coordination of several design and data-based activities such as environmental impact metrics, data and database management, and design optimization (including cost assessments).水木,Sandborn和皮茨解释说,需要协调的DFE几个设计和基于数据的活动,如环境影响指标、数据和数据库管理和设计优化(包括成本评估)。The environmental metric is defined by Veroutis and Fava as an algorithmic interpretation of levels of performance within an environmental criterion. The environmental criterion is the environmental attribute of the product , that is , the energy to heat water for a specific function, grams of CO2 produced to deliver the above energy, chemical oxygen demand generated in the wastewater, degree of risk of exposure to a toxic substance, and so on. 环境指标被定义为Veroutis和蚕豆为“一个算法解释水平的性能在一个环境标准。“环境标准是产品的环境属性,即能量来加热水为一个特定的函数,克二氧化碳生产交付上述能源、化学需氧量产生的废水,程度的暴露危险的有毒物质,等等。n The New Jersey Department of Environment Protection (NJDEP) conducted a major lifecycle assessment of the environmental impact of producing and disposing of packaging materials. n NJDEP analyzed the specific pollutants released form packaging materials. The Hewlett-Packard Co. also provides the tools of DFE for the companys use: DFE guidelines, product assessments, and product stewardship metrics.新泽西部门环境保护(NJDEP)进行了一项主要的生命周期评估环境影响的生产和包装材料的处理。NJDEP分析了特定污染物释放形式包装材料。在惠普公司还提供了工具的DFE为公司的使用:DFE指南、产品评估和产品管理指标。n The product stewardship metrics include material conservation and waste reduction, energy efficiency, and design for environmental and manufacturing process emissions.产品管理指标包括材料环保、废弃物的减少、能源效率和设计环境和生产过程排放。 (3)Lifecycle Engineering and Lifecycle Assessmentn Lifecycle engineering (LCE) may also be referred to as lifecycle design (LCD). n An outstanding analysis of lifecycle design that provides design support from the environmental point of view was provided by Alting.(3)生命周期工程和生命周期评估生命周期工程(LCE)也可以被称为生命周期设计(LCD)。一个杰出的分析设计,提供设计支持生命周期从环保的观点是Alting提供。n Lifecycle design is based on the early product concept, including product and market research, design phases, manufacturing process, qualification, reliability issues, customer service, maintainability, and supportability issues.n Boothroyd and Alting distinguished six phases in the product lifecycle: need recognition, design development, production, distribution, use, and disposal. 生命周期的设计是基于早期的产品概念,包括产品和市场研究、设计阶段,生产过程、资格、可靠性问题、客户服务、可维护性和可支持性问题。博斯罗伊德和Alting杰出六阶段的产品生命周期:需要识别、设计开发、生产、销售、使用和处置。n All of the phases must be considered during the conceptual stage, where it is possible to inexpensively change solutions to accommodate the requirements in each phase and in the total lifecycle.所有的阶段必须考虑在概念阶段,在那里可以廉价地改变,以适应需求的解决方案在每个阶段和总生命周期。n Lifecycle assessment is a family of methods for assessing materials, services, products processes, and technologies over the entire product life. n The definition of product lifecycle assessment, developed by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, is as follows:生命周期评价是一个家庭的方法来评估材