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英语专业本科毕业论文写作规范一、 毕业论文基本格式要求1 页面设置采用A4纸型默认值。2 论文中字体均采用宋体(中文)和新罗马字体(Times New Roman)(英文)。无特殊要求处字号均为小四。3 各级标题标号采用以下统一形式:I.1.11.21.3II2.12.24 论文标题采用小三字号,加粗,居中,下空一行。5 论文各部分大标题(一级标题)采用四号字,加粗,下空一行,左起顶格。 6 论文小标题(二级标题)采用小四号字,加粗,上下空一行,左起顶格。 7 论文三级标题以下(含三级标题)采用小四字号,不加粗,上空一行,左起顶格。8 论文摘要采用小四字体。英文摘要在前中文摘要在后。加粗中英文摘要中以下四个词“摘要”、“关键词”、“Abstract”、“ Key words”。9 “摘要”和“Abstract”两词后面加“:”,所列关键词之间不要任何标点符号,空3个英文字符。例如:Abstract: (摘要内容不需要加粗) Key words: language lingustics students摘要: 关键词: 语言 语言学 学生10 中文摘要与英文摘要一致,并单独置于一页。11 论文行间距为1.5 倍行距。12 论文每段开头缩进五个英文字符。二、 论文注释规范注释的写法有三:脚注(footnote)、尾注(endnotes)和括弧夹注(parenthetical references),以用尾注最为常见,但近年来用括弧夹注的越来越多。根据贵阳学院外语系毕业生的实际情况,现只对尾注和脚注的两项注释作出具体要求。1. 括弧夹注(文中注)括弧夹注,也就是正文内的文献引用,即在引用的内容后面加括弧,括弧中写出引语的原作者、原著出版年代和引语在原著中出现的页码。夹注必须明确指出列入参考文献的具体原文来源。关于原作者姓名,如果原作者是中国人,应当写出其姓名:如果援引外国人的话,则只需写出其姓(last name)。格式如下:注:以下实例中下划线意在强调,在论文行文中无需标下划线“ ”。(1) 原文作者姓名为中文,如:In his Accounting Jin Hanshen says that the two sides of the accounting equation keep equal from the beginning of a business to the end of its existence” and every day in between. (Jin Hanshen, 1999:9)(2) 原文为外国作者,如:In his Business Accounting Gold Smith says that the two sides of the accounting equation keep equal from the beginning of a business to the end of its existence” and every day in between. (Smith, 1999:9)(3) 如果文章中己经说明了作者是谁,在夹注中可省略作者姓名。如Eugene A. Nida has pointed out: “for Chinese and English, perhaps one of the most important linguistic distinctions is the contrast between the hypotaxis and parataxis.” (1982:16)(4) 间接引用的格式与直接引用的格式基本相同,只是不必注明页码,如: Peter (1985) proposes that the operation of a rule-based system generates language, which although in the first instance syntactically based, once created becomes available for retrieval as an exemplar, giving the benefits of speed of processing as well as syntactic organization. The notion of learning strategy first observed as a cognitive process by psycholinguists quickly became the latest instructional product to be delivered by teachers and text books (Oxford, 1990).(5) 如果同一篇论文里引用了同一作者同一年份发表的两种或两种以上的文献,那么就需要在年代后面加a、b、c等, 以示区别(正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母),如:(Bloom, 2003a, 2003b) 同一作者的多篇文献列入bibliopgraphy时,第二篇起作者名用横线代替(具体见“参考书目”部分)。直接引语要加引号,要照抄原文,如果确实需要修改,引用者所做的修正要用方括号表示。(6) 引用同一作者的多篇文献 同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别,如:Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (Zhang Jin, 1997: 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (Zhang Jin, 1999:17). 注:如引用作品是中国作者以英文撰写,文中注可用拼音。括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献,文献按发表次序排列,如:(Zhang Jin, 1997:38, 1999:17, 2004:22) 如果同一出处第二次出现,则在夹注中省略年份:Jin Hanshen also says that if the two sides of accounts are not equal, there must be some mistake in recording transactions. (Jin Hanshen:19)(7) 如果参考书目中包括多个同样姓氏(family names)的不同外国作者,在夹注中则需要在每个作者的姓氏之前加上其名字的首写字母(initial of the family name),如:Well-established SLA researchers (R. Ellis, 2002:183-85) seem rather skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge of a second language (N. Ellis, 2002:230).如果名字首写字母也相同,则需给出全名。(8) 如果同一出处引用的内容相邻,并出现在原文中的同一页,在第二个引语后标(ibid), 表示:“同上”,如:Another point of Jin Hanshen is that person without a thorough knowledge of a accounting cannot be a successful businessman. (ibid.)如果后一个引语与前一个引语的出自同一来源而只是页码不同,后一引语的夹注可写ibid.加上页码,如(ibid.23)。(9) 如果引用一段较长(四行或超过四行)的文字,通常需要空一行后再写这一段引语,这一段的每一行的开始都要缩进68个字符。引用段落用五号字。如:Peter Newmark gives a definition for discourse analysis (or text analysis). He says:Discourse analysis can be denned as the analysis of texts beyond and above the sentence - the attempt to find linguistic regularities in discourse, the subject now tends to be swallowed up in text linguistics. Its main concepts are cohesion - the features that bind sentences to each other grammatically and lexically - and coherence - which is the notional and logical unity of a text. (1988:54) (10) 一部著作有多个作者的引用 如果原著有两个作者署名,在夹注中应写出这两个作者的姓氏,如 The advantage of the multiple regression analysis is that it cannot show the complex interrelations between independent variables (Bryman & Crammer, 1990: 135-139). 如果有更多的作者, 则只写第一署名人姓氏,后面写et al,如(Lauter et al,1987:45).(11) 同一括号同时引用多篇文献: 同一括号中引用同一作者的不同文献:Empirical studies on student learning carried out since the 70s have found that students learning outcomes to a great extent depend on their choice of learning approaches (Biggs, 1979:25, 1987:18). 同一括号引用不同作者的多篇文献:括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献,文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列(注意分号的使用),如:The major finding from the earlier studies (Barley, 1969, 1970; Clement et al., 1978; Gardner & Lambert, 1972; Gliksman, 1976; Spolsky, 1969) was that learners with an integrative motivation tended to obtain better achievement that those with an instrumental motivation.(注意引用作品的排序)如果不同作者的多篇文献过于冗长,则不用括号夹注,而使用尾注。(12) 引用团体作者(corporate author)引用团体作者的作品,括号夹注中应使用团体的名称,如: Retired officers retain access to all of the universitys educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987: 54). (13) 引用无作者文献引用无作者文献,如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者(如果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组,如: An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser”, 2001:100).在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出,出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品(讲演、论文等)的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。 (14) 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字书信和谈话(含电子邮件、访谈、电话等)无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出,但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如: Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work. Mira Ariel (e-mail, April 17, 2004) confirmed that accessibility marking played a crucial role in discourse organization. Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseas experience often have a better command of English than American foreign language majors with no overseas experience have of the language they study (Eugene Nida, personal communication, November 8, 1986).(15) 引用非直接文献(indirect source)论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献(即二手文献secondary source),但在无法找到直接文献(即一手文献primary source)的情况下,引文可以从非直接文献中析出,例如: Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996: 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability. One researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996: 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.引用非直接文献以后,在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目(即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”)。(16) 引用文学作品和经典文献有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行,如: In his famous advice to players, Shakespeares Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as twere, the mirror up to nature” (3.2.21-23).也可用III.ii.23,分别表示第三幕第二场第23行.这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的21至23行。(注意标点的使用。)在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行,如:When Homers Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-11).这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第10节的209至211行。对不分节的诗第一次引用时应说明括号里标的是行数,使用“line”,以后的引用则不需再说明。例如:第一次引用:(lines 5-8)以后的引用:(12-13)在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候,应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节,如:One of Kingsolvers narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117; bk. 2, ch. 10).例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第117页。(注意标点和缩略语的使用。)在引用圣经、可兰经等经典文献的时候,应标出引文的篇、章、节,如:Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov. 25.21).例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约圣经的箴言篇第25章第21节。圣经各篇的缩写有标准的写法,因而使用时应该注意核对。(17) 对引语文字的更改直接引语如出现在正文中间,使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法,不得出现“句中句”。为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语法,往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。如果要删除引语中个别词句,可以用省略号(ellipses“”)取代删除的词句。如果要加入或者更改个别单词或者词组,则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号(square brackets“ ”)以内。例如:删除词句:He stated, “The placebo effect, . disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Smith, 1982:276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied.添加词组:Smith (1982:276) found that “the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when his own and others behaviors were studied in this manner.”无论删改还是添加字词均不得变更引语的原意。注意:如果删除是在句内,应该空一格以后再加省略号。如果删除是在一句整句以后,则应在该整句最后的标点(句号、问号或惊叹号)不空格直接加省略号。省略号应该用三个句点。(18) 非英语词句的引用用英语撰写的论文必须使得母语为英语的读者能够看懂,因此论文中引用的汉语或其它语言的词句都应该加以解释。专门讨论翻译、语言对比的论文往往有整段的非英语引文,引文的英文翻译应放在上下文读者容易找到的地方。非英语引文及其英文翻译均应视为引语段,按引语段的格式编排,首尾不得使用引号。英文翻译如果属于引文同样必须注明出处。除了整段使用非英语引文以外,凡是使用非英语短句或词语的(不包括英语中的外来语)必须提供英语翻译,翻译应放在引号和括号之内。论文中汉语或其它非拉丁书写语的词句如果属于引文,则应用引号,但如果属于语言实例(linguistic example),则不应使用引号(更不得使用斜体)。英语以外的其它拉丁语的词句则应使用斜体,属于引文还要加引号,否则不加引号。【附录】引文出处:正文中,括号夹注放在句末标点以内,但不得放在引文的引号以内(见下图)。引语段的括号夹注不属于单句,因而不得将其放在句末的标点以内(见下图)。正确:Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her” (Fountain, 1948:33). 不正确:Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her.” (Fountain, 1948:33) Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her (Fountain,1948:33).”2. 引语(Quotations)1) 用方括号(square brackets“ ”)和省略号(ellipses“”)标明作者更改原文的地方;2) 短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文,并且用双引号标明;3) 双引号表示直接引语,单引号只用来标注引语中的引语(如下图)。4) 引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示。正确:Researchers claim that the “question of indefiniteness does not arise for non-referential noun phrase” (Li & Thompson, 1981: 129).不正确:Researchers claim that the question of indefiniteness does not arise for non-referential noun phrase (Li & Thompson, 1981: 129).3. 引用基本常识1) 冒号(“:”)和分号(“;”)都必须放在引号之外。2) 引文是疑问句则问号应放在引号之内,否则问号(“?”)应放在引号之外。3) 三行及以上或超过40个英文单词的引语作为独立的引语段(block quotation)。4) 引语段可以用单倍行距,但其首行和末行应与正文空1.5行。5) 如果引语段原为一自然段,则其首行应进一步缩进5字符距离。6) 引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。7)正文中的中文引文应提供英文译文。图表(Tables, Figures, Charts, and Illustrations)图表:必须有序号和题目,置于其正上方。题目应简短确切且有自明性,即不阅读正文的读者也能够理解图或表的意思,一般不超过一行,图表的符号、标记、代码、缩略词等一般要求上下对齐;图表不得宽于或高于正文,不得跨页;图表序号、题目、单位及注解的文字一般使用单倍行距,字体一般用小五号字;每一份图表在正文中都必须提到,并作一定的解释。如:正确:Table 3.1 sums up the results of data analysis. 错误:The following table sums up the results of data analysis: 2. 尾注当论文文中某个部分或术语需要补充讲解或注明出处时,可使用尾注。尾注注意事项:1. 阿拉伯数字都要上标,置于标点符号之前,行文中和注释中相互对应;2. 只有一个注释时Note用单数,多个注释时Notes用复数;3. 尾注中的数字不要用括号等其他符号装饰。3. 尾注放在结论部分之后,应单独占一页或几页,按正文中出现的先后顺序统一编号。注意以下情况需要做尾注:1. 文中引用的原文是中文,英文为作者自己的译文时,必须在Notes中注明具体格式见3 ,同时文中夹注格式如下:.3(中文原作者姓名, 1990:15)。2. 需要对某个概念做定义的时候;3. 论文的某个问题或观点得到其他人的帮助,这时尾注形式表示感谢;4. 进一步补充说明引用文献来源;范例:In 1798, William Wordsworth1, the representative poet of the early romanticism in England, and his friend Samuel Taylor Coleridge2 published their joint work Lyrical Ballads.Tanslation is a political activity.3(中文原作者姓名, 1990:15)Notes(Times New Roman三号、居中加粗、下空小四一行)(序号与正文形式相一致,采用上标。每个尾注单独起一行,首行缩进5个英语字母。1.5倍行距。英文字体为Times New Roman,中文字体为宋体,小四)1 William Wordsworth was born and grew up in the Lake District. He was accepted the office of a distributor of stamps and was made “Poet Laureate”. He died in 1850 when he was 80 years old. The best-known poems contributed by Wordsworth are Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey and Lines Written in Early Spring.2 Coleridge was a great poet and a literary critic. He produced three main poems: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which is his masterpiece, Kubla Khan and Christabel. Ibid.3 The original is: 翻译是一种政治行为。三、正文中例子的写作规范:1. 图表例子:图(Figure)和表格(Table)要单独编号,并有标题,如:Table 1: Students Preference to Methods Dealing with the Oral PracticeMethodsNo. of studentsPercentageGame2090%Role-play1882%Research1463.6%Information-gap1568%Prepared talks1568%Figure 1: Comparison of degree of interest Like a lot Like Just so so Dislike Dislike very much即使只有一张图表也要编号,如果是引用的图表必须要著名出处(格式与文中书写引用文献的格式相同)。2. 文本例子:文本例子也要单独编号(1, 2, 3 ), 并写Example, 缩进6-8个英文字符,字体用五号,即使只有一个例子也要编号,如果是引用的例子必须要著名出处(格式与文中书写引用文献的格式相同),如:Example 1:At the professors office, a student has borrowed a book from her teacher, which she promised to return today. When meeting her teacher, however, she realizes that she forgot to bring it along.Teacher: Miriam, I hope you brought the book I lent you.Miriam: Teacher: OK, but please remember it next week.(Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984: 198)四、参考文献规范MLA “参考文献”格式范例:1. 参考书目单独成页,不与论文正文在一页;文献字体为Times New Roman,小四;2. 参考文献的排列顺序,先英文,后中文。英文文献责任人按开头字母从A到Z的顺序排列,中文文献责任人按开头文字的汉语拼音从A到Z的顺序排列。第二行悬挂缩进5个英语字母。1.5倍行距。3. 论文正文中出现的任何引用文献必须出现在Bibliography中,论文征文中未引用的书目不得列入Bibliography。 Bibliography(Times New Roman三号、居中加粗、下空小四一行)Adams, Richard P. Faulkner: Myth and Motion. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1968.Barker, Deborah E., and Ivo Kamps. “Much Ado about Nothing: Language and Desire in The Sound and the Fury.” Mississippi Quarterly: The Journal of Southern Culture. 46.3 (Summer 1993): 373-93.Faulkner, William. Absalom, Absalom! New York: The Modern Library, 1936. . Faulkner at Nagano. Robert A. Jeliffe, ed. Tokyo: Kenyusha, 1956. . The Sound and the Fury. Middlesex: Penguin, 1964.另:如果同一篇论文里引用了同一作者同一年份发表的两种或两种以上的文献,那么就需要在年代后面按照出版时间加a、b、c等, 以示区别:Carter, Ronald, ed. Language and Literature: An Introductory Reader in Stylistics. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1982a. Literary Text and Language Study. London: Edward Arnold, 1982b.Hellstrom, Gustaf. “Presentation Speech.” 20 Jan 2003.中文书目:参考文献是对期刊论文引文进行统计和分析的重要信息源之一,在本规范中采用GB 7714推荐的顺序编码制格式著录。一、参考文献著录项目 主要责任者(专著作者、论文集主编、学位申报人、专利申请人、报告撰写人、期刊文章作者、析出文章作者)。多个责任者之间以“,”分隔,注意在本项数据中不得出现缩写点“.”(英文作者请将作者名写全)。主要责任者只列姓名,其后不加“著”、“编”、“主编”、“合编”等责任说明。 文献题名及版本(初版省略)。 文献类型及载体类型标识。 出版项(出版地、出版者、出版年)。 文献出处或电子文献的可获得地址。 文献起止页码。二参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识: M专著,C论文集,N报纸文章,J期刊文章,D学位论文,R报告,其它未说明的文献Z。三、文后参考文献表编排格式参照ISO 690及ISO 690-2,每一参考文献条目的最后均以“.”结束。作者和书名后打“.”,然后一格再写后面内容。各类参考文献条目的编排格式及示例如下:1. 专著主要责任者. 文献题名 M. 出版地:出版社,出版年.例如:刘国钧,陈绍业,王凤翥.图书馆目录 M. 北京:高等教育出版社,1957.15-18.2. 期刊文章主要责

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